Background: It is known that not only the size but also the shape was different between races. We previously compared the distal femur shapes between the American and the Japanese by lateral radiograph and demonstrated the morphological difference in detail. In this study we evaluated the morphologic feature of the lateral and medial condyles separately between the American and the Japanese using MRI in the sagittal plane. Patients and methods: The subjects were 99 American and 41 Japanese adult women. MRI scan of sagittal section through the distal half of the femur was taken with the slice thickness about 4.0 mm. The envelope curve of each condyle was superimposed to be approximated to an ellipse. The length and inclination of two axes of the ellipse were estimated as the parameters of the statistical comparison. Results: The ratio major axis/minor axis of the lateral condyles in American women was significantly larger than that in Japanese, while the ratio of the medial condyles in American was significantly smaller. The inclination of the major axis to the anatomical axis of the distal femur in the American lateral condyles were significantly more than that in Japanese lateral condyles, while both the American and Japanese medial condyles showed similar inclination. Discussion: The morphological feature of both the lateral and medial condyles in American women was significantly different from that in Japanese. The ratio major axis/minor axis and inclination of lateral condyle in American women were different from those in Japanese, while only the ratio was different between the American and Japanese medial condyles. Understanding of these morphological differences between American and Japanese women is beneficial in elucidating discrepancies in normal knee kinematics and in tailoring the design and procedure for successful total knee arthroplasty

With the increasing use of 3D medical imaging, it is possible to analyze 3D patient anatomy to extract features, trends and population specific shape information. This is applied to the development of ‘standard implants’ targeted to specific population groups. INTRODUCTION. Human beings are diverse in their physical makeup while implants are often designed based on some key measurements taken from the literature or a limited sampling of patient data. The different implant sizes are often scaled versions of the ‘average’ implant, although in reality, the shape of anatomy changes as a function of the size of patient. The implant designs are often developed based on a certain demographic and ethnicity and then, simply applied to others, which can result in poor design fitment [1]. Today, with the increasing use of 3D medical imaging (e.g. CT or MRI), it is possible to analyze 3D patient anatomy to extract features, trends and population specific shape information. This can be applied to the development of new ‘standard implants’ targeted to a specific population group [2]. PATIENTS & METHODS. Our population analysis was performed by creating a Statistical Shape Model (SSM) [3] of the dataset. In this study, 40 full Chinese cadaver femurs and 100 full Caucasian cadaver femurs were segmented from CT scans using Mimics®. Two different SSMs, specific to each population, were built using in-house software tools. These SSMs were validated using leave-one-out experiments, and then analyzed and compared in order to enhance the two population shape differences. RESULTS. An SSM is typically represented by an average model and a few independent modes of variation that capture most of the inherent variations in the data. Based on these main modes of variations, the shape features, e.g. length, thickness, curvature neck angle and femoral version, presenting largest variations were determined, and correlations between these features were calculated. Figure 1 represents the Caucasian and Chinese average models, and shows that while the length of these two models was significantly different, the AP and ML dimensions were similar, indicating a difference of morphology (other than a scaling) between the two populations. Figure 2 represents the first mode of variation that illustrates the variation of Chinese femur shape with size. As an example, the neck angle increases of 26° with an increase of 139 mm in femur length, indicative of the effect of changes in loading conditions on geometry as a function of size. CONCLUSION. The advantage of using more advanced statistical analyses is that the 3D data are probed in an unbiased fashion, allowing the most important parameters of variation to be determined. These analyses are thus particularly effective to compare different populations, to evaluate how well existing implant designs fit specific populations, and to highlight the design parameters that need to be adapted for good fitment of specific populations

Introduction. Planning of the stem antetorsion angle (SAA) is difficult with radiograph before THA. 3D THA planning software with CT is useful for planning the cup and the stem implantation angles before THA. However, even using the 3D planning software, we sometimes experience the different SAA during surgery compare to the planned SAA. The purpose of this study was to compare the implanted SAA with the preoperative planned SAA, which was planned by using 3D THA planning software. Materials and Methods. CT evaluation was performed in 44 patients (5 males) who underwent primary THA. The mean age at surgery was 67 years (range 26–85 years). The mean BMI at surgery was 24.1kg/m. 2. (15.6–31.7kg/m. 2. ). Forty-one patients had osteoarthrosis, 2 patients had osteonecrosis, and 1 patient had femoral neck fracture. All surgeries were performed in the supine position with the direct anterior approach. The OrthoPilot imageless navigation system (BBraun/Aesculap) was used during surgery. Excia stem was used in 34 patients and Bicontact stem was used in 10 patients. Planning of the surgery was performed using 3D THA planning software (ZedHip, Lexi). After surgery, SAA was measured with CT by the same 3D THA planning software. SAA was evaluated by comparison of the planned values before surgery with the CT measured values. Also, the shape of the femur and the stem were evaluated. Results. The mean SAA of the preoperative planning was 29.6±5.6 degrees (mean±sd) [range 20.4–42.8 degrees]. The mean SAA after surgery was 29.8±5.6 degrees [10.7–49.7]. The mean difference between postoperative SAA and planned SAA (post. minus pre.) was 0.2±7.6 degrees [−16.0–24.9]. The mean SAA of the Bicontact stem was 25.9±8.8 degrees and the Excia stem was 30.9±9.1 degrees. The difference between postoperative SAA and planned SAA of the Bicontact stem was −1.8±6.2 degrees and the Excia stem were 0.8±8.0 degrees. Ten patients showed more than 5 degrees of antetorsion after surgery compared to the planned SAA. Among them, Excia stem was used in nine patients. There were 11 cases of champaigne-flute type, 29 cases of normal type, and 4 cases of steovepipe type femurs. The mean difference between postoperative SAA and planned SAA with champaigne-flute type, normal type, and stovepipe type were 3.8±7.7 degrees, −0.5±7.6 degrees, and −4.7±3.9 degrees, respectively. Discussion. In this study, the mean difference of SAA between postoperative values and preoperative planned values were very small. 3D planning software is useful for predicting SAA before surgery. The Excia stem showed greater difference of SAA and greater antetorsion compare to the Bicontact stem. Also, Champaign-flute cases tend to show greater difference of antetorsion compare to the other types of femur. The shape of the stem and the shape of the femur affected the antetorsion angle of the stem. When choosing an implant before surgery, surgeon better to consider the characteristic of the stem and the shape of the patients’ femur

Due to demographic changes patients > 80yrs (octogenarians) are a rapidly growing group in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Stem design, choice, sizing and surgical insertion are more important in these patients as complications such as fractures are critical. Age and gender driven differences regarding canal shape (flare index, CFI), cortical wall thickness (WT) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been studied before only in isolation. Using CT, this study aims to investigate these parameters in combination and in 3D with a focus on the very elderly, identifying the regions critical for THA. High-resolution CT-scans (1mm slices) of 168 femora (M/F=100/68) were analyzed in 3D (Mimics V12). Flaring indices were based on the dimensions measured 20mm proximal to the lesser trochanter (LT) and 60mm distal to LT: intramedullary surface area (3D-CFI), frontal/lateral planes (2D-CFI) and flaring of the 4 sides medial (med), lateral (lat), anterior (ant), posterior (post) (1D-CFI). WT was calculated subtracting periosteal and endosteal dimensions and BMD was measured in Hounsfield Units (HU). An octogenarian group (80+: n=117, mean age 84yrs [80–105]) was compared to a typical THA age group (80−: n=51, mean age 68yrs [39–79]). Age and gender had significant effects on several parameters but at different levels, e.g. 2D frontal CFI was more influenced by the small age difference (80+ vs 80−=12%, p< 0.01) than gender (F vs M=2%). However, regarding lateral canal width, gender (F vs M=7%, p< 0.01), was more influential than age (80+ vs 80−=3%). The age-related changes on the shape occurred in 3D (3D-CFI 80+ vs 80−=23%, p< 0.01), but were asymmetrical between the 4 sides (e.g. 1D-CFI 80+ vs 80−: med=11%, p< 0.01) vs ant=27%, p< 0.01). Age and gender did not only effect shape, but also cortical WT, e.g. proximally octogenarian females had 35% less WT than the typical THA age group while males only had 14% lower WT (p< 0.01). Age, gender and shape asymmetry was also reflected in BMD distribution. on the medial side, the BMD gender difference in the octogenarians was small (=1%, p=0.61) but high on the anterior side (12%, p< 0.01). The most critical configurations for the octogenarians were found proximally on the posterior side with the lowest WT, lowest BMD and largest gender difference. The complex transition of the proximal femur affects shape, WT and BMD, continues in the very elderly and differs between genders. It produces femoral canals and bone stock different from the typical THA patient group. Conventional stems may not fit properly. Surgical implant choice, sizing and templating should consider this asymmetric age plus gender effect on shape, WT and BMD to avoid complications such as periprosthetic fracture, excessive migration or luxation in this vulnerable age group. A major risk zone is the posterior wall where age transition and gender differences are high and WT and BMD low

Objectives

In total hip arthroplasty (THA), the cementless, tapered-wedge stem design contributes to achieving initial stability and providing optimal load transfer in the proximal femur. However, loading conditions on the femur following THA are also influenced by femoral structure. Therefore, we determined the effects of tapered-wedge stems on the load distribution of the femur using subject-specific finite element models of femurs with various canal shapes.