Use of ultrasonic bone scalpel (UBS) is becoming popular in spinal surgery. This study presents the safety profile of UBS for posterior release in surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

From 2016 to 2018, UBS (Misonix) was used by the senior author in a variety of spinal operations. Data for intraoperative complications when this devise was used for posterior correction of AIS were collected. Revision cases were excluded.

UBS was used for posterior release of AIS in 65 patients (58 female, seven male) with an average age of 15.6 years (range 11–23). Average length of posterior instrumentation was 12 levels (range 6–14). Instrumentation was exclusively from T2 to L4. To achieve adequate release for correction, UBS was used to perform a total of 644 modified in-situ chevron osteotomies (average ten, range six to 12) and 31 rib osteotomies. Overall, three complications (4.6 %) were directly related to the use of UBS: one haemopneumothorax, which was successfully treated with a chest drain; and two loss of motor-evoked potentials during monitoring, which led to the postponement of the final correction. These two patients did not have any neurological problems and their surgery was completed successfully within 1 week of the initial surgery. One late deep infection was reported. This was not thought to be directly related to the use of UBS.

Use of UBS in the posterior surgical treatment of AIS appears to be relatively safe with a low level of acceptable complications. However, appropriate training is required for the use of UBS.

The arterial supply of the talus has been extensively studied in the past but there is a paucity of information on the arterial supply to the navicular and a very limited understanding of the intra-osseous supply to the surface of either of these bones. This is despite the likely importance of this supply in relation to conditions such as osteochondral lesions of the dome of the talus, and avascular necrosis and stress fracture of the navicular.

Using cadaveric limbs, dissection of the source vessels was performed followed by arterial injection of latex. The talus and navicular were then removed en bloc, preserving the integrity of the injected arterial vasculature. The specimens were then processed using a new, accelerated diaphanisation technique. This rendered the tissue transparent, allowing the injected vessels to be visualised and then mapped onto a 3D virtual reconstruction of the bone. The vasculature to the subchondral surfaces of the talus and navicular, and the source vessel entry points that provide arterial supply into the navicular were identified.

This study gives quantifiable evidence of the areas of consistently poor blood supply which may help explain the clinical pattern of talar and navicular pathology. It also provides as yet unpublished information on the arterial supply of the human navicular bone.

The arterial supply of the talus has been studied extensively in the past. These have been used to improve the understanding of the risk of avascular necrosis in traumatic injuries of the talus. There is, however, poor understanding of the intra-osseous arterial supply of the talus, important in scenarios such as osteochondral lesions of the dome. Previous studies have identified primary sources of arterial supply into the bone, but have not defined distribution of these sources to the subchondral regions.

This study aims to map the arterial supply to the surface of the talus. Cadaveric limbs (n=10) were dissected to identify source vessels for each talus. The talus and navicular were removed, together with the source vessels, en bloc. The source vessels were injected with latex and processed using a new, accelerated diaphanisation technique. This quickly rendered tissue transparent, allowing the injected vessels to be visualised. Each talus was then reconstructed using a digital microscribe, allowing a three dimensional virtual model of the bone to be assessed. The terminal points of each vessel were then mapped onto this model, allowing the distribution of each source vessel to be determined.

This study will provide quantifiable evidence of areas consistently restricted to single-vessel supply, and those consistently supplied by multiple vessels. These data may help to explain the distribution and mechanisms behind the development of the subchondral cysts of the talus.

There is a paucity of information on the arterial supply of the navicular, despite its anatomic neighbours, particularly the talus, being investigated extensively. The navicular is essential in maintaining the structural integrity of the medial and intermediate columns of the foot, and is known to be at risk of avascular necrosis. Despite this, there is poor understanding of the vascular supply available to the navicular, and of how this supply is distributed to the various surfaces of the bone.

This study aims to identify the key vessels that supply the navicular, and to map the arterial supply to each surface of the bone. Cadaveric limbs (n=10) were dissected to identify source vessels for each navicular. The talus and navicular were removed, together with the source vessels, en bloc. The source vessels were injected with latex and processed using a new, accelerated diaphanisation technique. This quickly rendered tissue transparent, allowing the injected vessels to be visualised. Each navicular was then reconstructed using a digital microscribe, allowing a three dimensional virtual model of the bone to be assessed. The terminal points of each vessel were then mapped onto this model, allowing the distribution of each source vessel to be determined.

This study will provide the as yet unpublished information on the arterial supply of the human navicular bone. The data will also give quantifiable evidence of any areas consistently restricted to single-vessel supply, and those consistently supplied by multiple vessels. This may help to explain the propensity of this bone to develop disorders such as osteochondritis, avascular necrosis and stress fractures which often have a vascular aetiology.

Introduction: The proximal humerus is one of the common site for neoplasms requiring excision and reconstruction. Out of more than 600 cases of bone tumours operated in the last 12 years, we have managed 33 cases of proximal humerus tumours with custom made megaprosthesis.

Methods: 33 cases of neoplastic involvement of upper end humerus, aged between 18–65 years (mean age 37 years) were operated over a period of 12 years (1995–2007). 23 were males and rest females. The primary lesions were: 19 giant cell tumours; 7 osteosarcoma; 4 chondrosarcoma; 1 metastatic; 2 Round cell sarcoma. The Enneking staging was: 1b(19), IIb(13), III(1). All patients with giant cell tumour had a break of cortex and a soft tissue component necessitating wide surgical excision. Surgery was the primary mode of treatment in all patients and was always undertaken with curative intent. Surgery was supplemented with appropriate chemo- radiotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma/ewing’s sarcoma. Surgical and functional results were evaluated according to MSTS scoring system.

Outcomes: The scoring ranged from 22–27.5%. The hand and elbow function was good in all while the shoulder abduction was always lost. The minimum follow up was 24 months.

Complications included: Superficial infection (1), deep infection (1); Recurrence 2; Improper cementing (2); Neuropraxia [radial nerve] (8); Subluxation of prosthesis head (8); Post radiotherapy skin necrosis and contracture (1); 4 patients died.

Conclusion: Adequate resection of malignant tumours/benign aggressive tumours in the shoulder region gives good oncological & surgical results. For post tumour excision humeral gaps, megaprosthesis is a near ideal choice.

Background: The Ilizarov Method is well established for lower limb trauma and reconstruction. However, although the same principles apply, its use in the upper limb is less well described.

Aims of Study: To review indications and outcomes of all Ilizarov arm fixators applied by the two limb reconstruction surgeons in our unit.

Methods and Results: All patients treated using an upper limb Ilizarov frame were identified and reviewed. Demographic data, indications and durations of frames collected. Fifty-one cases identified. Average age 43 (17–81). Tertiary referrals in 63%. Previous surgery in 78%. Mechanism of injury included: 37% RTA, 40% simple falls. Reasons for frame usually multifactorial including 22 for non-unions. 43% of fixators applied acutely (< 6 weeks). Average frame time was 152 days (34–343). Over 80% achieved expected outcome –obtaining good function or fracture union. 14 needed further frame surgery including 5 for frame removal, 3 adjustments and 2 corticotomies. Most frames removed in clinic.

Complications: 30% superficial pin site infection. No deep wire infections. 1 wrist malunion requiring delayed correction. 2 patients had neurological complications from frame surgery. One radial palsy possibly from humeral plate removal. One median palsy due to pressure from wire. One patient had an above-elbow amputation for persistent infection.

Conclusions: The Ilizarov technique appears well tolerated and successful despite often infected or deformed tissues. Indication and intended purpose of arm frames very varied. This technique allows stabilization (with/without bone loss), treatment of non-unions and lengthening/bone transport. The Ilizarov Method is valuable for limb salvage/reconstruction.

To review indications and outcomes of all Ilizarov arm fixators applied by the two limb reconstruction surgeons. All patients treated with an upper limb Ilizarov frame were identified. Casenotes were reviewed. Demographic data, indications and duration of frames collected. Forty-seven patients had application of an arm frame. Average age 43 (17–81). Tertiary referrals in 72%. Previous surgery in 79%. Mechanism of injury included: 37% RTA, 40% simple falls. Reasons for frame usually multifactorial. Half of fixators applied acutely (< 6 weeks), 17 for non-unions. Two patients had neurological complications from frame surgery. One radial palsy possibly from humeral plate removal. One median palsy due to pressure from wire. Average frame time was 152 days (34–343). Over 80% achieved expected outcome -obtaining good function or fracture union. One patient had an above elbow amputation for persistent infection. Fourteen needed further frame surgery including 5 for frame removal, 3 adjustments and 2 corticotomies for lengthening. Most frames removed in clinic. The Ilizarov technique appears well tolerated and successful despite often infected or deformed tissues. Indications and intended function of arm frames very varied. This technique allows stabilisation (with/without bone loss), treatment of non-unions and lengthening/ bone transport. The Ilizarov technique is valuable for limb salvage/ reconstruction.

Displaced intra-capsular fractures of femoral neck are treated by osteosynthesis in young adults. Using a standard protocol, we have compared the results of internal fixation after closed (CRIF) and open reduction (ORIF) in these patients. We have also studied the risk factors that influence non-union and avascular necrosis (AVN).

Patients in the age group of 15–50 years, who were scheduled for internal fixation within 1 week of injury, were randomized into two groups, one for closed reduction and the other for open reduction. The two groups were compared for factors such as age, gender, time of surgery and posterior comminution as well as union and complications. Using univariate and multivariate methods the factors influencing non-union and AVN were analyzed.

The average duration of surgery in patients undergoing CRIF was less than half of that in the ORIF group. The rates of union (p=0.93) and avascular necrosis at 2 years (p=0.85) were comparable. Rates of complications like deep vein thrombosis and infection were also found to be comparable. Guide wire breakage was found in 2 patients undergoing CRIF. Posterior comminution, poor reduction and improper screw placement were the major factors influencing non-union. An accurate reduction in both the planes and placement of screws parallel or slightly divergent to each other had a positive influence on union. An overall AVN rate of 16.3% (15/92) was encountered and it was not influenced by any of the factors. A delay of more than 48 hrs in surgery did not influence the rates of union or AVN.

Conclusion: Both CRIF and ORIF are credible methods of treatment. Although the duration of surgery in CRIF is less than ORIF, the added time taken in achieving the reduction on the fracture table may actually make the whole procedure longer than ORIF. Posterior comminution, early loss of reduction and convergent screw placement are leading reasons for non-union.

Twenty one cases of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures, between January 1998 and December 2001, managed by reconstruction nail were reviewed. All patients underwent simultaneous surgery for both fractures and operative treatment was executed as early as general condition of the patient permitted. Delay in treatment was generally because of associated injuries [head, chest or abdominal]. There were 20 males and 1female patients with an average age of 34.5 years. There was delayed diagnosis of neck fracture in 2 cases and these cases were not included in the study.

Our average follow-up is 30.9 months. There was one case of nonunion of a femoral neck fracture, one case of avascular necrosis and one neck fracture that united in varus. There were 4 nonunions and 6 cases of delayed union of femoral shaft fractures. Mean time for union of femoral neck fracture was 15 weeks and for shaft fracture was 22 weeks. In our results, shaft fracture determined the total union period. Though complications involving the femoral shaft fracture were greater than the femoral neck fractures, the shaft complications were more manageable compared to neck complications. This stresses the need to realize the significance and seriousness of both components of this complex injury, in evaluation, management and postoperative care.

Conclusion: Though technically demanding the reconstruction nail is an optimal alternative for management of concomitant fracture of femoral neck and shaft with low rates of complications and good results.

An osteochondroma is a benign tumour and multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis [MHO] is an auto-somal dominant skeletal disorder in which there are numerous cartilage-capped excrescences. The true incidence of malignant change of osteochondromas is not known, as many osteochondromas, especially solitary lesions, are asymptomatic and usually not reported.

Between the years 1995 to 2002, 11 patients with a secondary chondrosarcoma developing in osteochon-droma were found, out of 300 cases of musculoskeletal tumours treated at our institution. All the patients were treated surgically, The mean follow up of the patients was approximately 2 years [range from 3 months to 4 years]

In radiographs, evidence of malignant change was seen in all the cases. In the cases where MRI was carried out [6 out of 11 cases], the average cartilage cap thickness was 5.0 cm [ranging from 2 to 12 cm].

It is important to recognize the features suggesting malignant change, namely pain, continued growth of the lesion after skeletal maturity, thick bulky cartilaginous cap, and soft tissue mass with or without calcifications. Six of our cases had Grade I chondrosarcoma. High-grade chondrosarcomas occur with greater frequency in patients of multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis. Grading of chondrosarcoma is considered to have prognostic significance. However, the rate of local recurrence is primarily dependent on the adequacy of the primary surgical therapy, rather than the histological grade. In our series we had 3 cases wih local recurrence. In 2 of these cases, intralesional debulking had been done and in 1 case of marginal excision was done. Therefore primary resection [with a cuff of normal tissue] or radical excision appears to be the treatment of choice for these lesions.

Aim of presentation: We present a case of patellar metastasis from lung carcinoma resulting in pathological fracture.

Material and methods: A 66 years old man with a clinical diagnosis of carcinoma of lung presented with complaints of severe pain in his right knee after a minor injury. Radiograph revealed undisplaced fracture of patella through a lytic area. A fine needle biopsy was done which showed infiltration of bone by non-small cell carcinoma consistent with origin in lung. Patient was treated conservatively in a splint and received local radiotherapy for pain relief. The fracture healed clinically and radiologically in six weeks time inspite of increase in the size of tumour on x-rays.

Conclusion: Patella is a rare site of metastasis. Mercury et al reviewed the literature from 1900 to 2000 and reported about 15 cases of patellar metastasis from lung carcinoma. Pathological fractures are even rare. This case is presented as a rare case of pathological fracture of patella.