Introduction: This study is a prospective series using a porous-coated cobalt-chromium alloy cup augmented with screw fixation for acetabular revisions. Methods: Between August 1997 and December 2001, eighty-five consecutive cementless acetabular revisions (81 patients) were performed. The mean age at operation was 64 years. Using the AAOS classification of acetabular defects there was one type I defect, 25 type two defects and 59 type III defects. Eighty-three cases were available for review (98%) with an average follow up of 6 years 6 months (range 3 months – 110 months). Clinical outcome was measured using the Charnley Hip Score and radiological assessment by plain radiographic measurement. Results: The Charnley Hip Score had improved from a pre-operative average of 7.52 (range 4–11) to the latest score of 14.84 (range 8 – 18). Significant cup migration occurred in only one case, which did not require revision. Sixteen cases demonstrated non-progressive radiolucent lines in one or two Delee and Charnley zones but none extended to all three zones. There were no cases of significant osteolysis. There were five dislocations none requiring re-operation; one revision was carried out for deep infection and one liner exchange at time of stem revision for subsidence. The results of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis using revision for all causes as the endpoint was 98.8% (95% confidence limits 0.964 to 1) at seventy-three months. Discussion: This press fit porous-coated cobalt-chromium alloy cup augmented with screw fixation for acetabular revision surgery produced excellent midterm results. Changes in cup design and material should only be undertaken with consideration of such results

Femoral components with an oxidized zirconium-niobium (OxZr) gradient ceramic surface (Oxinium, Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN) were introduced as an alternative to cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy femoral components for the purpose of PE wear reduction in total knee replacements [1]. In the present study, the surface damage and clinical performance of both CoCr alloy and OxZr femoral components were investigated. By matching CoCr alloy and OxZr femoral components for clinical factors, as done by Heyse et al. [2], the surface damage on retrieved CoCr alloy and OxZr femoral component was assessed. Twenty-six retrieved cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy femoral components were matched with twenty-six retrieved oxidized zirconium (OxZr) femoral components for implantation period, body-mass index, patient gender, implant type (cruciate ligament retaining/substituting), and polyethylene insert thickness. Detailed surface profilometry was performed on retrieved femoral condyles in areas that had not been damaged by gouging [3] with the specific purpose of investigating the in vivo wear behaviour of undamaged OxZr surface. In addition, the cumulative survivorships were calculated for patients who had received CoCr alloy or OxZr femoral components from our orthopaedic database. In order to identify factors that affect the clinical performance of CoCr alloy and OxZr femoral components, the findings from the retrieval analysis and the survivorship analysis were combined. The Rp, Rpm, and Rpk-values for the retrieved CoCr alloy femoral components were found significantly higher than the Rp, Rpm, and Rpk-values for the retrieved OxZr femoral components (p ≤ 0.031). The roughness parameters values (Ra, Rq, Rz, Rp, Rpm, Rpk, Rv, and Rsk) for the retrieved CoCr alloy femoral components were found significantly higher than the values of the new, never implanted CoCr alloy femoral components (p ≥ 0.001). The surface roughness was higher on the medial condyles than the lateral condyles of the retrieved CoCr alloy femoral components; such a difference was not observed on the retrieved OxZr femoral components. The OxZr bearing surface appeared to protect the femoral components from abrasive wear in vivo. At 8.5-years follow up, the cumulative survivorship for the CoCr alloy femoral components (98%) was not found to be statistically significantly different (p = 0.343, Breslow test) from the OxZr femoral components (97.5%). Therefore, OxZr femoral components appeared to possess low wear characteristics and could be particularly suitable for younger, heavier patients to ensure long-term durability

Introduction. Currently, there is a focus on the development of novel materials to articulate against cartilage. Such materials should either eliminate or delay the necessity of total joint replacement. While cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy is still a material of choice and used for hemi-arthroplasties, spacers, and repair plugs, alternative materials are being studied. Pyrolytic carbon (PyC) is a biocompatible material that has been available since the 1980s. It has been widely and successfully used in small joints of the foot and the hand, but its tribological effects in direct comparison to cobalt-chromium (CoCr) remain to be investigated. Methods. A four station simulator (Figure 1), mimicking joint load and motion, was used for testing. The simulator is housed in an incubator, which and provides the necessary environmental conditions for cartilage survival. Articular cartilage disks (14mm in diameter) were obtained from the trochleas of six to eight months old steer for testing and free-swelling controls. Disks (n=8 per material) were placed in porous polyethylene scaffolds within polypropylene cups and mounted onto the simulator to articulate against 28mm balls of either PyC or CoCr. Each ball was pressed onto the cartilage disk with 40N. In order to allow fluidal load support, the contact migrated over the biphasic cartilage with a 5.2 mm excursion. Concomitantly, the ball oscillated with ±30° at 1 Hz. Testing was conducted for three hours per day over 10 days in Mini ITS medium. Media samples were collected at the end of each three hour test. Upon test commencement, media was pooled (days 1, 4, 7, 10) and analyzed for proteoglycans/sGAGs and hydroxyproline. In addition, total material release into media was estimated by determining the dry weight increase of media samples. For this purpose, 1 ml aliquots of fresh and test media were dialyzed, lyophilized and weighed on a high precision balance. Disk morphology and cell viability were histologically examined. Results. During each day of testing, cartilage control, CoCr and PyC samples released an average of 0.236, 0.253, re 0.268 mg/mL of glycol-proteins into the medium. After running-in (day 1), the increase was highly linear (R. 2. >0.99) and similar for all three testing conditions. Proteoglycan/GAG (Figure 2) and hydroxyproline release (Figure 3) were also similar for both materials (p=0.46 re. p=0.12), but significantly different from control (p<0.01). Histological and cell viability images support the hypothesis of superficial zone damage of the cartilage disks for both materials. Cell viability was not different from control (p>0.33). Discussion. The performance of PyC and CoCr was comparable using this in vitro simulation model, however appears not optimal. The observed surface fibrillation may lead to tissue breakdown in the long-term. The wear mechanism has yet to be elucidated but appears to be of adhesive nature. The lack of proteins in the medium might have suppressed boundary lubrication and thus may have played a role in the non-optimal performance of these materials. In summary, a live tissue model of articular cartilage found no difference comparing pyrolytic carbon with the current clinical gold standard CoCr

Aims. Periprosthetic hip fractures (PPFs) after total hip arthroplasty are difficult to treat. Therefore, it is important to identify modifiable risk factors such as stem selection to reduce the occurrence of PPFs. This study aimed to clarify differences in fracture torque, surface strain, and fracture type analysis between three different types of cemented stems. Methods. We conducted biomechanical testing of bone analogues using six cemented stems of three different types: collarless polished tapered (CPT) stem, Versys Advocate (Versys) stem, and Charnley-Marcel-Kerboull (CMK) stem. Experienced surgeons implanted each of these types of stems into six bone analogues, and the analogues were compressed and internally rotated until failure. Torque to fracture and fracture type were recorded. We also measured surface strain distribution using triaxial rosettes. Results. There was a significant difference in fracture torque between the three stem types (p = 0.036). Particularly, the median fracture torque for the CPT stem was significantly lower than that for the CMK stem (CPT vs CMK: 164.5 Nm vs 200.5 Nm; p = 0.046). The strain values for the CPT stem were higher than those for the other two stems at the most proximal site. The fracture pattern of the CPT and Versys stems was Vancouver type B, whereas that of the CMK stem was type C. Conclusion. Our study suggested that the cobalt-chromium alloy material, polished surface finish, acute-square proximal form, and the absence of a collar may be associated with lower fracture torque, which may be related to PPF. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):270–277

In severe cases of total knee & hip arthroplasty, where off-the-shelf implants are not suitable (i.e., in cases with extended bone defects or periprosthetic fractures), 3D-printed custom-made knee & hip revision implants out of titanium or cobalt-chromium alloy represent one of the few remaining clinical treatment options. Design verification and validation of such custom-made implants is very challenging. Therefore, a methodology was developed to support surgeons and engineers in their decision on whether a developed design is suitable for the specific case. A novel method for the pre-clinical testing of 3D-printed custom-made knee implants has been established, which relies on the biomechanical test and finite element analysis (FEA) of a comparable clinically established reference implant. The method comprises different steps, such as identification of the main potential failure mechanism, reproduction of the biomechanical test of the reference implant via FEA, identification of the maximum value of the corresponding FEA quantity of interest at the required load level, definition of this value as the acceptance criterion for the FEA of the custom-made implant, reproduction of the biomechanical test with the custom-made implant via FEA, decision making for realization or re-design based on the acceptance criterion is fulfilled or not. Exemplary cases of custom-made knee & hip implants were evaluated with this new methodology. The FEA acceptance criterion derived from the reference implants was fulfilled in both custom-made implants and subsequent biomechanical tests verified the FEA results. The suggested method allows a quantitative evaluation of the biomechanical properties of custom-made knee & hip implant without performing physical bench testing. This represents an important contribution to achieve a sustainable patient treatment in complex revision total knee & hip arthroplasty with custom-made 3D printed implants in a safe and timely manner

A well-fixed uncemented acetabular component is most commonly removed for chronic infection, malposition with recurrent dislocation, and osteolysis. However, other cups may have to be removed for a broken locking mechanism, a bad “track record”, and for metal-on-metal articulation problems. Modern uncemented acetabular components are hemispheres which have 3-dimensional ingrowth patterns. Coatings include titanium or cobalt-chromium alloy beads, mesh, and now the so-called “enhanced coatings”, such as tantalum trabecular metal, various highly porous titanium metals, and 3-D printed metal coatings. These usually pose a problem for safe removal without fracture of the pelvis or creation of notable bone deficiency. Preoperative planning is essential for safe and efficient removal of these well-fixed components. Strongly consider getting the operative report, component “stickers”, and contacting the implant manufacturer for information. There should a preoperative check list of the equipment and trial implants needed, including various screwdrivers, trial liners, and a chisel system. The first step in component removal is excellent 360-degree exposure of the acetabular rim, and this can be accomplished by several approaches. Then, the acetabular polyethylene liner is removed; a liner that is cemented into a porous shell can be “reamed out” using a specific device. Following this, any central or peripheral screws are removed; broken or stripped screw heads add an additional challenge. A trial acetabular liner is placed, and an acetabular curved chisel system is used. There are two manufacturers of this type of system. Both require the known outer acetabular diameter and the inner diameter of the trial liner. With the curved chisel system and patience, well-fixed components can be safely removed, and the size of the next acetabular component to be implanted is usually 4mm larger than the one removed. There are special inserts for removal of monobloc metal shells. Remember that removal of these well-fixed components is more difficult in patients compared to models, and is just the first step of a successful acetabular revision

Currently, different techniques to evaluate the biocompatibility of orthopaedic materials, including two-dimensional (2D) cell culture for metal/ceramic wear debris and floating 2D surfaces or three-dimensional (3D) agarose gels for UHMWPE wear debris, are used. Moreover, cell culture systems evaluate the biological responses of cells to a biomaterial as the combined effect of both particles and ions. We have developed a novel cell culture system suitable for testing the all three type of particles and ions, separately. The method was tested by evaluating the biological responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) to UHMWPE, cobalt-chromium alloy (CoCr), and Ti64 alloy wear particles. Methods. Clinically relevant sterile UHMWPE, CoCr, and Ti64 wear particles were generated in a pin-on-plate wear simulator. Whole peripheral blood was collected from healthy human donors (ethics approval BIOSCI 10–108, University of Leeds). The PBMNCs were isolated using Lymphoprep (Stemcell, UK) and seeded into the wells of 96-well and 384-well cell culture plates. The plates were then incubated for 24 h in 5% (v/v) CO. 2. at 37°C to allow the attachment of mononuclear phagocytes. Adherent phagocytes were incubated with UHMWPE and CoCr wear debris at volumetric concentrations of 0.5 to 100 µm. 3. particles per cell for 24 h in 5% (v/v) CO. 2. at 37°C. During the incubation of cells with particles, for each assay, two identical plates were set up in two configurations (one upright and one inverted). After incubation, cell viability was measured using the ATPlite assay (Perkin Elmer, UK). Intracellular oxidative stress was measured using the DCFDA-based reactive oxygen species detection assay (Abcam, UK). TNF-α cytokine was measured using sandwich ELISA. DNA damage was measured by alkaline comet assay. The results were expressed as mean ± 95% confidence limits and the data was analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc analysis. Results and Discussion. Cellular uptake of UHMWPE, CoCr and Ti64 particles was confirmed by optical microscopy. PBMNCs incubated with UHMWPE particles did not show any adverse responses except the release of significant levels of TNF-α cytokine at 100 µm. 3. particles per cell, when in contact with particles. PBMNCs incubated with CoCr wear particles showed adverse responses at high particle doses (100 µm. 3. particles per cell) for all the assays. Moreover, cytotoxicity was observed to be a combined effect of both particles and ions, whereas oxidative stress and DNA damage were mostly caused by ions. Ti64 wear particles did not show any adverse responses except cytotoxicity at high particle doses (100 µm. 3. particles per cell). Moreover, this cytotoxicity was mostly found to be a particle effect. In conclusion, the novel cell culture system is suitable for evaluating the biological impact of orthopaedic wear particles and ions, separately

Background. Innovative developments for total knee arthroplasty enhanced anatomical design and fixation in order to decrease particle-induced aseptic implant loosening. As hypersensitivity reactions to metallic implant materials have been recognized to possibly cause premature implant failure, ceramic materials might constitute a proper alternative solution. The aim of this prospective short-term study was the initial comparison of a completely metal-free ceramic with a geometrically identical metallic arthroplasty over a one-year follow-up period. Methods. Eighty patients requiring primary total knee arthroplasty were enrolled within this open-label prospective comparative study. Patients were randomly divided among two groups to either undergo implantation of a completely metal-free system using a composite matrix material containing aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) (n=40), or an anatomically identical metallic knee system made of a cobalt-chromium alloy (Co28Cr6Mo) (n=40) produced by the same manufacturer. Clinical assessment was performed preoperatively, and during follow-up at three and twelve months using the Knee Society Score, Oxford Knee Score and EQ-5D-VAS. For radiological evaluation, standard preoperative and postoperative standardized radiographs were taken at mentioned follow-up visits. Results. Demographical data were not significantly different among our two study groups, and no patient has been lost to follow-up. The postoperative clinical scores improved significantly at three and twelve month follow-ups, but did not differ statistically among groups. The radiologically evaluated mean postoperative mechanical and anatomical axes showed proper alignment within both groups at all times. Notably, no revision surgery had to be performed, and no complications were recorded whatsoever. Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing a total ceramic metal-free knee system with a geometrically identical metallic TKR. Within the short-term follow-up of minimally one year, no significant differences could be demonstrated clinically or radiologically, therefore making this ceramic knee system a suitable option for patients with a known hypersensitivity to metal. Mid-term and long-term studies will be required to demonstrate the overall efficiency of this TKR to potentially expand its medical indication

Between April 2008 and February 2012, we implanted 159 large-diameter MOM stemmed THA with head diameters of 38–50mm. There were 6–38mm, 22–40mm, 42–42mm, 42–44mm, 24–46mm, 13–48mm, 4–50mm, 5–52mm, and one-54mm heads implanted in 138 patients (21 males and 117 females). The pre-operative diagnoses included: 120 OAs, 12 IONs, 4 femoral neck fractures, one RA, and one post-traumatic OA. Their ages were 40–86 years (avg. 63.6 yrs). Follow up was 4 to 67 months post implantation (avg. 40.4 months). All implants were manufactured by one company (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, TN, USA). The stems were of a standard titanium-aluminum alloy, either 44 ANCA-FIT or 115 PROFEMUR Z non-cemented stems. Acetabular components were all CONSERVE PLUS cobalt-chromium monoblock shells. Heads were also fabricated out of cobalt-chromium alloy, with modular junctions. Patients with complaints of groin pain and/or swelling or hip instability underwent MRI examination in order to detect the presence of fluid collections or soft tissue masses. The statistical correlation between abnormal findings on MRI and age, gender, head diameter, component position and duration post-surgery was performed. 35 hips in 31 patients (22.0%) were found to have either a fluid collection or “pseudotumor” on MRI. These were in 5 males and 26 female patients. According to Hart's MRI classification, they were classified 21 hips in Type 1, twelve hips in Type 2, and two hips in Type 3 (Fig. 1, 2 and 3). 8 hips in 8 patients who had any pseudotumors were undergone revision THA (Fig. 4, 5 and 6). All hips had corrosions at head-neck taper junctions (Fig. 7). There was no difference in age between these two groups of patients (63.7 vs. 63.6 yrs.), but a significant difference in duration from the time of implantation of two groups (23.9 vs. 44.8 months). There appeared to be no significant difference between the mean head diameter of the two groups, 43.2mm and 44.0mm respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to implant orientation: cup inclination 18–70 degrees (41.8 vs. 43.6 degrees); cup anteversion −13–49 degrees (15.1 vs. 14.7 degrees); stem anteversion 2–48 degrees (20.1 vs. 23.3 degrees); and stem offset 17.5–56.2mm (38.2 vs. 37.8mm). Furthermore, according to Lewinnek's safe zone, there was no difference in cup orientation between the two groups (Fig. 8). When we investigated the types of modular neck, the hips having any pesudotumors tended to have long or varus necks. In this study, it is important to emphasize that the appearance of symptoms and development of a pseudotumor occurred early after a MOM THA in some patients. Also it will be important to subject all patients to MRI examination to evaluate the possibility of “silent” fluid collections and pseudotumors. In large-diameter head metal-on-metal stemmed THAs, femoral stems having long or varus neck may contribute to head-neck junction failure

Background : A composite femoral stem was introduced with a structural stiffness similar to that of the native femur to promote proximal load transfer. This consisted of a cobalt-chromium alloy core surrounded by an injection-moulded layer of polyaryletherketone covered with a porous titanium mesh. Material and Methods: 31 consecutive primary total hip replacement stems were implanted in 26 patients with an average age of 37 years (range 17–57) using the Epoch stem (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) as part of a prospective multi-centre trial. A cementless Harris-Galante I acetabular component with a 28mm polyethylene insert (Zimmer) was used in 29 cases, a Plasmacup with 28mm polyethylene insert (Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) in 1 case and a bipolar head in 1 case. Annual follow-up with Harris Hip Scores and radiographic evaluation was performed for a mean of 10.1 years. Results : Harris Hip Scores improved from a mean of 52 points preoperatively to 90 at the time of last follow-up. Radiographs showed no stem migration or loosening. 4 cases with polyethylene wear showed trochanteric osteolysis. Specific radiographic features noted were a sclerotic halo in Gruen zones 1 in 8 cases, calcar rounding in 10 cases and improvement in calcar appearance with squaring of the calcar in 4 cases. Calcar resorption was seen in 1 case associated with polyethylene wear. There have been 8 instances of revision of the head or acetabular component- 3 liner exchanges for polyethylene wear, 3 acetabular component revisions for liner dissociation with associated cup damage, 1 acetabular component revision for infection and 1 bipolar head revised to unipolar head with cementless acetabular component for pain. No stem has required or requires revision. Conclusion : The Epoch stem resulted in an excellent clinical outcome with evidence of radiographic stability and proximal bone preservation, and no cases of stem revision in a cohort of young patients with long-term follow-up

Introduction: A composite femoral stem was introduced with a structural stiffness similar to that of the native femur to promote proximal load transfer. This consisted of a cobalt-chromium alloy core surrounded by an injection-moulded layer of polyaryletherketone covered with a porous titanium mesh. Materials and Method : 31 primary total hip replacement stems were implanted in 26 patients with an average age of 37 years (range 17–57) using the Epoch Stem (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) as part of a prospective multicentre trial. A cementless Harris-Galante I acetabular component with a 28mm polyethylene insert was used in 28 cases, a Plasma cup (Aesculap) in 1 case and a bipolar head in 2 cases. Annual follow-up using Harris Hip Scores and radiographic evaluation was performed for a mean of 10.1 years. Results: Harris Hip Scores improved from a mean of 56 points preoperatively to 90 at the time of last follow-up. Radiographs showed no stem migration or loosening. 4 cases with polyethylene wear showed trochanteric osteolysis. Specific radiographic features noted were calcar rounding in 10 cases and improvement in calcar appearance with squaring in 4 cases. Calcar resorption was seen in 1 case associated with polyethylene wear. There have been 9 instances of revision of the head or acetabular component – 3 liner exchanges for polyethylene wear, 3 liner exchanges for dissociation, 1 acetabular component revision for infection and 2 bipolar heads revised to unipolar heads with cementless acetabular component for pain. No stem has required or requires revision. Discussion: The Epoch stem resulted in an excellent clinical outcome, with evidence of radiographic stability and proximal bone preservation, and no cases of stem revision in a small cohort of young patients at 10-year follow-up. The limitation of reconstruction in this cohort of young patients has been the acetabular component

Elevated serum cobalt and chromium ion levels associated with carcinogenesis and chromosomal damage in animals have raised concerns that metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip replacement (THR) in humans may produce the same effects over time. Considering that the risks may be related to the level of these ions in the body, this study compared the serum cobalt and chromium ion levels in patients with unilateral versus bilateral 28 mm diameter MOM THR. All patients having THR at our institution were prospectively registered on a computerised database. From our database, we identified 108 patients with Ultima (Johnson and Johnson, Leeds) MOM THR with 28 mm bearing made of cobalt-chromium alloy. After patient review in clinic and before blood results were known, patient matching was performed by date after surgery at blood sampling, activity level and body mass. Using these stringent criteria, 11 unilateral THR could be adequately matched with 11 bilateral THR. Blood serum was taken with full anti-contamination protocols and serum analysed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The serum cobalt ion level after unilateral MOM THR was 4.4 times normal (median 22 nmol/L, range 15 to 37 nmol/L) compared to 8.4 times normal (median 42 nmol/L, range 19 to 221 nmol/L) for bilateral MOM THR (p=0.001). The serum chromium ion level after unilateral MOM THR was 3.8 times normal (median 19 nmol/L, range 2 to 35 nmol/L) compared to 10.4 times normal (median 52 nmol/L, range 19 to 287 nmol/ L) for bilateral MOM THR (p=0.04). This study has shown that the serum cobalt and chromium ion levels in patients with bilateral MOM THR are significantly higher than those in patients with unilateral MOM THR. With levels of up to 50 times the upper limit of normal, this finding may be of relevance for the potential development of long-term side effects

Introduction: Alendronate is a pyrophosphate analogue of bisphosphonate that has been shown to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. Bone formation and remodeling are necessary to establish initial fixation of uncemented implants, especially those coated with bioactive surfaces, such as HA. Because the process of bone remodeling that culminates in new bone formation is thought to be initiated by osteoclastic bone resorption, it is appropriate to test the influence of osteoclast inhibiting medications on bone apposition to hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of alendronate on early bone apposition and remodeling around HA-coated canine total hip implants. Methods: Twelve canines underwent staged bilateral total hip arthroplasty with surgeries 20 weeks apart. The femoral component was a titanium alloy stem with a proximal macro-textured surface and a plasma-sprayed HA coating. Modular cobalt-chromium alloy heads were used with cemented, all-polyethylene acetabular components. Six of the dogs received oral alendronate therapy from surgery to sacrifice; the other 6 dogs were untreated controls. The animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after the second surgery. Sections from matched implant sites (proximal, middle, and distal) were histologically analyzed. The linear extent of bone apposition, HA coating thickness, and the total amount of cortical and cancellous bone were measured with the use of an interactive image analysis system. Results: There were no significant differences in radiographic or histologic findings between the two groups at either 4 or 24 weeks. Although the extent of HA coating decreased with time in both groups, no significant influence of alendronate was identified on either the extent of bone apposition, the extent or thickness of the HA coating, or the average cortical or trabecular bone area around the implants. Conclusions: Many patients who are receiving alendronate for osteoporosis or other disorders may also qualify for uncemented total joint arthroplasty. Although bone formation is generally thought to be initiated by, and coupled with bone resorption, our results suggest that alendronate has no significant influence on attaining immediate fixation or in short term bone remodeling around HA-coated total joint implants

Introduction: Over 20,000 DePuy ASRTM hip resurfacing procedures have been performed since 2003, the implant design applying modern engineering and tribological principles to minimise metal-on-metal bearing wear. Enhanced fixation of both components, high-carbon cobalt-chromium alloy, reduced material thickness and small diametral clearance 100–150 microns are all supported by non-clinical testing. There are published reports of very low wear on hip joint simulators (Dowson D, et al. 2004 Dec;19(8 Suppl 3):124–30.), low wear on retrieval analysis (Morlock MM et al 1: Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2006 Feb;220(2):333–44.) and excellent clinical results (Siebel T et al, Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2006 Feb;220(2):345–53. We recently reported median whole blood chromium and cobalt ion levels of 1.56 ppb and 1.65 ppb at 24 months (Cobb AG et al, British Orthopaedic Association Congress 2007). Methods: 1030 consecutive cases carried out by 3 of the surgeon-designers between July 2003 and May 2007 have been studied prospectively at annual intervals. 2 to 4 years follow-up data is available on 293 hips. Results: There have been 11 revisions for fracture (1.06%), 6 in patients aged over 65 years(3.4%), 5 in patients aged up to 65 years (0.6%) (P< 0.001). There have been 3 revisions for cup loosening (0.29%) and 3 for pain (0.29%). 5 patients have died (0.51%). There was one revision for infection and one for impingement. Average Harris Hip Score rose from 57.0 to 97.1, and 60% of patients scored 100. UCLA activity score was 6 or over in 91%, and the median score was 7.5. All failures were evident by 12 months. The Cumulative Survival Rate at 3 years was 97.4%,, 99.5% for 55 years and under, 98.3% for under 65 years, and 94.2 % 65 years and over. Discussion: The 2 to 4 year clinical follow-up of the latest generation of surface hip implants is satisfactory. Technical errors during implantation or patient selection accounted for most of the failures. The risk of failure between 12 months and 4 years is low

Statement of Purpose:. The wear rate of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) in joint replacements has been correlated to both contact area and contact stress in the literature, [1], [2]. In both publications and our experiment, UHMWPE articulated with a polished surface of cobalt-chromium alloy was evaluated using a Pin-On-Disk (POD) apparatus (AMTI) implementing bi-directional movement. In publication [1], volumetric wear was independent of normal load and dependent upon increasing contact area. The results demonstrated that increasing contact stress decreased wear rates twofold. In publication [2], at maximum cross-shear, wear was proportional to nominal contact area and wear factors normalized to area are more appropriate than load based wear factors. In both studies, the contact surface areas of the POD pins were reduced by decreasing the diameters of the POD Pins. In our experiment, the contact area was dependent on textured POD Pin 390 (T390) which had low wear [3]. T390 reduced the normal POD contact area from 71 mm. 2. to 8.26 mm. 2. Hydroxylapatite (HA) particles were introduced to the serum to simulate third body wear debris. We hypothesized that the normal POD Pins would have greater wear rates than the textured POD Pins. A measurement of 0.14 mg HA particles per 250 mL of serum was used for each test 0.33 million cycles. Methods:. The GUR 1020 resin XLK POD Pins were gamma irradiated to 50 kGy in a vacuum package and then remelted. Three (3) T390 POD pins and nine (9) untextured XLK POD Pins were used. Three untextured XLK POD Pins were tested against three T390 POD pins. The other six (6) untextured XLK POD Pins were used as soak controls. Each pin articulated against a polished, high carbon wrought CoCr metal alloy counterface (ASTM F1537; diameter = 38.1 mm; thickness = 12.7 mm). Wear rate tests were for 1.98 million cycles. In order to perform the t-test analysis, the wear rates for each pin were given by the slope of the linear regression line through the individual data points (cycle count, cumulative wear), excluding the (0, 0) point. Results:. The probability for the means between the T390 POD pins and the untextured XLK POD Pins was *p = 0.009. T390 wear rates were statistically significant as compared to the untextured XLK POD Pin wear rates. The T390 POD Pin is illustrated in Figure 1. Figures 2 and 3 summarize the wear rates between T390 POD Pins and the untextured POD Pins with and without HA particles. Conclusions:. The wear rates between T390 and untextured POD pins did not take into account that the POD pins were not cleaned using a solution to remove potentially embedded HA particles. The follow-on experiment will use a special cleaning method to remove all HA particles after each test cycle

[Introduction]. In 1995, Muller reported on the improvement of metal-on-metal (MOM) bearing over the existing metal-on-polyethylene (MOP) articulations which demonstrated more rapid wear together with granulomatous foreign body reactions, damage of periarticular bony and soft tissues and associated expansile psoas bursal masses. He suggested that adequate lubrication together with improved material properties and manufacturing technologies would bring to the market a superior device with greater longevity. We wish to present our experience with a modern version of a MOM bearing. [Material and Methods]. Between April 2008 and February 2012, we implanted 160 MOM THA with head diameters of 38–50 mm in 139 patients (21 males and 118 females). Their ages were 40–86 years (avg. 63.6 yrs). Follow up was 9 to 53 months post implantation (avg. 28 months). All implants were manufactured by one company (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, TN, USA). The stems were of a standard titanium-aluminum alloy, either 45 ANCA-FIT or 115 PROFEMUR Z non-cemented stems. Acetabular components were all CONSERVE PLUS cobalt-chromium monoblock shells. Heads were also fabricated out of cobalt-chromium alloy, with modular junctions. Patients with complaints of groin pain and/or swelling or hip instability underwent MRI examination in order to detect the presence of fluid collections or soft tissue masses (Fig. 1 and 2). The statistical correlation between abnormal findings on MRI and age, gender, head diameter, component position and duration post-surgery was performed. [Results]. 27 hips in 23 patients (16.9%) were found to have either a fluid collection or “pseudotumor”. These were in 2 males and 21 female patients. There were 19 males and 97 females without complaints who did not undergo MRI examination. There was no difference in age between these two groups of patients (63.1 vs. 63.7 yrs). There was no difference in duration from the time of implantation, but there was an early presentation of symptomatic pseudotumor. There appeared to be a significant difference between the mean head diameter of the two groups, 41.8 mm and 44.2 mm respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to implant orientation: cup inclination 18–70 degrees (40.4 vs. 43.8 degrees); cup anteversion −13−49 degrees (14.0 vs. 15.0 degrees); stem anteversion 2–48 degrees (20.2 vs. 23.1 degrees); and stem offset 17.5–56.2 mm (38.2 vs. 37.8 mm). [Discussion]. In this study, it is important to emphasize that the appearance of symptoms and development of a pseudotumor occurred early after a MOM THA in some patients. It may represent a hypersensitivity to materials implanted. However, the possibility that this may represent a foreign body reaction to particulate debris produced by articulating surfaces much like that seen with alternative material such as MOP, reflective of wear, insufficient lubrication or other causes. In this regard, our study suffers from the limitation that serum levels of chromium and cobalt were not obtained from symptomatic patients. Nor were these patients skin tested for hypersensitivity to these materials. Also it will be important to subject all patients to MRI examination to evaluate the possibility of “silent” fluid collections and pseudotumors

Aims: Elevated serum cobalt and chromium ion levels associated with carcinogenesis and chromosomal damage in animals has raised concerns that metal-on-metal (MOM) total hip replacement (THR) in humans may produce the same effects over time. Considering that the risks may be related to the level of these ions in the body, this study compared the serum cobalt and chromium ion levels in patients with unilateral versus bilateral 28 mm diameter MOM THR. Methods: All patients having THR at our institution were prospectively registered on a computerised database. From our database, we identified 108 patients with Ultima (Johnson and Johnson, Leeds) MOM THR with 28 mm bearing made of cobalt-chromium alloy. After patient review in clinic and before blood results were known, patient matching was performed by date after surgery at blood sampling, activity level and body mass. Using these stringent criteria, 11 unilateral THR could be adequately matched with 11 bilateral THR. Blood serum was taken with full anti-contamination protocols and serum analysed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis used the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The serum cobalt ion level after unilateral MOM THR was 4.4 times normal (median 22 nmol/L, range 15 to 37 nmol/L) compared to 8.4 times normal (median 42 nmol/L, range 19 to 221 nmol/L) for bilateral MOM THR (p=0.001). The serum chromium ion level after unilateral MOM THR was 3.8 times normal (median 19 nmol/L, range 2 to 35 nmol/L) compared to 10.4 times normal (median 52 nmol/L, range 19 to 287 nmol/L) for bilateral MOM THR (p=0.04). Conclusions: This study has shown that the serum cobalt and chromium ion levels in patients with bilateral MOM THR are significantly higher than those in patients with unilateral MOM THR. With levels of up to 50 times the upper limit of normal, this finding may be of relevance for the potential development of long-term side effects

Among the many complications that lead to revision surgery of a Total Hip Replacement, aseptic loosening is still the most frequent one. Taking into account the role of wear debris in the event cascade leading to aseptic loosening, many different technical approaches have been developed thus far to minimize the volume of wear debris from THR bearings. Taking into account the role of material hardness in the wear of the system, a considerable effort has been devoted e.g. to improve by irradiation the polymeric chains crosslinking in UHMWPE, to optimise the distribution of carbides in Cobalt-Chromium alloys, to increase the hardness of different metallic alloys by the formation of hard ceramic layers by chemical or physic treatments. Nevertheless, it is noted that the wear behaviour of ceramic bearings made out pure alpha-alumina remained unsurpassed thus far, and that it is a reference for THR bearing wear since 38 years of clinical use. Today, hip replacement has become a rather frequent treatment that has been extended to many young and active patient. This has made more challenging the design of implants and of bearings because of the extension of the lifespan of the replacements and of the higher activity level they have to face. Moreover, the appropriate selection of the bearing couple is becoming more and more relevant, as it is noted that a relevant number of implant are operating in off-normal conditions. These are including verticalized sockets, presence of third bodies in the bearing gap, microseparation of the bearing components during the gait cycle, joint sub-luxations and impingemets due to patient activity either to ligament laxity. In these of-normal conditions not all the bearings perform in the same way, giving rise to conditions that may give rise to acute or chronic complications, in some cases of still unknown consequences e.g. surface layer spallation or delamination – leading to UHMWPE catastrophic wear, or sustained increase of Cr, Co, Ni ions in the body. In Ceramic-on-Ceramic bearings a typical complication is stripe wear, that has been documented in pure alpha-alumina in case of verticalized sockets either following the repeated shocks due to joint microseparation. Other complication specific to ceramic are the fractures of the components due to severe traumas (like e.g. in road accidents) either inlay chipping that may take place intraoperatively. To overcome these limits, the favourable properties of zirconia have been exploited to improve strength and toughness of alumina in a composite material, reinforced further by platelets nucleated in-situ during sintering. The mechanical properties of the new Alumina Matrix Composite (AMC) are superior to the ones of both alumina and of yttria-stabilized zirconia, without the handicap of Low Temperature Degradation (LTD) due to hydrothermal reactions with the biologic environment. Nevertheless, this do not mean that the material has unlimited performances, and care is demanded in its use especially in devices more challenging in design

Introduction. Are there really ‘conventional’ bearings, offering more security and less risk than the ‘alternative’ bearings that feature in the programme?. Alternative, when used as an adjective has 2 meanings:. offering or expressing a choice, as in several alternative plans. different from or functioning outside the usual or conventional:. eg alternative newspaper, alternative rock music, alternative medicine. This paper reviews the elements that make up the bearing couples available today in the developed world, and tests each bearing against these meanings. Materials. what are the alternatives?. The materials available today fall into the following broad families:. Metals. Stainless Steel and Cobalt-Chromium Alloy, are the dominant metals available. There is no variation in the Steel, but the characterisation of the Co-Cr does vary. Several manufacturers use different carbide content for the femoral and acetabular components, and different processes. One has been withdrawn from the market, and others may be at risk of this, although it is not the material itself that seems to be the main issue. Ceramics include alumina and zirconia ceramics. Alumina has been available unchanged for over 40 years, although delta ceramic (a zirconia toughened alumina) has only been available unchanged since 2001, making in available for 10 years. Polymers. a huge range of polyethylenes are now available, with different individual claims. All claim superior wear resistance, and oxidation resistance. More than 20 unique products are available in the EU, each with a proprietary formula giving individual characteristics. Coatings and surface treatments. these are now available today from many companies, who either ceramicise the surface of cobalt chrome or titanium with titanium nitride, or use oxinium (a proprietary product from a single company). Bearing couples. what are the alternatives Symmetric and Asymmetric bearings are currently offered. Symmetric bearings are available for Ceramic on Ceramic and Metal on Metal bearings only. Asymmetric bearings are available with metals, including metal on poly, and metal on peek. Ceramics can couple with metal or polymers. Bearing Sizes. Larger than 32mm should be considered ‘alternative’. The larger metal bearings have seen the start of crevice corrosion at the taper between titanium and Co-Cr, and even between different Co-Cr alloys. This new class of complication seems to be unique to metal femoral heads. Bearing-stem compatibility. Larger metal on metal head bearings have brought an entirely new world of complications. The choices of trunion are mainly twofold: the 12/14 tapers which differ significantly between products, and the V40 taper still used by one manufacturer. Neither was designed for use with a larger diameter head. Conclusions. The use of the word ‘alternative’ implies a ‘standard’ or conventional bearing. Ceramic bearings have changed least, have been immune from the metallosis and crevice corrosion seen with large ball Metal head whether bearing on metal or polyethylene. They also have reassuring long term results. In 2011 they should be considered the standard bearing for the young and active patient. The large diameter metal on highly cross-linked poly bearings should now be considered ‘alternative’

Aims

A functional anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) has been assumed to be required for patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). However, this assumption has not been thoroughly tested. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the biomechanical effects exerted by cruciate ligament-deficient knees with medial UKAs regarding different posterior tibial slopes.