Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with infective spondylodiscitis and concomitant endocarditis.

Methods: In the present study clinical features of patients with infective spondylodiscitis and endocarditis were compared to those without endocarditis. Case records of patients with infective spondylodiscitis treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases in Ljubljana in years 1991 to 2007 were reviewed. The following data were recorded: age, sex, underlying disease, previous or concomitant infections, previous operations, clinical features, causative agents, results of x-ray and other diagnostic examinations, complications and outcome of the disease. The Duke criteria were used for the diagnosis of endocarditis. The data were analysed using Epi Info 6 statistical programme. Patients with endocarditis were compared with others using Chi square, t-test and Mann-Whitney test.

Results: During the study period 149 patients with infective spondylodiscitis were diagnosed. There were 92 (61.7%) males and 57 (38.3%) females, aged 13 to 95 years, mean 61.0 ± 14 years. Eleven (7.0%) out of 149 patients with infective spondylodiscitis had concomitant endocarditis, two of them on prosthetic valves. The causative pathogen in patients with endocarditis was Staphylococcus aureus in seven (MRSA in two), mixed infection, Streptococcus viridans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coagulase negative staphylococci in one each. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative agent of infective spondylodiscitis. Among the three patients with MRSA spondylodiscitis, endocarditis was also present in two. Patients with concomitant endocarditis were similar to those without it but the two groups differed in mortality which was significantly higher in the group of patients with endocarditis (36% vs. 10%.; p < 0.05). In three patients (who died) spondylodiscitis presented at the same time as acute endocarditis and the clinical picture was predominantly that of severe endocarditis. In five patients (one of whom died) spondylodiscitis manifested late in the course of endocarditis and in one patient spondylodiscitis preceded endocarditis. In two patients endocarditis was diagnosed on routine echocardiography performed for staphylococcal sepsis. The urgent valve replacement was performed in two patients but was followed with relapse of endocarditis in one of them.

Conclusions: Although rarely, association of infective spondylodiscitis with endocarditis conveys a poor prognosis especially in the setting of acute staphylococcal endocarditis.

In the recent years the number of patients treated for infective spondylodiscitis at our institution increases steadily. In a previous analysis it was demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent pathogen causing this infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether infection with this pathogen carries also a worse prognosis.

Case records of patients treated for spondylodiscitis at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Ljubljana in the years 1990 – 2006 were reviewed. The following data were recorded: age, sex, clinical features, causative agents, underlying disease, previous or concomitant infections, previous operations, results of x-ray and other diagnostic examinations, complications and outcome of the disease. The data were analysed using EpiInfo 6.

One hundred twenty six patients (78 males, 48 females) with infective spondylodiscitis were analysed in this study. The mean age was 61.6 years (range: 20 – 95 years). In 97 (77%) patients the causative pathogen was demonstrated. S. aureus was the most frequent pathogen isolated in 66 (52.4%) out of all the patients and in 65% of all microbiologically documented infections. Only two isolates were methicillin-resistant. Staphylococcal infection was significantly more frequent in male than in female patients (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in age, underlying diseases, previous operations and other risk factors between patients with staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal spondylodiscitis, although patients with non-staphylococcal infections were more likely to have a previous infection during the six months before the beginning of their illness. Case-fatality rate was 9.5%, 12 patients died. There was no difference in mortality between the two groups, but patients with staphylococcal infections had significantly more complications such as epidural or paravertebral abscesses (P < 0.002) and were also more frequently operated on (P = 0.02). The duration of treatment and hospitalisation did not differ significantly between those two groups. In 9/128 (7.3%) patients, infective endocarditis was also found.

S. aureus remains an important pathogen causing spondylodiscitis. Mortality in recent years has decreased significantly at our institution but our results show that patients with staphylococcal spondylodiscitis tend to have a more severe course of the disease and are more often in need of surgical intervention.