This paper describes how advances in three-dimensional printing may benefit the military trauma patient, both deployed on operations and in the firm base. Use of rapid prototype manufacturing to produce a 3D representation of complex fractures that can be held and rotated will aid surgical planning within multidisciplinary teams. Patient-clinician interaction can also be aided using these graspable models. The education of military surgeons could improve with the subsequent accurate, inexpensive models for anatomy and surgical technique instruction. The developing sphere of additive manufacturing (3D printing functional end-use components) lends itself to further advantages for the military orthopaedic surgeon. Military trauma patients could benefit from advances in direct metal laser sintering which enable the manufacture of complex surfaces and porous structures on bio-metallic implants not possible using conventional manufacturing. “Bio-printing” of tissues mimicking anatomical structures has potential for military trauma patients with bone defects. Deployed surgeons operating on less familiar fracture sites could benefit from three-dimensionally printing patient-specific medical devices. These can make operating technically easier, reducing radiation exposure and operating time. Further ahead, it may be possible to contemporaneously 3D print medical devices unavailable from the logistics chain whilst operating in the deployed environment.

It has been suggested that metal ion levels are indicative of in vivo bearing performance of metal-on-metal hip replacements. A cobalt or Chromium level of 7μg/L or higher is proposed to be indicative of a bearing malfunction and the need for clinical intervention. Component design, size, acetabular orientation, patient gender and activity level have been suggested as factors leading to accelerated wear and elevated metal ions. The contact patch to rim (CPR) distance is a calculation that describes the distance from the point where a theoretical joint reaction force intersects the cup to the acetabular rim for a patient in standing position, dependent on the coverage, size, and orientation of the acetabular component. It has been suggested that CPR distance determines the hip joint susceptibility to edge loading, and the risk for increased wear and high ion levels (Langton et al JBJS Br 91: 2009). This study examined the effects of patient activity, gender, and CPR distance on serum metal ion concentrations in a series of patients treated with one type of metal on metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty (MMHRA) performed by one surgeon.

182 patients (73 females and 109 males)with a unilateral Conserve Plus (WMT, TN USA) MMHRA and had who had provided blood for metal ion analysis data from December 2000 to June 2011 were retrospectively studied. Only measurements made more than 12 months after surgery were included in order to exclude hips that had yet to reach steady-state wear. For patients with multiple draws, the most recent qualifying draw was used. Activity level was assessed by the UCLA activity score. The mean age was 51.5 years (20.0 to 77.5 years). The mean follow-up time for the last blood draw was 70 months (range, 12 to 165). Serum cobalt (CoS) and chromium (CrS) levels were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a specialized trace element lab. Using acetabular abduction and anteversion measured by EBRA, component size, and reported coverage angle of the acetabular component, the CPR distance was calculated as previously described. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify significant relationships between high metal ion levels (7 μg/L or greater) and gender, activity and CPR distance.

The median CoS level for the entire cohort was 1.13 μg/L (range, 0.15 to 175.30), and the median CrS level was 1.49 μg/L (range, 0.06 to 88.70). The average CPR distance was 13.8 mm (range, 3.2 to 22.1). There was a significant association between low CPR values and CoS and CrS. There was a 37-fold increase in the risk of CoS >7μg/L (p=0.005) and 11-fold increase in the risk of CrS > 7μg/L (p=0.003) when CPR distance was 10 mm or less. No associations were shown for gender and UCLA activity scores.

CPR distance was found to be a reliable predictor of ion levels > 7μg/L and appears to be a useful indicator to evaluate the multi-factorial process of edge-loading and wear. Patients with a low CPR distance should be monitored for increased metal ion levels.

The Conserve® Plus (Wright Medical Technology Inc., Arlington, TN) was introduced clinically in the United States in 1996. A study of the serum cobalt and chromium ion levels was started in 2000 in our center to monitor the metal ion levels over time as part of an FDA clinical trial.

Thirteen male and five female patients received this resurfacing for idiopathic osteoarthritis (14), post-traumatic degenerative changes (3) or developmental dysplasia (1). Fourteen received a unilateral implant but four subsequently received a contralateral device from 52 to 86 months post-op. Four patients had bilateral resurfacings done in a one-stage procedure. All surgeries were performed by the senior author. None of these patients had known exposure to cobalt or chromium, kidney disease or other metal implants elsewhere in their bodies. Each prospectively provided blood samples and then yearly thereafter to measure cobalt and chromium levels for up to 11 years. Metal levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by a specialized trace element analysis laboratory. Acetabular component position was evaluated using Einzel-Bild-Röentgen-Analysis (EBRA) software. Contact patch to rim (CPR) distance was computed as described by Langton et al JBJS Br 91: 2009. A mixed model linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate long term trends, and multivariate analysis was performed to examine effects of implant and patient covariates on the metal ion levels.

One bilateral patient underwent revision for femoral loosening, all other patients were clinically well-functioning at the time of last follow-up (ave 89 mos). The median pre-operative Co was below the detection limit (d.l) of 0.3μg/L and the median pre-operative Cr was 0.069μg/L (d.l. 03μg/L). Metal levels increased within the first year then decreased and stabilized (fig 1). For unilaterals over all time intervals, the median Co was 1.06 μg/L, while the median Cr was 1.58 μg/L. For bilaterals, the mean post-operative Co was 2.80 μg/L, while the mean Cr was 5.80 μg/L. Generally, Cr levels were higher at all time points than Co. Bilateral patients had Co values 1.96 times greater on average than the unilateral patients (p<0.001). None of the possible covariates studied (femoral size, cup abduction angle, cup anteversion, CPR distance, activity, BMI and testing method) were related to the assay values.

The results of this study have shown that serum metal levels in well functioning implants can be low and do not increase over time. These are among the lowest levels reported for resurfacing devices and comparable to levels reported for well functioning small diameter metal-on-metal total hips. The study is limited due to the relatively small sample size and limited range of values for the covariates studied. However, it included patients who were active, female or bilateral and we collected ion levels up to 11 years. We now recommend that patients who have well-oriented Conserve Plus components with stable radiographic interfaces and no incidences of unexplained pain or hip noises be scheduled for follow-up every 2–3 years, rather than annually.

Summary

Single use instrumentation had a significant reduction on OR Turnover time and instrument setup/clean up time compared to traditional instrumentation.

Introduction: Closed and open grade I (low energy) tibial shaft fractures are a common and costly event and optimal management for such injuries remains uncertain.

Methods: We explored costs associated with treatment of low energy tibial fractures with either casting, casting with therapeutic ultrasound, or intramedullary nailing (with and without reaming) by use of a decision tree.

Results: From a governmental perspective the mean associated costs were USD $3 365 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1 425) for operative management by reamed intramedullary nailing, $5 041 (SD ± 1 363) for operative management by non-reamed intramedullary nailing, $5 017 (SD±1 370) for casting, and $5 312 (SD±1 474) for casting with therapeutic ultrasound. From a societal perspective the mean associated costs were ($12 449; SD±4 894) for reamed intramedullary nailing, ($13 266; SD±3 692) for casting with therapeutic ultrasound, ($15 571; SD±4 293) for operative management by non-reamed intramedullary nailing, and ($17 343; SD±4 784) for casting alone.

Interpretation: Our analysis suggests that, from an economical standpoint, reamed intramedullary nailing is the treatment of choice for closed and open grade I tibial shaft fractures. There is preliminary evidence, from a societal perspective, that treatment of low energy tibial fractures with therapeutic ultrasound and casting may also be an economically-sound intervention.

The purpose of the study was to objectively compare the effects of the scaphoid and Colles’ type casts on hand function. Currently there is no such published study.

Both casts are commonly used to immobilise suspected and radiologically proven undisplaced scaphoid fractures. There is no difference in non-union rates. The scaphoid incorporates the thumb in palmar abduction, whereas the Colles’ type cast leaves the thumb free. Although necessary for bone healing, immobilisation disrupts function and may require intensive corrective physiotherapy. Unnecessary immobilisation of uninvolved joints should be avoided when use does not compromise fracture stability.

We compared the effect of the two casts on hand function in 20 healthy right hand dominant volunteers using the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, which uses seven subtests designed to test tasks representative of everyday functional activities. Data were obtained through a mixed between and within subject design.

Using the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, median overall scoring in the Colles’ type cast was 2.5 times that obtained in the scaphoid. In timing individual subtests, the analyses show significant differences (p< 0001) between the presence and absence of a cast. When comparing the two cast types, mean times for all subtests are less in the Colles’ than in the scaphoid, with the difference reaching statistical significance in five out of seven subtests.

Having either type of cast significantly impairs handling and finger dexterity, and so affects activities of daily living. A scaphoid, however, is much more limiting than a Colles’ type cast. This makes it clearly more inconvenient for the patient with socioeconomic implications and occasionally issues of compliance during a long period of immobilisation.