Aims. Management of intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains a debated topic in orthopaedics, with operative fixation often held in reserve due to concerns regarding perioperative morbidity and potential complications. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of patients who developed surgical complications to inform the future stratification of patients best suited to operative treatment for intra-articular calcaneal fractures and those in whom surgery was highly likely to produce an equivocal functional outcome with potential post-operative complications. Methods. All patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures utilizing the Sinus Tarsi approach between March 2014 and July 2018 were identified using theatre records. Patient imaging was used to assess pre- and post-operative fracture geometry with Computed Tomography (CT) used for pre-operative planning. Each patient's clinical presentation was established through retrospective analysis of medical records. Patients provided verbal consent to participation and patient reported outcome measures were recorded using the Maryland Foot Score. Results. Fifty-eight intra-articular calcaneal fractures (fifty-three patients including five bilateral, mean age = 46.91 years) were included. Forty-nine patients were injured as a result of a fall from a height (92.4%). Mean time from presentation to surgery was 3.23 days (range 0–21). Mean Maryland Foot score was found to be 77.6 (+/− 16.22) in forty-five patients. Five patients (9.4%) had wound complications; two superficial (3.7%) and three deep (5.6%). Conclusion. Intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus should be considered for surgical intervention in order to improve long-term functional outcomes. The Sinus Tarsi approach provides the potential to decrease the operative complication rate whilst maintaining adequate fixation, however, the decision to surgically manage these fractures should be carefully balanced against the risk of post-operative complications. This increased risk of complication associated with smoking may tip the balance against benefit from surgical management

Traditional open approaches for subtalar arthrodesis have reported nonunion rates of 5–16% and significant incidence of infection and nerve injury. The rationale for arthroscopic arthrodesis is to limit dissection of the soft tissues in order to preserve blood supply for successful fusion, whilst minimising the risk of soft tissue complications. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of sinus tarsi portal subtalar arthrodesis. Case records of all patients undergoing isolated arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis by two senior surgeons between 2004 and 2014 were examined. All patients were followed up until successful union or revision surgery. The primary outcome measure was successful clinical and radiographic union. Secondary outcome measures included occurrence of infection and nerve injury. Seventy-seven procedures were performed in 74 patients, with successful fusion in 75 (97.4%). One (1.3%) superficial wound infection and one (1.3%) transient sural nerve paraesthesia occurred. Fixation with a single screw provided sufficient stability for successful arthrodesis. To our knowledge this is the largest reported series of isolated arthroscopic subtalar arthrodeses to date, and the first series reporting results of the two portal sinus tarsi approach. This approach allows access for decortication of all three articular facets, and obviates the need for a posterolateral portal, features which may explain the high union rate and low incidence of sural nerve injury in our series

Background. Weightbearing computed tomography scans allow for better understanding of foot alignment in patients with Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity. However, soft tissue integrity cannot be assessed via WBCT. As performing both WBCT and magnetic resonance imaging is not cost effective, we aimed to assess whether there is an association between specific WBCT and MRI findings. Methods. A cohort of 24 patients of various stages of PCFD (mean age 51±18 years) underwent WBCT scans and MRI. In addition to signs of sinus tarsi impingement, four three-dimensional measurements (talo-calcaneal overlap, talo-navicular coverage, Meary's angle axial/lateral) were obtained using a post processing software (DISIOR 2.1, Finland) on the WBCT datasets. Sinus tarsi obliteration, spring ligament complex and tibiospring ligament integrity, as well as tibialis posterior tendon degeneration were evaluated with MRI. Statistical analysis was performed for significant (P<0.05) correlation between findings. Results. None of the assessed 3D measurements correlated with spring ligament complex or tibiospring ligament tears. Age, body mass index, and TCO were associated with tibialis posterior tendon tears. 75% of patients with sinus tarsi impingement on WBCT also showed signs of sinus tarsi obliteration on MRI. Of the assessed parameters, only age and BMI were associated with sinus tarsi obliteration diagnosed on MRI, while the assessed WBCT based 3D measurements were, with the exception of MA axial, associated with sinus tarsi impingement. Conclusion. While WBCT reflects foot alignment and indicates signs of osseous impingement in PCFD patients, the association between WBCT based 3D measurements and ligament or tendon tears in MRI is limited. Partial or complete tears of the tibialis posterior tendon were only detectable in comparably older and overweight PCFD patients with an increased TCO. WBCT does not replace MRI in diagnostic value. Both imaging options add important information and may impact decision-making in the treatment of PCFD patients

Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) is a complex foot deformity with varying degrees of hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, forefoot varus, and collapse or hypermobility of the medial column. In its management, muscle and tendon balancing are important to address the deformity. Peroneus brevis is the primary evertor of the foot, and the strongest antagonist to the tibialis posterior. Moreover, peroneus longus is an important stabilizer of the medial column. To our knowledge, the role of peroneus brevis to peroneus longus tendon transfer in cases of PCFD has not been reported. This study evaluates patient reported outcomes including pain scores and any associated surgical complications for patients with PCFD undergoing isolated peroneus brevis to longus tendon transfer and gastrocnemius recession. Patients with symptomatic PCFD who had failed non-operative treatment, and underwent isolated soft tissue correction with peroneus brevis to longus tendon transfer and gastrocnemius recession were included. Procedures were performed by a single surgeon at a large University affiliated teaching hospital between January 1 2016 to March 31 2021. Patients younger than 18 years old, or undergoing surgical correction for PCFD which included osseous correction were excluded. Patient demographics, medical comorbidities, procedures performed, and pre and post-operative patient related outcomes were collected via medical chart review and using the appropriate questionnaires. Outcomes assessed included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for foot and ankle pain as well as sinus tarsi pain (0-10), patient reported outcomes on EQ-5D, and documented complications. Statistical analysis was utilized to report change in VAS and EQ-5D outcomes using a paired t-test. Statistical significance was noted with p<0.05. We analysed 43 feet in 39 adults who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 55.4 ± 14.5 years old. The patient reported outcome mean results and statistical analysis are shown in Table one below. Mean pre and post-operative foot and ankle VAS pain was 6.73, and 3.13 respectively with a mean difference of 3.6 (p<0.001, 95% CI 2.6, 4.6). Mean pre and post-operative sinus tarsi VAS pain was 6.03 and 3.88, respectively with a mean difference of 2.1 (p<0.001, 95% CI 0.9, 3.4). Mean pre and post-operative EQ-5D Pain scores were 2.19 and 1.83 respectively with a mean difference of 0.4 (p=0.008, 95% CI 0.1, 0.6). Mean follow up time was 18.8 ± 18.4 months. Peroneus brevis to longus tendon transfer and gastrocnemius recession in the management of symptomatic progressive collapsing foot deformity significantly improved sinus tarsi and overall foot and ankle pain. Most EQ-5D scores improved, but did not reach statistically significant values with the exception of the pain score. This may have been limited by our cohort size. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature describing clinical results in the form of patient reported outcomes following treatment with this combination of isolated soft tissue procedures for the treatment of PCFD. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

A medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) is one of the key inframalleolar osteotomies to correct progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD). While many studies were able to determine the hind- and midfoot alignment after PCFD correction, the subtalar joint remained obscured by superposition on plain radiography. Therefore, we aimed to perform a 3D measurement assessment of the hind- and subtalar joint alignment pre- compared to post-operatively using weightbearing CT (WBCT) imaging. Fifteen patients with a mean age of 44,3 years (range 17-65yrs) were retrospectively analyzed in a pre-post study design. Inclusion criteria consisted of PCFD deformity correct by MCO and imaged by WBCT. Exclusion criteria were patients who had concomitant midfoot fusions or hindfoot coalitions. Image data were used to generate 3D models and compute the hindfoot - and talocalcaneal angle as well as distance maps. Pre-operative radiographic parameters of the hindfoot and subtalar joint alignment improved significantly relative to the post-operative position (HA, MA. Sa. , and MA. Co. ). The post-operative talus showed significant inversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion of the talus (2.79° ±1.72, 1.32° ±1.98, 2.11°±1.47) compared to the pre-operative position. The talus shifted significantly different from 0 in the posterior and superior direction (0.62mm ±0.52 and 0.35mm ±0.32). The distance between the talus and calcaneum at the sinus tarsi increased significantly (0.64mm ±0.44). This study found pre-dominantly changes in the sagittal, axial and coronal plane alignment of the subtalar joint, which corresponded to a decompression of the sinus tarsi. These findings demonstrate the amount of alternation in the subtalar joint alignment that can be expected after MCO. However, further studies are needed to determine at what stage a calcaneal lengthening osteotomy or corrective arthrodesis is indicated to obtain a higher degree of subtalar joint alignment correction

Purpose. To establish the early outcome, satisfaction and complications of sinus tarsi implants in the management of symptomatic flexible flatfeet for a paediatric population. Methods and results. We included all patients aged 18 years or less who were treated for flexible flatfeet with a sinus tarsi implant between January 2010 and June 2012. We excluded patients who had a history of clubfeet or tarsal coalition. 34 patients had 59 implants. The mean age at surgery was 13.7 yrs (9–17 yrs), with mean follow-up of 22 months (range 10–35). Mean AOFAS improved from 65.7 to 87.9 (p<0.001), with an improvement in AOFAS pain scores (p=0.0001). Radiographic correction occurred in all feet, with average improvement of the anteroposterior talar-second metatarsal angle of 16 degrees, and the lateral talar-first metatarsal angle of 9 degrees. Implant placement satisfaction rate was 86%, with 81% claiming that they would have the procedure again. Complications included peroneal spasm (8%), extrusion (7%), revision (5%), and removal (5%). Peroneal spasm was recalcitrant in 3 of the 5 cases, and those with spasm had a higher average forefoot abduction measurement (35 degrees) than the remaining treated cases (25 degrees). Conclusion. In paediatric patients with flexible flatfeet, utilisation of the sinus tarsi implant has good short-term outcome, with our failure and revision rates comparable to other published studies in the adult population. We introduce the concept of isolated subtalar hyperlaxity which appeared to be a distinct etiological factor. A learning curve in assessing implant size was noted. Overcorrection and implant migration were the indications for revision surgery. Severe forefoot abduction appears to have a poorer outcome, and may be associated with peroneal spasm. Level of evidence: IV

Background. Whereas arthroscopic arthrodesis of the ankle is commonplace and of the subtalar joint is established, reports of arthroscopic talo-navicular fusion are a rarity. Aim. To review a case series to establish if arthroscopic talo-navicular arthrodesis is a feasible surgical option. Methods. Arthroscopic decortication of the talo-navicular joint is performed via x1-2 sinus tarsi portals and x1-2 accessory talo-navicular portals using a standard arthroscope and a 4.5 barrel burr. Internal fixation is by a 5mm screw from the navicular tuberosity and x2 headless compression screws introduced under image intensification from the dorsal navicular to the talar head. Between 2004 and 2017 a consecutive series of 164 patients underwent arthroscopic hindfoot arthrodeses of which 72 involved the talo-navicular joint. Only 13 procedures were of that joint alone in unsullied feet. The medical records of these 13 patients were reviewed to assess radiological fusion, complications and improvement of pre-operative state. Results. All Talo-navicular joints were successfully decorticated. All united radiologically by a mean 4.4 months (range 3–8). There were no major complications. All patients reported improvement to their pre-operative symptoms but one patient developed lateral column pain requiring fusion. Conclusions. Arthroscopic Talo-navicular arthrodesis is technically feasible with good rates of union. Complications were rare, making the technique attractive when encountering a poor soft tissue envelope. The surgery cannot be used if bone grafting is required. Long term discomfort can arise from adjacent joints. Accurate alignment is critical

Background. Open subtalar arthrodesis has been associated with a moderate rate of non-union, as high 16.3%, and high rates of infection and nerve injury. Performing this operation arthroscopically serves to limit the disruption to the soft tissue envelope, improve union rates and reduce infection. Our study describes our outcomes and experience of this operation. Method. Retrospective review of all patients who underwent an arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis between 2023 and 2008. We excluded patients undergoing concurrent adjacent joint arthrodesis. The primary aim was to report on rates of union. Secondary outcomes included reporting on conversion to open procedure, duration of surgery, infection, and iatrogenic injury to surrounding structures. Results. 135 patients were included in the final analysis. 129 patients (95.5%) achieved union. The median time to fusion was 98 days. All cases were performed through sinus tarsi portals. 38 cases were performed with an additional posterolateral portal. Most cases (107/77%) were performed with 2 screws. 3 cases (2.2%) were converted to open procedures. The median tourniquet time was 86 minutes but available in only 88 (65%) cases. There were 4 (2.9%) superficial infections and no deep infections. 1 patient sustained an injury to FHL and there were no reported nerve injuries. Conclusions. At present this is the largest series of arthroscopic subtalar arthrodeses. We demonstrate that this operation can achieve high rates of union with low rates of infection with an equally low likelihood of needing to convert to an open procedure with modest operative times. In our experience the addition of a posterolateral portal does not appear to increase the incidence of nerve injury and aids in the visualisation of all 3 facets

Background. Optimal management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains controversial. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus non-operative treatment in displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture up to 2-years. Methods. All displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures between August 2014 and January 2019 that presented to a level 1 trauma centre were considered for inclusion. The decision to treat was made by a multidisciplinary meeting. Operative treatment protocol involved sinus tarsi approach or percutaneous reduction & internal fixation. Non-operative protocol involved symptomatic management with no attempt at closed reduction. All fractures were classified, and the MOXFQ/EQ-5D-5L scores were used to assess foot and ankle and general health-related quality of life outcomes respectively. Results. 101 patients were recruited at a level 1 major trauma centre, between August 2014 and January 2019. Our propensity score matched 44 patients in the surgical cohort to 44 patients in the non-surgical cohort. At 24 months, there was no significant difference in the MOXFQ Index score (p<0.05) however the patients in the surgical cohort had a significantly higher EQ-5D-5L Index score (p<0.05). There was also a higher return to work (91% vs 72%, p<0.05) and physical activity rate (46 vs. 35%, p<0.05) in the surgical cohort despite a higher proportion of more complex fractures in the surgical cohort. The wound complication rate following surgery was 16%. 14% of patients in the non-operative cohort subsequently underwent arthrodesis compared to none of the patients in the surgical cohort. Conclusion. In this study, we found operative treatments were associated with low rates of surgical complication at 2-years and long term pain improvement, facilitating earlier and better functional outcomes for complex injury patterns compared to nonoperative treatment

Background. Surgical management of calcaneus fractures is demanding and has a high risk of wound complications. Traditionally these fractures are managed with splinting until swelling has subsided. We describe a novel protocol for the management of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures utilising a temporizing external fixator and staged conversion to plate fixation through a sinus tarsi approach. The goal of this technique is to allow for earlier treatment with open reduction and internal fixation, minimise the amount of manipulation required at the time of definitive fixation and reduce the wound complication rate seen with the extensile approach. Methods. The records of patients with displaced calcaneus fractures from 2010–2014 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 10 patients with 12 calcaneus fractures were treated with this protocol. All patients underwent ankle-spanning medial external fixation within 48 hours of injury. Patients underwent conversion to open plate fixation through a sinus tarsi approach when skin turgor had returned to normal. Time to surgery, infection rate, wound complications, radiographic alignment, and time to radiographic union were recorded. Results. The average Bohler's angle improved from 13.2 (range −2 to 34) degrees preoperatively to 34.3 (range 26 to 42) degrees postoperatively. The average time from external fixation to conversion to internal fixation was 4.8 (range 3 to 7) days. There were no immediate post-surgical complications. The average time to weight bearing was 8.5 weeks. The average time to radiographic union was 9.5 (range 8 to 12) weeks. There were no infections or wound complications at the time of last follow-up. Conclusions. Early temporizing external fixation for the acute management of displaced calcaneus fractures is a safe and effective method to reduce and stabilise the foot and may decrease the time to definitive fixation. In our series there were no complications related to the use of the external fixator. Level of Evidence. IV Retrospective case series

Background. Traditionally, the extended lateral approach (ELA) was the favoured approch for calcaneal fractures, but has been reported to have high incidence of wound complications. There has been a move amongst surgeons in the United Kingdom towards the sinus tarsi approach (STA) due to its minimally invasive nature, attempting to reduce such complications. Aims. To evaluate outcomes of ELA and STA for all consecutive calcaneal fracture fixation in our institution over a 10yr period. Method. Retrospective cohort study of all calcaneal fractures surgically treated with either approach between January 2008 and January 2018. Anatomic restoration was assessed radiologically by the change in Gissane's and Bohler's angles and calcaneal width. Post-operative complications including metalwork removal were recorded. Results. 35 calcaneal fractures were managed surgically via either approach during this period (21 STA and 14 ELA). There was a statistically significant improvement in the radiological makers when the post-operative films were compared to pre-operative ones. When the post-operative films from the 2 groups were compared against each other, there was no significant difference (p< 0.05) in any of the radiological markers. In the ELA group, 2 patients (14.3%) developed deep infections requiring metalwork removal and 1 had delayed wound healing (7.1%). No deep infections occurred with the STA; 1 patient (4.8%) had a superficial infection, treated with antibiotics. Of patients who had metalwork in situ for more than 1 year, 37.5% of the STA group required removal due to pain compared to only 16.7% with ELA. Conclusions. We have moved from ELA to STA. Our results have shown no difference in restoration of calcaneal anatomy but with a decrease in post-operative wound complications including infection. However, we have shown an increase in metalware removal in the STA group and it is important to ascertain the cause and significance of this

We report a single surgeon series of 33 arthroscopic subtalar fusions performed through a 2-portal sinus tarsi approach on 32 patients between March 2004 and February 2009. Background pathologies included primary arthrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, planovalgus foot, rheumatoid disease, sinus tarsi syndrome and CTEV. 97% [32/33] of fusions as assessed by both clinical and radiological means were achieved within 16 weeks [76% [25/33] within 12 weeks] with only a single outlier which had fused by 22 weeks. There were no deep infections, thrombotic events or neuromas. Five patients suffered complications of which four were successfully treated with a satisfactory outcome. One patient developed persistent pain and was eventually referred to another centre for further management. In our experience arthroscopic subtalar fusion surgery has been demonstrated to give excellent outcomes with minimal complications. Furthermore, it is a technique allowing surgery even in patients with significant hindfoot deformity. It is a suitable operation even for patients with a compromised soft tissue envelope which would normally preclude an open procedure

Aim: To improve our technique of subtalar fusion for the correction of flexible abducto-valgus foot deformities during single event multilevel surgery in children with cerebral palsy, specifically, to decrease operating time, avoid donor site morbidity, improve fusion rates and prevent loss of correction. Methods and Results: The modifications are:. Preparation of the sinus tarsi using hemispherical reamers. Grafting the sinus with a press fit, cortico-cancellous iliac crest allograft, cut with a circular “cookie cutter”. Placing an 8mm titanium cannulated screw parallel to the talo-navicular and calcaneo-cuboid joints. All patients had a preoperative instrumented gait analysis, video recordings of foot position, AP and lateral weight bearing radiographs. Patients were encouraged to weight bear as tolerated in a cast at three weeks. Six weeks postoperatively the casts were replaced with ankle-foot orthoses. Gait laboratory reviews were conducted at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months postoperatively with radiological evaluation of the subtalar fusion at 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Between January 2001 and December 2004, 58 children, mean age 9 years and 4 months underwent bilateral subtalar fusions with the modified technique during multilevel surgery. Fifty-eight patients were reviewed 12 months postoperatively and 54 at 24 months postoperatively. Deformity correction was uniformly satisfactory. All patients had complete graft incorporation on plane radiographs. No patient required a revision procedure. Six patients subsequently had first metatarso-phalangeal joint fusions for symptomatic hallux valgus. Conclusion: The reliability of extra-articular fusion of the subtalar joint improved dramatically using screw fixation and iliac crest graft as described by Dennyson and Fulford. This can be further improved by the use of hemispherical reamers to the sinus tarsi and cannulated screws for fixation of the talus to the os calcis. Allograft is a reliable substitute for autograft and is acceptable to most patients and families

This paper introduces a relatively new treatment of pes planus. Over three years we have treated 21 patients with idiopathic or acquired pes planus by inserting a cylindrical polyethylene prosthesis in the subtalar sinus tarsi to limit subtalar movements. After a two to four-week period in postoperative surgical plaster, patients become fully weight-bearing, with immediate correction of alignment of the pes planus. The polyethylene has excellent wear properties and we have encountered no wear or particular reactions. We have had no bone resorption or infections, and few and minor complications. Correction of the deformity is maintained even after removal of the prosthesis. The advantages of immediate correction of the deformity and early full weight-bearing make this simple and effective procedure an attractive alternative to conservative treatment, osteotomy and subtalar fusion in selected cases

Painful peroneal spastic flatfeet without coalition or other known etiologies in adolescence, remains a difficult condition to treat. We present eight such cases with radiological and surgical evidence of bony abnormalities in the lateral subtalar region just anterior to the posterior facet. All patients had presented as tertiary referrals with recalcitrant pain and had undergone a trial of orthotics and physiotherapy. Diagnostic workup included a clinical and radiographic evaluation. Clinical examination consisted of gait examination, foot alignment, range of motion, torsional profile of the lower limbs and marking of symptomatic foci. All patients had standing weightbearing anteroposterior and lateral projections of the foot and ankle, CT and/or MRI scans of the foot. Coalitions and other known intra-articular pathologies like subtalar arthritis were ruled out. All patients had bilateral flatfeet but unilateral peroneal spasm. All patients had an accessory anterolateral talar facet (ATF) which was arising as an anterior and distal extension of the lateral process of the talus. This caused lateral impingement between the facet and the calcaneum, confirmed by bone edema around the sinus tarsi and marked at the apex of the angle of Gissane on MRI scans. All patients had stiff subtalar joints with very limited movement under anaesthesia, indicating peroneal muscle contracture. Patients were treated with a combination of facet excision, fractional peroneal and gastrosoleus lengthening and calcaneal lengthening to correct the flatfoot and prevent lateral impingement

Introduction:. Symptomatic tarsal coalitions failing conservative treatment are traditionally managed by open resection. Arthroscopic excision of calcaneonavicular bars have previously been described as has a technique for excising talocalcaneal bars using an arthroscope to guide an open resection. We describe a purely arthroscopic technique for excising talocalcaneal coalitions. We present a retrospective two-surgeon case series of the first eight patients (nine feet). Methods:. Subtalar arthroscopy is performed from two standard sinus tarsi portals with the patient in a saggy lateral position. Coalitions are resected with a barrel burr after soft tissue clearance with arthroscopic shavers. Early postoperative mobilisation and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent recurrence of coalition. Outcome measures include restoration of subtalar movements, return to work and sports, visual analogue pain scales and Sports Athlete Foot and Ankle Scores (SAFAS). Follow-up ranges from 1 to 5.5 years. Results:. Pain and SAFAS scores improved in 7 patients. Subtalar movements were improved in all feet and were sustained to final follow-up. All patients achieved early good function and returned to sports and demanding jobs. One patient's pain recurred requiring subsequent fusions. One posterior tibial nerve was damaged. Both of these patients had coalitions extending across more than one quarter of the posterior facet. Conclusion:. Minimal destruction of bone and soft tissues with an arthroscopic technique allows early mobilization and minimizes pain. We acknowledge the risk of neurological damage from both open and arthroscopic excision of tarsal coalitions. Patient selection and preoperative planning are crucial to avoid relapse and complication. If significant degenerative changes are present at surgery or resections are too extensive onto the posterior facet early recurrence of pain may occur. This series from two independent surgeons supports the feasibility and effectiveness of this technique

Introduction:. In a consecutive series of 71 arthroscopic subtalar arthrodeses performed between 2004 and 2011, 14 also involved arthroscopic decortication of the talonavicular joint (double arthrodesis) and 4 the subtalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints (triple arthrodeses). Methods:. We examined complications, union rates in all 18 patients and clinical outcomes in 16 for whom this was the sole procedure. Results:. Mean age was 62 (45–78). Two talonavicular joints failed to unite and a third patient suffered a diabetic Charcot midfoot neuro-arthropathy. These patients' outcomes were classified as poor. Two patients underwent planned major ankle or midfoot surgery in addition to arthroscopic double arthrodeses. These joints united but these patients were not included in the clinical review to avoid confounding outcomes. Mean follow-up for the remaining 13 patients was 4.4 (1.75–7.5) years. There were no immediate perioperative complications. All 4 patients with triple fusions united with good or excellent outcomes. The nine patients receiving double arthrodesis united with 8 good or excellent outcomes. The remaining patient reported good deformity correction and stability but disappointing pain relief, (classification poor). Conclusions:. Double and triple arthrodeses remain valid salvage options for painful arthrosis and severe deformity. Preservation of the calcaneocuboid joint permits a relative lateral column lengthening when correcting planovalgus deformity. Arthroscopic surgery offers preservation and protection of soft tissues and reduces wound tension. The sinus tarsi approach permits good visualisation and decortication of the triple joints and rotatory correction of deformity. This technique is not appropriate when there is extensive bone loss requiring block bone grafting. Early complications are reduced and late complications such as non-union and arthrosis of adjacent joints seem similar to those reported in studies on open arthrodeses

Peroneal spastic flatfeet without coalition or other known etiologies in adolescence remain a challenge to manage. We present eight such cases with radiological and surgical evidence of bony abnormalities in the subtalar region just anterior to the posterior facet. All patients had presented as tertiary referrals with recalcitrant pain and had undergone a trial of orthotics and physiotherapy. Diagnostic workup included a clinical and radiographic evaluation. Clinical examination consisted of gait examination, foot alignment, range of motion, torsional profile of the lower limbs and marking of symptomatic foci. All patients had standing weightbearing AP and lateral projections of the foot and ankle. CT and/or MRI scans of the foot were performed in axial coronal and saggital planes. Coalitions and other intraarticular known pathologies were ruled out. All patients had bilateral flatfeet but unilateral peroneal spasm. All patients had an accessory talar facet in front of the posterior subtalar facet. This caused lateral impingement between the facet and the calcaneum, confirmed by bone edema around the sinus tarsi. All patients had stiff subtalar joints with very limited movement under anaesthesia, indicating peroneal muscle contracture. Patients were treated with a combination of facet excision, peroneal lengthening and calcaneal lengthening to correct the flatfoot and prevent lateral impingement. We propose a mechanism of subtalar impingement between the anterior extra-articular part of the talar lateral process and the Gissane angle and believe that resection of the accessory facet without addressing the the primary driving force for impingement, which is the structural malalignment in flatfeet, would only give partial relief of symptoms. This impingement appears to occur with growth spurts in adolescents, in patients with known flatfeet

Aim. Historically, surgeons have focused on isolated simple coalition resection in symptomatic tarsal coalition with concomitant rigid flat foot. However, recent evidence suggests that coalitions with severe preoperative planovalgus malposition treated with resection alone are associated with continued disability and deformity. We believe that concomitant severe flatfoot should be considered as much as a pathological component and pain generator as the coalition itself. Our primary hypothesis is that simple resection of middle facet tarsal coalitions and simultaneous flat foot reconstruction can improve clinical outcomes. Method. We identified eleven children (13 feet) who had resections of middle facet tarsal coalitions with or without complex foot reconstruction (calcaneal lengthening, medial cuneiform osteotomy) for concurrent severe planovalgus between 2003 and 2011. Clinical examination, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hind-foot scores, and radiographic assessments were evaluated after resection of middle facet tarsal coalitions with simultaneous flat foot reconstruction. Results. Isolated coalition resection provided short to intermediate term pain relief for three children that had this as a solitary procedure. Calcaneal lengthening osteotomy performed as an additional procedure in patients with very severe and stiff planovalgus provided excellent correction and symptomatic pain relief in all six patients (Mean AOFAS: 91). Two patients had insertion of sinus tarsi implants in addition to resection also had satisfactory hind foot function (Mean AOFAS: 87.3) post operatively. Conclusion. This study shows that calcaneal lengthening osteotomy in addition to coalition resection in patients with severe rigid flat feet provides excellent pain relief and function. Rigid flat feet should be considered as a significant contributor to the pain complex in this cohort of patients

Introduction. We present a consecutive series of 19 patients with 22 intra-articular calcaneal fractures treated by percutaneous arthroscopic fixation (percutaneous arthroscopic calcaneal osteosynthesis “PACO”). Traditional open reduction and fixation regularly has significant wound complications. PACO has the advantage of direct visualization of the joint surface reduction with the benefit of minimal soft tissue trauma and wound complications. Methods. Between July 2010 & April 2012, 39 isolated closed intra-articular calcaneal fractures were admitted to St Mary's Hospital. All Sanders type 2 and type 3 fractures were included. Undisplaced fractures (13) were treated non-operatively and comminuted type 4 fractures (4) were treated with primary arthroscopic fusion. Surgery was performed on the next list with no delay for swelling. All patients had pre and post op CT scans. Patients were discharged in a temporary cast with routine follow up at 2, 6 and 12 weeks. Technique. Arthroscopy was performed in the lateral position with a 4.0mm arthroscope, using two sinus tarsi portals and a posterolateral portal. The fracture fragments were reduced percutaneously, held with wires before definitive fixation. Results. There were 10 three-part fractures (Sanders 3AB) and 12 two part (Sanders 2A/2B). Bohler's angle improved from 9.9 (7–18) to 27.7 (23–32) P <0.001. The mean time to surgery was 4 days (1–7), mean post-op stay was 1.9 days. Mean articular step of 0.9mm (0.4–1.9mm) on post-op CT. There were no deep wound infections. Conclusions. PACO is an accurate and reliable technique for fixation of calcaneal fractures, with a low complication rate, and minimal pre and post-operative delay