Despite the routine use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, postoperative infection following fracture surgery remains a persistent issue with substantial morbidity. The use of additional local antibiotic prophylaxis may have a protective effect and some orthopaedic surgeons have adopted their use in recent years, despite limited evidence of its beneficial effect. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the current literature regarding the effect of prophylactic local antibiotics on the rate of infection in fracture surgery in both open and closed fractures. A comprehensive search of Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed was performed. Cohort studies were eligible if they investigated the effect on infection rate of additional local antibiotic prophylaxis compared with systemic prophylaxis alone following fracture surgery. The data were pooled in a meta-analysis. In total, four randomized controlled trials and 11 retrospective cohort studies with a total of 6161 fractures from various anatomical locations were eligible for inclusion. The majority of the included studies were Level 3 evidence and had a moderate risk of bias. When all fractures were pooled, the risk of infection was significantly reduced when local antibiotics were applied compared with the control group receiving systemic prophylaxis only (OR = 0.39; 95%CI: 0.26 to 0.53, P < 0.001). In particular, there was a significant reduction in deep infections (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.38 to 0.91, P = 0.017). The beneficial effect of local antibiotics for preventing total infection was seen in both open fractures (OR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.23 to 0.53, P < 0.001) and closed fractures (OR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.35 to 0.95, P = 0.029) when analyzed separately. This meta-analysis suggests a significant risk reduction for postoperative infection following fracture surgery when local antibiotics were added to standard systemic prophylaxis, with a protective effect present in both open and closed fractures

Post-operative infection is a serious complication of spine surgery and can contribute to the strain on the healthcare system's resources. The purpose of this study is to determine what factors affect the risk of developing postoperative infection. We hypothesize that female gender, smoking, diabetes, having thoracolumbar procedures, having a neurological deficit, increased age, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score, blood loss, number of operative levels, operative time and undergoing non-elective surgery will increase the patients' risk of developing a post-operative infection. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data within the Canadian Spine Outcome and Research Network (CSORN) was conducted. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS. Multivariable logistical regression analysis was conducted (odds ratios) to determine any association between the outcome and independent factors. Significance level was p < 0.05. There were 7747 patients identified from the registry that had completed at least 12 weeks of follow up. There were 199 infections recorded representing a 2.6% risk of infection. There were no association found between the risk of developing a post operative infection and gender, smoking, diabetes, having thoracolumbar procedures, having a neurological deficit, ASA score, blood loss, number of operative levels and undergoing non-elective surgery. The following were associated with an increased risk of developing a post operative infection: Older age (adjusted OR=1.021, 95% CI=1.005–1.038, p < 0 .05), having an elevated BMI (adjusted OR=1.042, 95% CI=1.013–1.072, p < 0 .005), longer operative time (adjusted OR=1.002, 95% CI=1.001–1.004, p < 0 .001). There is a 2.6% overall rate of post-operative spine infection across 20 Canadian centres. The factors that were associated with an increased risk of developing a post operative-infection were older age, increased BMI and longer operative time. This study establishes a benchmark against which the effectiveness of future interventions to reduce infection can be compared

Our aim was to explore factors associated with early post operative infection for surgically managed base of 4th/5th metacarpal fractures. We hypothesised that K-wires crossing the 4th and 5th carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) would be associated with an increased risk of post-operative infection.

Data from consecutive patients requiring surgical fixation for a base of 4th/5th metacarpal fracture from October 2016 to May 2021 were collected. Patient demographics, time to surgery, length of surgery, operator experience, use of tourniquet, intra-operative antibiotics, number and thickness of K-wire used, as well as whether or not the K-wires crossed CMCJ joints were recorded. Factors associated with post operative infection were assessed using Chi Squared test and univariable logistic regression using R studio.

Of 107 patients, 10 (9.3%) suffered post operative infection. Time to surgery (p 0.006) and length of operation (p=0.005) were higher in those experiencing infection. There was a trend towards higher risk of infection seen in those who had K-wires crossed (p=0.06). On univariable analysis, patients who had wires crossed were >7 times more likely to experience infection than those who didn't (OR 7.79 (95% CI, 1.39 - 146.0, p=0.056). Age, smoking, K-wire size, number of K-wires used, intraoperative antibiotics, tourniquet use and operator experience were not associated with infection.

In patients with a base of 4th/5th metacarpal fractures requiring surgical fixation, we find an increased risk of post-operative infection associated with K-wires crossing the CMCJ, which has implications for surgical technique. Larger prospective studies would be useful in further delineating these findings.

Aims. The present study aimed to investigate whether patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) undergoing joint arthroplasty have a higher incidence of adverse outcomes than those without IBD. Methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify eligible studies reporting postoperative outcomes in IBD patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. The primary outcomes included postoperative complications, while the secondary outcomes included unplanned readmission, length of stay (LOS), joint reoperation/implant revision, and cost of care. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model when heterogeneity was substantial. Results. Eight retrospective studies involving 29,738 patients with IBD were included. Compared with non-IBD controls, patients with IBD were significantly more likely to have overall complications (OR 2.11 (95% CI 1.67 to 2.66), p < 0.001), medical complications (OR 2.15 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.68), p < 0.001), surgical complications (OR 1.43 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.70), p < 0.001), and 90-day readmissions (OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.65), p < 0.001). The presence of IBD was positively associated with the development of venous thromboembolism (OR 1.60 (95% CI 1.30 to 1.97), p < 0.001) and postoperative infection (OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.51 to 2.51), p < 0.001). In addition, patients with IBD tended to experience longer LOS and higher costs of care. Conclusion. The findings suggest that IBD is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications and readmission after joint arthroplasty, resulting in longer hospital stay and greater financial burden. Surgeons should inform their patients of the possibility of adverse outcomes prior to surgery and make appropriate risk adjustments to minimize potential complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(6):362–371

Aims. The primary objective of this study was to compare the postoperative infection rate between negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and conventional dressings for closed incisions following soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) surgery. Secondary objectives were to compare rates of adverse wound events and functional scores. Methods. In this prospective, single-centre, randomized controlled trial (RCT), patients were randomized to either NPWT or conventional sterile occlusive dressings. A total of 17 patients, with a mean age of 54 years (21 to 81), were successfully recruited and none were lost to follow-up. Wound reviews were undertaken to identify any surgical site infection (SSI) or adverse wound events within 30 days. The Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score were recorded as patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Results. There were two out of seven patients in the control group (28.6%), and two out of ten patients in the intervention group (20%) who were diagnosed with a SSI (p > 0.999), while one additional adverse wound event was identified in the control group (p = 0.593). No significant differences in PROMs were identified between the groups at either 30 days (TESS, p = 0.987; MSTS, p = 0.951) or six-month (TESS, p = 0.400) follow-up. However, neoadjuvant radiotherapy was significantly associated with a SSI within 30 days of surgery, across all patients (p = 0.029). The mean preoperative modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) was also significantly higher among patients who developed a postoperative adverse wound event (p = 0.028), including a SSI (p = 0.008), across both groups. Conclusion. This is the first RCT comparing NPWT with conventional dressings following musculoskeletal tumour surgery. Postoperative wound complications are common in this group of patients and we observed an overall SSI rate of 23.5%. We propose proceeding to a multicentre trial, which will help more clearly define the role of closed incision NPWT in STS surgery. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(12):1049–1056

Over 13 months we prospectively monitored C-Reactive Protein (CRP) to assess surgical site infection (SSI) in 148 patients undergoing hip arthroplasty, including 34 hemiprostheses for femoral neck fracture, 35 hemiprostheses for osteosynthesis failure, 17 primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and 62 revisions of hemi-arthroplasty or THA. Ten patients who had probably had interaction with CRP were included.

In four out of seven patients with SSI, CRP values peaked three days after the operation, compared to eight out of 131 without SSI (p =0.0001). This gives a 60% sensitivity for detecting SSI by the CRP curve, with a specificity of 94%. The positive predictive value was 33%, and the negative predictive value 98%.

Previous studies have established the normal CRP curve after major joint replacement surgery. This study shows that a peak in CRP after day three may indicate SSI, or point to other deep infections such as pneumonia.

Methods. We conducted a single centre prospective observational study comparing post-operative infection rates in HIV positive and HIV negative patients presenting with tibial shaft fractures managed with surgical fixation. Results. Twenty eight patients were incorporated over a six month period and followed up for three months post operatively. 25 open fractures including 6 HIV positive patients and 3 closed fractures including 1 HIV positive patient were assessed for signs of wound sepsis assessed with the asepsis wound score. 21 patients treated with external fixation including 4 HIV positive patients were also assessed using Checkett's scoring system for pin site infection. There was no significant difference in post-operative wound infection rates between the HIV positive (mean wound score = 7.7) and HIV negative (mean = 3.7) patients (p=0.162). HIV positive patients were also found to be at no increased risk of pin site sepsis (p=0.520). No correlation was found between CD4 counts of HIV positive patients and wound infection rates. Conclusions. Our results show that HIV positive patients with tibial fractures are not significantly more at risk of wound infection postoperatively. External fixation has also been shown to be a safe effective treatment of open tibial fractures in HIV patients

Introduction: Infection after hip or knee replacement occurs with low frequency but shares high morbidity. Aim of this study was an evaluation of incidence and risk factors related to post operative infection after joint lower limb joint replacement in an orthopaedics unit.

Material and methods: This is a monocentric, retrospective, case control study over the years 2000 to 2002. All first intention Total Hip and Knee Replacement and revision cases for mechanical reasons that became infected were identified. Demographic, surgical and medical variables, potentially associated to prosthetic infection were compared for these patients to a control group of non ifected patients over the same time, matched for sex, age and surgery type.

Results: Ten patients, all male, contracted post operative joint infection, out of 630 Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasties. This represented 1.2% after hip replacement and 3.1% after knee replacement. Bacteriological datas showed a majority of Staphylococal infection (5 aureus, 1 epidermidis), 2 among these being resistant to meticillin, but also evidence of ENT commensals (2 Streptococci milleri, 1 Actinomyces) and one epidermal commensal (Propionobacterium acnes). Univariate analysis: datas associated with increased risk of infection were diabetes melitus (OR 9.3; CI 95% 1.4–63), operating time exceeding 120 minutes (OR15.5 ; CI 95% 1,73–139,66), superficial wound infection (odds ratio 29; CI95% 2,77–303,32), coinfection outside the operation site (urinary tract , dental infection) (OR: 9,3 ; CI 95% 1,33–63,2). In our study an MNIS score higher than 1, autologous transfusion, locore-gional anaesthesia with or without the use of a catheter, antibioprophylaxis that did not comply with national recommendations could not be drawn as a risk factor.

Discussion: Incidence of infection and risk factors related to infection in our study were found similar tothe results of published datas. The small number of events (10 cases) did not allow us to realize multivariate analysis and could explain that some known risk factors such as non recommended antibioprophylaxis, could not be elicitated. However these results suggested the need to reevaluate the system of prevention of infection in our centre such as protocolization of antibioprophylaxis and screening for and treatement of perioperative coinfection.

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of using dilute betadine versus sterile saline lavage in aseptic revision total knee (TKA) and hip (THA) arthroplasty to prevent acute postoperative deep periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Of the 450 patients that were randomized, 5 did not have 90-day follow-up, 9 did not receive the correct treatment, and 4 were excluded for intraoperative findings consistent with PJI. 221 Patients (144 knees and 77 hips) received saline lavage only and 211 (136 knees and 75 hips) received a three-minute dilute betadine lavage (0.35%) prior to wound closure. Patients were observed for the incidence of acute postoperative deep PJI within 90 days of surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests or Fisher's exact test where appropriate. Power analysis determined that 285 patients per group are needed to detect a reduction in the rate of PJI from 5% to 1% (alpha=0.05, beta=0.20).

There were seven PJIs in the saline group and one in the betadine lavage group (3.2% vs. 0.5%, p=0.068). There were no significant differences in any baseline demographics between groups suggesting appropriate randomization.

Although we believe the observed difference between treatments is clinically relevant, it was not statistically significant with the sample size enrolled thus far and enrollment is ongoing. Nonetheless, we believe that these data suggests that dilute betadine lavage is a simple method to reduce the rate of acute postoperative PJI in patients undergoing aseptic revision procedures.

For one year (July 1999-July 2000), the rate of post-operative infection in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty was recorded (including wound, chest UTI etc). Standard precautions against infection used in most orthopaedic units in the UK were employed.

In July 2000 elective orthopaedic beds were ‘ring-fenced’. Only elective orthopaedic patients who had negative swabs for MRSA in the community were admitted. Eradication therapy was commenced in the community if appropriate. Trauma and other specialties’ patients were excluded.

In addition to standard precautions, nurses wore a disposable apron and gloves for each intervention. Antibacterial hand cleanser was installed by each bed, and staff expected to use it after each consultation. Doctors left jackets at the door and donned clean white coats for ward rounds. These were left on the ward and laundered daily. New cleaning regimes were adopted.

Pre ring-fencing, 417 joint replacements were performed and 60 patients were cancelled due to no bed. There were 43 post-op infections, 9 of which were MRSA. In the year post ring-fencing, 488 joint replacements were performed; there were no cancellations due to bed shortage. There were 15 post-op infections and no MRSA.

Eight patients swabbed positive for MRSA in the community, and were admitted after eradication therapy with no infections post-op.

We concluded that ‘ring-fencing’ of elective orthopaedic beds reduced cancellations, reduced the overall infection rate and abolished MRSA.

We have continued to ring-fence elective beds following this study, and recommend these precautions be employed in all units dealing with elective orthopaedic patients.

Abstract

Aims. Wrist arthroscopy is a standard procedure in hand surgery for diagnosis and treatment of wrist injuries. Even though not generally recommended for similar procedures, general administration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) is still widely used in wrist arthroscopy. Methods. A clinical ambispective dual-centre study was performed to determine whether PAP reduces postoperative infection rates after soft tissue-only wrist arthroscopies. Retrospective and prospective data was collected at two hospitals with departments specialized in hand surgery. During the study period, 464 wrist arthroscopies were performed, of these 178 soft-tissue-only interventions met the study criteria and were included. Signs of postoperative infection and possible adverse drug effects (ADEs) of PAP were monitored. Additionally, risk factors for surgical site infection (SSIs), such as diabetes mellitus and BMI, were obtained. Results. The overall infection rate of SSI was zero. Neither in the PAP group (n = 69) nor in the control group (n = 109) were signs of postoperative infection observed. Observed symptoms of ADEs were three-times higher in the PAP group when compared to the control-group (16.3 vs 5.5%; p = 0.043). No major ADEs were observed, but one in ten patients in the PAP group reported mild to severe intestinal or hypersensitivity symptoms. Conclusion. We demonstrate that the number needed to treat (NNT) with PAP to prevent one postoperative infection in soft-tissue arthroscopies of the wrist is > 109. Conversely, symptoms of ADEs were reported by one out of ten patients given PAP. Considering the high NNT to prevent postoperative infection and the large number of ADEs caused by PAP, we recommend not to use PAP routinely in soft-tissue arthroscopies of the wrist. Subsequent large-scale studies should be conducted to substantiate these results. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(4):219–225

Aims. There is conflicting evidence on the safety of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) or corticosteroids (CSs) before total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We performed a meta-analysis of the relationship between intra-articular injections and subsequent infection rates after TKA. Methods. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for cohort studies that assessed the effect of preoperative injection of drugs into the joint cavity on the infection rate after TKA. The outcomes analyzed included the total infection rate, as well as those for different preoperative injection time periods and different drugs. Results. Eight studies, including 73,880 in the injection group and 126,187 in the control group, met the inclusion criteria. The injection group had a significantly higher postoperative infection rate than the control group (risk ratio (RR) 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 1.27; p < 0.001; I. 2. = 32%). For patients who received injections up to three months preoperatively, the postoperative infection risk was significantly higher than that in the control group (RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.35; p＜0.001; I. 2. = 0%). There was no significant difference in the infection rates between the four-to-six-month injection and control groups (RR 1.12; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.35; p = 0.240; I. 2. = 75%) or between the seven-to-12-month injection and control groups (RR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; p = 0.600; I. 2. = 0%). Conclusion. Current evidence suggests that intra-articular injections of CSs or HA before TKA increase the risk of postoperative infection. Injections administered more than three months before TKA do not significantly increase the risk of infection. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(3):171–179

Aim. Antibiotic prophylaxis is central in preventing postoperative spine infections, yet knowledge of clinical spine tissue antibiotic concentrations remains limited. Pooled postoperative spine infection rates are constant (approximately 3%), resulting in severe patient morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. Current antibiotic dosing regimens often involve fixed doses based on empirical knowledge, surrogate measures (plasma samples), non-clinical evidence (experimental models), and inferior methodology (tissue specimens). Therefore, personalized antibiotic dosing may be the future of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent postoperative infections, especially implant infections. The aim was to continuously evaluate intra- and postoperative cefuroxime target spine tissue concentrations in long-lasting spine surgery after personalized dosing by repeated weight-dosed intravenous administrations. Method. Twenty patients (15 female, 5 male) scheduled for long-lasting spine deformity surgery with hypotensive anaesthesia were included; median age (range): 17.5 years (12-74), mean BMI (range): 22.2 (16.2-37.7), and mean surgery time (range): 4h 49min (3h 57min-6h 9min). Weight-dosed cefuroxime (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to all patients on average 25 min before incision and repeated after 4 hours. Microdialysis catheters were placed for sampling of cefuroxime concentrations in vertebral bone (only intraoperative sampling), paravertebral muscle, and subcutaneous tissue as soon as possible after surgery start. Upon wound closure, two additional catheters were placed in the profound and superficial part of the wound. Microdialysis and plasma samples were obtained continuously intra- and postoperative for up to 12 hours. The primary endpoint was (based on cefuroxime time-dependent efficacy) the time with cefuroxime concentrations above the clinical breakpoint minimal inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus of 4 µg/mL in percentage (%fT>MIC4) of. (a). patients’ individual surgery time,. (b). first dosing interval (0-4 hours),. (c). second dosing interval (4-12 hours). Results. Mean cefuroxime %fT>MIC4 (range) of:. (a). patients’ individual surgery time was 100% (100-100%) in all investigated tissues. (b). the first dosing interval was 93% (93-93%) in vertebral bone, paravertebral muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and 99% (99-100%) in plasma. (c). the second dosing interval was 87% (52-100%) in paravertebral muscle, 89% (52-100%) in subcutaneous tissue, 91% (71-100%) in the profound wound, 94% (72-100%) in the superficial wound, and 71% (42-100%) in plasma. Conclusions. Personalized cefuroxime dosing by repeated weight-dosed (20 mg/kg) intravenous administrations provided homogenous and therapeutic spine tissue exposure across all investigated tissues and plasma in long-lasting spine surgery with hypotensive anaesthesia (up to 11 hours). Thus, personalized cefuroxime dosing may decrease the risk of postoperative spine infection, especially in cases with implant insertion

The routine use of intraoperative vancomycin powder to prevent postoperative wound infections has not been borne out in the literature in the pediatric spine population. The goal of this study is to determine the impact of vancomycin powder on postoperative wound infection rates and determine its potential impact on microbiology. A retrospective analysis of the Harms Study Group database of 1269 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients was performed. Patients that underwent a posterior fusion from 2004-2018 were analyzed. A comparative analysis of postoperative infection rates was done between patients that received vancomycin powder to those who did not. Statistical significance was determined using Chi-squared test. Additionally, the microbiology of infected patients was examined. In total, 765 patients in the vancomycin group (VG) were compared to 504 patients in the non-vancomycin group (NVG). NVG had a significantly higher rate of deep wound infection (p<0.0001) and associated reoperation rate compared to VG (p<0.0001). Both groups were compared for age, gender, race, weight, surgical time, blood loss, number of levels instrumented, and preop curve magnitude. There were significant differences between the groups for race (p<0.0001); surgical time (p=0.0033), and blood loss (p=0.0021). In terms of microbiology, VG grew p.acnes (n=2), and serratia (n=1), whereas NVG grew p.acnes (n=1) and gram positive bacilli (n=1). The remaining cultures were negative. The use of intraoperative vancomycin powder in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis appears to contribute significantly to deep wound infection prevention and reduction of associated reoperations. Based on this study's limited culture data, Vancomycin does not seem to alter the microbiology of deep wound infections

Aim. Mega-endoprosthesis over the last two decades have played a significant role in management of non-neoplastic cases for limb salvage for a variety of indications involving bone loss, infection, fracture and failed revision surgery. This is a retrospective case control study comparing outcomes of Mega-Endoprosthesis (MEP) in non-neoplastic cases with periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), with previous history of PJI and aseptic revision. Failure was defined as persistence/recurrence of infection, all cause revision, and antibiotic suppression during the follow up period. Secondary aims were identification of causative organisms, resistance profile and causative factors for revision surgery. Method. A total of 122 patients undergoing 133 MEPs were identified between January 2012 and December 2020. 60 procedures were categorised as group 1 (infection; 50%), 20 as group 2 (previous history of infection; 16.7%), and 53 controls (no infection; 44.2%). Mean age of the cohort was 70.97 years (37.16–94.17), with a mean follow-up of 44.5 months (0.2–179) including patients lost to follow up. Results. Overall failure rate was 71/133 53.3% (group 1 39/60 (55.56%), group 2 12/20 (60%) and controls 20/53 (37.7%)). Thirteen patients died in the first 2 years (five in group 1, one in group 2 & seven in controls). The most common postoperative infection was polymicrobial followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Species (CoNS) and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Nineteen patients had polymicrobial PJI (Eighteen in group 1 and one in control). CoNS led to postoperative infection in Fifteen patients (six in group 1, five in group 2 and four in control group). MSSA was the pathogen in four patients (three in group-1 and one in the control group). The same organisms were responsible for recurrent infection in fourteen patients in group 1 and one patient in group 2. Limb salvage was achieved in 96.2% overall (95% group 1, 90% group 2, 100% control group). Conclusions. MEPs in the context of PJI have a significant risk of failure however they play an important role in limb salvage. Patients should be counselled appropriately prior to surgery

Postoperative surgical site infection in patients treated with lumbosacral fusion has been believed to be caused by perioperative contamination (Perioperative Inside-Out infections) in patients with comorbidities. With the proximity of these incisions to the perianal region and limited patient mobility in the early post-operative period, local contamination from gastrointestinal and/or urogenital flora (Postoperative Outside-In infections) should be considered as a major source of complication. A single center, retrospective review of adult patients treated with open posterior lumbosacral fusions between January 2014 and January 2021. We aimed to identify common factors in patients experiencing deep postoperative infections. Oncological, minimally invasive, primary infection, and index procedures carried out at other institutions were excluded. We identified 489 eligible patients, 20 of which required debridement deep to the fascia (4.1%). Mean age (62.9 vs 60.8), operative time (420 vs 390 minutes), estimated blood loss (1772 vs 1790 mL) and median levels fused (8.5 vs 9) were similar between the infected and non-infected groups. There was a higher percentage of deformity patients (75% vs 29%) and increased BMI (32.7 vs 28.4) in the infected group. The mean time from primary procedure to debridement was 40.8 days. Four patients showed no growth on culture. Three showed Staphylococcus species (Perioperative Inside-Out infections) requiring debridement at a mean of 100.3 days (95%CI 0- 225 days). Thirteen patients showed infection with intestinal or urogenital pathogens (Postoperative Outside-In infections) requiring debridement at a mean of 20.0 days (95%CI 9-31 days). Postoperative Outside-In infections led to debridement 80.3 days earlier than Perioperative Inside-Out infections (p= 0.007). In this series, 65% of deep infections were due to early local contamination by gastrointestinal and/or urogenital tracts pathogens. These infections were debrided significantly earlier than the Staphylococcus species infections. Due to the proximity of the incisions to the perianal region, there should be increased focus on post-operative local wound management to ensure these pathogens are away from the wound during the critical stages of wound healing

Aim. Surgical treatment of ankle fractures comes with a substantial risk of complications, including infection. An unambiguously definition of fracture-related infections (FRI) has been missing. Recently, FRI has been defined by a consensus group with a diagnostic algorithm containing suggestive and confirmatory criteria. The aim of the current study was to report the prevalence of FRI in patients operated for ankle fractures and to assess the applicability of the diagnostic algorithm from the consensus group. Method. Records of all patients with surgically treated ankle fractures from 2015 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for signs of postoperative infections. Patients with suspected infection were stratified according to confirmatory or suggestive criteria of FRI. Rate of FRI among patients with confirmatory and suggestive criteria were calculated. Results. Suspected infection was found in 104 (10%) out of 1004 patients. Among those patients, confirmatory criteria were met in 76/104 (73%) patients and suggestive criteria were met in 28/104 (27%) at first evaluation. Patients with clinical confirmatory criteria (N= 76) were diagnosed with FRI. Patients with suggestive criteria were further examined with either bacterial sampling at the outpatient clinic, revision surgery including bacterial sampling, or a wait-and-see approach. Eleven (39%) of the 28 patients had positive cultures and were therefore diagnosed as having FRI at second evaluation. In total 87 (9%) patients were diagnosed with FRI according to the consensus definition. Only 73 (70%) of the 104 patients with suspected FRI had adequate bacterial sampling. Conclusions. The prevalence of FRI, applying the FRI-consensus criteria, for patients with surgically treated ankle fractures was 9%. Twenty-two percent of patients who met the confirmatory criteria had negative bacterial cultures. The current study shows that we did not have a systematic approach to patients with suspected FRI as recommended by the consensus group. A systematic approach to adequate bacterial sampling when FRI is suspected is paramount. The consensus definition of FRI and its diagnostic algorithm facilitates such an approach

After a hip fracture, infections are common, but signs of infection resemble those of systemic inflammatory response to trauma and surgery, and conventional infection markers lack specificity. Plasma-calprotectin, a novel marker of neutrophil activation, has shown potential as an infection marker in ER and ICU settings. To investigate if plasma-calprotectin is superior compared to conventional infection biomarkers after hip fracture. Prospective cohort study of hip fracture patients admitted to our department. Calprotectin, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) count were measured in blood plasma upon admission and on day 3 post-surgery. Patients with infection (pneumonia, UTI, sepsis, SSI, other soft tissue infections) pre- or post-surgery were compared to a control group without infection within 30 days. Statistics: Wilcoxon rank-sum test, medians with interquartile range, and area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals. Pilot study comprises calprotectin obtained at least once for 60 patients at admission and 48 on day 3. Mean age 84 years (SD 8.4), 65% women. 9/60 patients (23%) were admitted with infections. They had higher levels of CRP (median 111 [73-149]) and PCT (0.35 [0.18–0.86]) compared to the control group (29 [16-64], p=0.037; 0.10 [0.07–0.17], p=0.007). Calprotectin (2.67 vs 2.51) and WBC (12.2 vs 9.3) did not differ significantly. AUC was highest for PCT (0.79 [CI 0.60–0.97]), followed by CRP (0.71 [0.46–0.96]), WBC (0.60 [0.35–0.84]), and calprotectin (0.58, [0.33–0.83]). Day 3, 6/48 (13%) had infections, without significant differences between groups in any marker. The median levels were: calprotectin 3.5 vs 3.1, CRP 172 vs 104, WBC 12 vs 9, PCT 0.16 vs 0.17. Calprotectin had highest AUC 0.68 (0.41–0.93, n.s.). AUC for WBC was 0.67 (0.31–1.00), CRP 0.66 (0.38–0.94), PCT 0.56 (0.29–0.82). Preliminary data show no significant associations with postoperative infection for any of the studied biomarkers. However, plasma-calprotectin might perform slightly better compared to conventional markers

Background. Surgical site infection following spine surgery is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and increased cost for the health care system. The reported pooled incidence is 3%. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is a key factor in lowering the risk of acquiring an infection. Previous studies have assessed perioperative cefuroxime concentrations in the anterior column of the cervical spine with an anterior surgical approach. However, the majority of surgeries are performed in the posterior column and often involve the lumbar spine. Accordingly, the objective was to compare the perioperative tissue concentrations of cefuroxime in the anterior and posterior column of the same lumbar vertebra using microdialysis in an experimental porcine model. Method. The lumbar vertebral column was exposed in 8 female pigs. Microdialysis catheters were placed for sampling in the anterior column (vertebral body) and posterior column (posterior arch) within the same vertebra (L5). Cefuroxime (1.5 g) was administered intravenously over 10 min. Microdialysates and plasma samples were continuously obtained over 8 hours. Cefuroxime concentrations were quantified by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Microdialysis is a catheter-based pharmacokinetic tool, that allows dynamic sampling of unbound and pharmacologic active fraction of drugs e.g., cefuroxime. The primary endpoint was the time with cefuroxime above the clinical breakpoint minimal inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus of 4 µg/mL as this has been suggested as the best predictor of efficacy for cefuroxime. The secondary endpoint was tissue penetration (AUC. tissue. /AUC. plasma. ). Results. Mean T>MIC 4 µg/mL (95% confidence interval) was 123 min (105–141) in plasma, 97 min (79–115) in the anterior column and 93 min (75–111) in the posterior column. Tissue penetration (95% confidence interval) was incomplete for both the anterior column 0.48 (0.40–0.56) and posterior column 0.40 (0.33–0.48). Conclusions. Open lumbar spine surgery often involves extensive soft tissue dissection, stripping and retraction of the paraspinal muscles which may impair the local blood flow exposing the lumbar vertebra to postoperative infections. A single intravenous administration of 1.5 g cefuroxime resulted in comparable T>MIC between the anterior and posterior column of the lumbar spine. Mean cefuroxime concentrations decreased below the clinical breakpoint MIC for S. aureus of 4 µg/mL after 123 min (plasma), 97 min (anterior column) and 93 min (posterior column). This is shorter than the duration of most lumbar spine surgeries, and therefore alternative dosing regimens should be considered in posterior open lumbar spine surgeries lasting more than 1.5 hours