Abstract. Objective. A common orthopaedic pain found in a wide spectrum of individuals, from young and active to the elderly is anterior knee pain (AKP). It is a multifactorial disorder which is thought to occur through muscular imbalance, overuse, trauma, and structural malalignment. Over time, this can result in cartilage damage and subsequent chondral lesions. Whilst the current gold standard for chondral lesion detection is MRI, it is not a highly sensitive tool, with around 20% of lesions thought to be mis-diagnosed by MRI. Single-photon emission computerised tomography with conventional computer tomography (SPECT/CT) is an emerging technology, which may hold clinical value for the detection of chondral lesions. SPECT/CT may provide valuable diagnostic information for AKP patients who demonstrate absence of structural change on other imaging modalities. This review systematically assessed the value of SPECT/CT as an imaging modality for knee pain, and its ability to diagnose chondral lesions for patients who present with knee pain. Methods. Using PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Knowledge, CINAHL, AMED, Ovid Emcare and Embase. Inclusion criteria consisted of any English language article focusing on the diagnostic value of SPECT/CT for knee chondral lesions and knee pain. Furthermore, animal or cadaver studies, comparator technique other than SPECT/CT or patients with a pathology other than knee chondral lesions were excluded from the study. Relevant articles underwent QUADAS-2 bias assessment. Results. 11,982 manuscripts were identified, and the titles were screened for relevance. Seven studies were selected as being appropriate and were subjected to QUADAS-2 assessment. All 7 articles scored low for bias. Two papers deemed that the ICRS score of chondral lesions at intraoperative assessment correlated with SPECT/CT tracer uptake. Two studies concluded that MRI significantly correlated with SPECT/CT tracer uptake, with some instances whereby SPECT/CT identified more chondral lesions than MRI. Two papers compared bone scintigraphy (BS) to SPECT/CT and concluded that SPECT/CT was not only able to identify more chondral lesions than BS, but also localise and characterise the lesions. Conclusion. Evidence implies that SPECT/CT may be a useful imaging modality for the detection and localisation of cartilage lesions, particularly in discrepant cases whereby there is an absence of lesions on other imaging modalities, or a lack of correspondence with patients’ symptoms. More studies would be of value to confirm the conclusions of this review. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has become the mainstay of treatment. However, chondral lesions are frequently encountered and have become a determinant of less favourable outcomes following arthroscopic intervention. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the outcomes of hip arthroscopy (HA) in patients with FAI and concomitant chondral lesions classified as per Outerbridge. A systematic search was performed using the PRISMA guidelines on four databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Studies which included HA as the primary intervention for management of FAI and classified chondral lesions according to the Outerbridge classification were included. Patients treated with open procedures, for osteonecrosis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, and previous ipsilateral hip fractures were excluded. From a total of 863 articles, twenty-four were included for final analysis. Demographic data, PROMs, and radiological outcomes and rates of conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) were collected. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I. Improved post-operative PROMs included mHHS (mean difference:-2.42; 95%CI:-2.99 to −1.85; p<0.001), NAHS (mean difference:-1.73; 95%CI: −2.23 to −1.23; p<0.001), VAS (mean difference: 2.03; 95%CI: 0.93-3.13; p<0.001). Pooled rate of revision surgery was 10% (95%CI: 7%-14%). Most of this included conversion to THA, with a 7% pooled rate (95%CI: 4%-11%). Patients had worse PROMs if they underwent HA with labral debridement (p=0.015), had Outerbridge 3 and 4 lesions (p=0.012), concomitant lesions of the femoral head and acetabulum lesions (p=0.029). Reconstructive cartilage techniques were superior to microfracture (p=0.042). Even in concomitant lesions of the femoral head and acetabulum, employing either microfracture or cartilage repair/reconstruction provided a benefit in PROMs (p=0.027). Acceptable post-operative outcomes following HA with labral repair/reconstruction and cartilage repair in patients with FAI and concomitant moderate-to-severe chondral lesions, can be achieved. Patients suffering from Outerbridge 3 and 4 lesions, concomitant acetabular rim and femoral head chondral lesions that underwent HA with labral debridement, had worse PROMs. Reconstructive cartilage techniques were superior to microfracture. Even in concomitant acetabular and femoral head chondral lesions, employing either microfracture or cartilage repair/reconstruction was deemed to provide a benefit in PROMs

Femoroacetabular impingement is a prearthritic deformity frequently associated with early chondral damage. Several techniques exist for restoring larger cartilage defects. While AMIC proved to be an effective treatment in knee and ankle, there are only short-term data available in hip. This study aimed to investigate the mid-term clinical outcome of patients with chondral lesions treated by AMIC and evaluate the quality of repair tissue via MRI. This retrospective, single center study includes 18 patients undergoing surgical hip dislocation for FAI between 2013 and 2016. Inclusion criteria were: cam or pincer-type FAI, femoral or acetabular chondral lesions > 1 cm. 2. , (IRCS III-IV). Due to exclusion criteria and loss-to-follow-up 9 patients (10 hips) could be included. Patient reported outcome measures included Oxford Hip Score (OHS) & Core Outcome Measure Index (COMI)). MRIs were evaluated using the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score. None of the patients underwent revision surgery except screw removals from the greater trochanter. Followup data indicate a satisfactory to good hip function at 5 years: PROMS improved from pre- to postop at 5 years: OHS from 38.1 to 43.4, COMI from to 1.8 and UCLA from 4 to 8.1 respectively. MOCART score was 67.5 postoperatively. Subgrouping showed slightly better results for acetabular defects (Ø 69.4) compared femoral defects (Ø 60). Based on the reported mid-term results, we consider AMIC as a valuable treatment option for larger chondral defects of the hip

Introduction and Objective. Platelet-Rich-plasma (PRP) has been used in combination with stem cells, from different sources, with encouraging results both in vitro and in vivo in osteochondral defects management. Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) represents an ideal resource for their ease of isolation, abundance, proliferation and differentiation properties into different cell lineages. Furthermore, Stem Cells in the adipose tissue are more numerous than from other sources. Aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of ADSCs in enhancing the effect of arthroscopic mesenchymal stimulation combined with infiltration of PRP. Materials and Methods. The study includes 82 patients. 41 patients were treated with knee arthroscopy, Steadman microfractures technique and intraoperative PRP infiltration, Group A. In the Group B, 41 patients were treated knee arthroscopy, Steadman microfractures and intraoperative infiltration of PRP and ADSCs (Group B). Group A was used as a control group. Inclusion criteria were: Age between 40 and 65 years, Outerbridge grade III-IV chondral lesions, Kellegren-Lawrence Grade I-II. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) evaluated with KOOS, IKDC, VAS, SF-12 were assessed pre-operatively and at 3 weeks, 6 months, 1-year post-operative. 2 patients of Group A and 3 patients of Group B, with indication of Puddu plate removal after high tibial osteotomy (HTO), underwent an arthroscopic second look, after specific informed consent obtained. On this occasion, a bioptic sample was taken from the repair tissue of the chondral lesion previously treated with Steadman microfractures. Results. PROMs showed statistically significant improvement (p <0.05) with comparable results in both groups. The histological examination of the bioptic samples in Group B showed a repair tissue similar to hyaline cartilage, according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Visual Histological Assessment Scale. In Group A, the repair tissue was fibrocartilaginous. Conclusions. According to the PROMs and the histological results, showing repair tissue after Steadman microfractures qualitatively similar to hyaline cartilage, the combination of ADSCs and PRP could represent an excellent support to the arthroscopic treatment of focal chondral lesions and mild to moderate osteoarthritis

Introduction. The management of early OA in young patients with joint preservation techniques utilizing cartilage repair remains challenging and a suitable treatment remains unclear. The management of bipolar chondral lesions in the patello-femoral (PF) and in the tibio-femoral (TF) compartment with cartilage repair is especially troublesome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and survivorship after ACI for the treatment of bipolar chondral lesions in the PF and TF compartment. Methods. This was an IRB approved, prospectively collected case series, level 4 study. We evaluated 115 patients. 58 patients who had ACI for the treatment of symptomatic bipolar chondral lesions in the PF compartment and 57 in the TF compartment with a minimum 2-year follow up. A single surgeon performed all the surgeries between October 1995 and June 2014. In the PF group, all 58 patients (60 knees; mean age, 36.6 years) were included, and for the TF group one patient did not return for follow-up, 56 patients (58 knees) were included. For the PF group, an average size of the patella and trochlea lesions were 5.6 ± 2.7 cm2 and 4.2 ± 2.8 cm2, respectively. For the TF group, an average of 3.1 lesions per knee were treated, representing a total surface area of 16.1 cm2 (range, 3.2 – 44.5 cm2) per knee. Patients were evaluated with the modified Cincinnati Knee Rating Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and the Short Form 36. Patients also answered questions regarding self-rated knee function and satisfaction with the procedure. Standard radiographs were evaluated for progression of OA. Results. Patients did well for bipolar ACI in both compartments. In the PF compartment overall, the survival rate was 83% and 79% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Of the 49 (82%) knees with retained grafts, all functional scores significantly improved postoperatively with a very high satisfaction rate (88%) at a mean of 8.8 years after ACI (range, 2 – 16 years). Outcomes for 11 patients were considered as failures at a mean of 2.9 years. In the TF group, the overall survival rate was 80% at 5 years and 76% at 10 years. Significantly better survival rate in patients with the use of collagen membrane than periosteum (97% vs. 61% at 5 years, P = 0.0014) was found. Of 46 knees with retained grafts, all functional scores significantly improved postoperatively with a very high satisfaction rate (85%) at a mean of 8.3 years after ACI (range, 2–20 years). Outcomes for 12 patients were considered as failures at a mean of 4.1 years. Of them, 9 patients were converted to a partial or total knee arthroplasty at a mean of 4.4 years. Two patients had revision ACI at 5 and 17 months. The other one patient did not require a revision surgery. At the most recent follow-up for both groups there was no radiographic progression to OA. Conclusions. Our study showed that ACI for the treatment of bipolar chondral lesions in the PF and TF compartments provided successful clinical outcomes in patients with retained grafts and could possibly prevent or delay OA progression. The best results in the PF joint are as primary repairs and not after failed osteotomy or cartilage repair with a 91% 10-year survival. Collagen membrane is more encouraging than periosteum for bipolar lesions in both the PF and TF compartments. ACI could be an adequate salvage procedure for bipolar chondral lesions in the TF compartment for the relatively young arthritic patient who wishes to avoid an arthroplasty

Abstract. Objective. Articular cartilage damaged through trauma or disease has a limited ability to repair. Untreated, these focal lesions progress to generalized changes including osteoarthritis. Musculoskeletal disorders including osteoarthritis are the most significant contributor to disability globally. There is increasing interest in the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of focal chondral lesions. There is some evidence to suggest that the tissue type from which MSCs are harvested play a role in determining their ability to regenerate cartilage in vitro and in vivo. In humans, MSCs derived from synovial tissue may have superior chondrogenic potential. Methods. We carried out a systematic literature review on the effectiveness of synovium-derived MSCs (sMSCs) in cartilage regeneration in in vivo studies in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Nineteen studies were included in our review; four examined the use of human sMSCs and the remainder were conducted using sMSCs harvested from animals. Results. Despite the variability of animals, cell harvesting techniques, methods of delivery, and outcome measures, all studies reported successful cartilage repair with sMSC transplantation. Conclusion. We conclude that sMSC transplantation holds promise as a treatment option for focal cartilage defects. We believe that defining the cell population being used, establishing standardized methods for MSC delivery, and the use of objective outcome measures should enable future high-quality studies such as randomized controlled clinical trials to provide the evidence needed to manage chondral lesions optimally. Declaration of Interest. (b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project

Chondral damage within the knee commonly occurs during sport following direct trauma or following degeneration through overuse. Radio frequency energy chondroplasty (RFC) can be used as an alternative to mechanical chondroplasty in the arthroscopic treatment of chondral lesions. Current literature supports the theoretical advantage of RFC and purports to in vitro improvements in cartilage structure and function following RFC. We conducted a retrospective study of patients undergoing RFC for isolated chondral lesions in the knee and assessed the short term clinical benefits. Retrospective analysis was completed of operative notes and arthroscopic images of all patients who underwent arthroscopic chondroplasty at the royal Devon and Exeter Hospital between January 2009 and June 2012. Inclusion criteria included 1 to 2 defined chondral lesions, less than 2cm2, of Outerbridge grade II-IV, treated via arthroscopic RFC. Exclusion criteria included diffuse articular cartilage damage, additional pathologies affecting the knee or subsequent further injuries or invasive procedures to the knee. Data was collected via a subjective and objective questionnaire assessing patient outcome. 35 patients met the inclusion criteria, 32 were successfully followed up. Male: female ratio was 16:16, with a mean age of 39.5 (range 19–60). 84% (n=27) of patients experienced a significant reduction in pain (mean reduction of 51%, p < 0.001) lasting until the time of study (median of 21 months, range 9 to 31 months). There was no correlation between change in symptoms and site and grade of chondral lesion. Pre-operative instability symptoms did not significantly improve following RFC. Satisfaction with treatment was in direct correlation with pain relief achieved. Our study appears to support current literature by suggesting short term improvements to pain following the use of RFC on chondral lesions. Greater population size and longer follow-up are required to provide more significant conclusions

Abstract. Introduction. Active, middle-aged patients with symptomatic cartilage or osteochondral defects can find themselves in a treatment gap when they have failed conservative measures but are not yet eligible for conventional arthroplasty. Data from various cohort studies suggests that focal knee resurfacing implants such as HemiCAP, UniCAP, Episealer or BioBoly are cost-effective solutions to alleviate pain, improve function and delay or eliminate the need for conventional replacement. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in order to(i) evaluate revision rates and implant survival of focal resurfacing; (ii) explore surgical complications; and (iii) evaluate various patient reported clinical outcome measures. Methodology. PubMED, Cochrane Library and Medline databases were searched in February 2022 for prospective and retrospective cohort studies evaluating any of the available implant types. Data on incidence of revision, complications and various patient reported outcome measures was sourced. Results. A total of 24 unique studies were identified with a total of 1465 enrolled patients. A revision rate of 12.97% over a 5.9 year weighted mean follow-up period was observed across all implant types. However, in one series a Kaplan-Meir survival as high as 92.6% at a 10-year follow-up period was noted. A statistically significant improvement was documented across multiple subjective clinical outcomes scores. There was a low reported incidence of post-operative complications such as aseptic loosening or deep wound infection. Conclusions. Focal femoral resurfacing appears to be a viable treatment option for focal symptomatic chondral lesions in patients beyond biological reconstruction, with low revision rates and high patient satisfaction

Introduction: The results of treating chondral lesions with microfracture have been well documented. The lesion heals by fibrocartilage and the functional results tend to deteriorate through time. Hypothesis: The use of steroids an platelet rich plasma (PRP) as coadjuvants to microfracture for the treatment of full thickness chondral lesions improve the results of this marrow stimulating technique. Purpose: To macroscopically, histologically and molecularly evaluate the repair tissue generated after treating full thickness chondral lesions with microfracture and local steroids or PRP in an animal model. Materials: Experimental in-vivo study in 40 femoral condyles (FC) from New Zealand rabbits. Chondral lesions were induced in all the samples and divided into 4 groups:. Group 1: control, lesion left untreated. Group 2: microfracture. Group 3: microfracture + intraarticular betamethasone. Group 4: microfracture + PRP. Animals were sacrificed after 3 months and the samples were evaluated macroscopically, histologically (H and E, Toluidine Blue) and molecularly (RT-PCR for Col1 and Col2). The results were analyzed with ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (p< 0.05). Results: Macroscopy: the control group had no healing tissue. In all the other groups there was a variable presence of a fibrocartilaginous tissue without significant differences among groups. Histology: all the groups had the presence of fibrocartilage. Molecular analysis: all the groups had a significantly poorer Col2/Col1 relation when compared to normal hyaline cartilage, without significant difference among groups. Conclusions: The local use of betamethasone and PRP as coadjuvants to microfracture does not improve the macroscopical, histological and molecular results of the treatment of full thickness chondral lesions

Introduction: Chondral lesions are the second most common pathology encountered during hip arthroscopy and can cause substantial morbidity and functional limitation. Microfracture is a simple and effective technique to treat chondral lesions. Studies have shown good long term results in the knee. However there is little evidence to confirm the ability of microfracture to produce repair tissue in hip joint. Methods: Patients aged 18 years or older who had a full thickness acetabular chondral defect treated with microfracture during primary arthroscopy and who had a subsequent hip arthroscopy enabling visualisation of the treated chondral defect were included in the study. Over a three year period 185 patients had microfracture for treatment of full thickness chondral defect. 11 patients (8 males and 3 females) with a mean age of 35 years (range 17–54 years) who had revision hip arthroscopy for various reasons form the study population. The size of chondral defect was measured at the time of primary arthroscopy. Microfracture was performed using arthroscopic awls with a standard technique. Postoperatively a strict rehabilitation protocol was followed with no weight bearing allowed for six weeks. The extent and quality of repair tissue was assessed by visual inspection at second look arthroscopy. Results: All acetabular chondral lesions were identified in the antero-superior quadrant at primary arthroscopy. The average defect after debridement measured 180 mm2 (range 50–300 mm2). 10 patients had chondral lesions confined to the acetabulum. 1 patient had a large femoral head defect in addition, due to Avascular Necrosis. None of the patients had diffuse osteoarthritis. All patients had an associated labral tear. The mean time interval between the primary and revision arthroscopy was 12 months. Excluding 1 failure the overall percent fill of the defects was 95% (range 75 – 100%) with good quality (Grade 1) cartilage. There was one failure with only a 25% fill. In that particular patient a large flap of delaminated cartilage was not resected at primary arthroscopy. Instead microfracture was done under the flap in the hope of encouraging the cartilage to stick to the underlying bone. Unfortunately the cartilage continued to remain delaminated and also hindered the formation of new repair tissue. Conclusion: Only one other series of second look arthroscopy after microfracture has been reported. Our series agrees with the results of those authors. These similar results from 2 centres confirm that arthroscopic microfracture is an effective treatment for acetabular chondral lesions in carefully selected patients

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this work was to search for a relationship between the size of the femoral cam, the presence of cup retroversion, and the presence of labral or chondral lesions on the arthroscan in patients with an asymptomatic femoroacetabular impingement. Material and method: Fifty arthroscans were obtained to explore impingements. The patients complained of groin or trochanteric pain limiting their physical activities. Generally signs of an anterosuperior impingement were demonstrated with flexion-adduction-internal rotation. The localization, dimensions and depth of the cartilage lesions were measured on the arthroscan. The sagittal slice was used to describe the acetabular chondral lesions anteriorly to posteriorly in clockwise manner. Presence of an associated labral lesion was noted. A second operator measured the hip joint anomalies causing the impingement: Notzli’s alpha angle was measured to search for a cam effect and the femoral offset was noted. Results: The presence of a femoral cam or a decreased femoral offset were found in all cases. Mean alpha angle was 65°; mean offset was 0.09. Acetabular retroversion was identified in 24 patients (48%). Chondral lesions were a constant finding and were superficial (type 1& 2) in 32 patients (64%) and deep (type 3& 4) in 18 patients (36%). Labral lesions were found in 28 patients (56%). The depth of the chondral lesions, like the presence of a labral lesion, were correlated significantly with increased alpha angle and patient age. There was conversely no correlation with the presence of acetabular retroversion. Discussion: This study confirmed the close relationship between femoroacetabular impingement by a cam effect and the severity of labral lesions and acetabular cartilage lesions. These lesions can favour degeneration, explaining the early centred or posterinferior damage observed in young patients with satisfactory acetabular cover

Aims. Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is associated with successful outcomes in carefully selected patient cohorts. We hypothesised that severity and location of patellofemoral cartilage lesions significantly influences functional outcome after Oxford medial compartmental knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods. We reviewed 100 consecutive UKAs at minimum eight-year follow-up (96 to 132). A single surgeon performed all procedures. Patients were selected based on clinical and plain radiographic assessment. All patients had end-stage medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA) with sparing of the lateral compartment and intact anterior cruciate ligaments. None of the patients had end-stage patellofemoral OA, but patients with anterior knee pain or partial thickness chondral loss were not excluded. There were 57 male and 43 female patients. The mean age at surgery was 69 years (41 to 82). At surgery the joint was carefully inspected for patellofemoral chondral loss and this was documented based on severity of cartilage loss (0 to 4 Outerbridge grading) and topographic location (medial, lateral, central, and superior or inferior). Functional scores collected included Oxford Knee Score (OKS), patient satisfaction scale and University College Hospital (UCH) knee score. Intraclass correlation was used to compare chondral damage to outcomes. Results. All patients documented significant improvement in pain and improved functional scores at mid-term follow-up. There were four revisions (mean 2.9 years, 2 to 4; standard deviation (. sd). 0.9) in this cohort, three for tibial loosening and one for femoral loosening. There was one infection that was treated with debridement and insert exchange. The mean OKS improved from 23.2 (. sd. 7.1) to 39.1 (. sd. 6.9); p < 0.001. The cohort with central and lateral grade 3 patellofemoral OA documented lower mean satisfaction with pain (90, . sd.  11.8) and function (87.5, . sd. 10.3) on the patient satisfaction scale. On the UCH scale, patients reported significantly decreased mean overall scores (7.3, . sd. 1.2 vs 9, . sd. 2.3) as well as stair climb task (3.5, . sd. 0.3 vs 5, . sd. 0.1) when cartilage lesions were located centrally or laterally on the PFJ. Patients with medial chondral PFJ lesions behave similar to patients with no chondral lesions. Conclusion. Topographical location and severity of cartilage damage of the patella can significantly influence function after successful Oxford medial UKA. Surgeons should factor this in when making their operative decision, and undertake to counsel patients appropriately. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(10 Suppl B):11–15

Abstract. Introduction. Elite athletes sustaining a graft re-rupture after ACL reconstruction (ACL-R) undergo revision reconstruction to enable their return to elite sport. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of return to play (RTP) and competition levels at 2 and 5 years post revision ACL-R. Methodology. A consecutive series of revision ACL-R in elite athletes undertaken by the senior author between 2009 and 2019 was retrospectively reviewed. Outcome measures were RTP rates and competition level. Results. Forty-nine athletes underwent revision ACL-R and were included. 87.8% returned to elite sport of which 75.5% were at the same level. At 2 years post-surgery, 79.6% were still playing, 51% at the same level; and at 5 years 44.4% were still playing, 20% at the same level. Athletes with > 50% thickness chondral lesions were less likely to RTP (66.7% vs 94.6%, p = 0.026) and maintain the same competition level (50% vs 83.8%, p = 0.047). Those with medial meniscus pathology were less likely to RTP at the pre-injury level (64.5% vs 94.4%, p = 0.036). Median career length after revision ACL-R was 73 months (95% CI, 43.4 to 102.6), 23 months at the same level (95% CI, 13.6 to 32.4). The probability of still playing at 5 years post-surgery was 55.9% with 22.5% chance of maintaining pre-injury competition level. Conclusion. RTP rates and competition level of elite athletes decreased over time after revision ACL-R. Chondral pathology of > 50% thickness were associated with lower RTP rates and competition levels

Introduction: Chondral lesions are the second most common pathology encountered during hip arthroscopy. Microfracture is a simple and effective technique to treat chondral lesions with proven long term results in the knee. However, there is little evidence to confirm the ability of microfracture to produce repair tissue in hip joint. Methods: Patients with acetabular chondral defect treated with microfracture during primary arthroscopy and who had a subsequent hip arthroscopy enabling visualisation of the treated chondral defect were included in the study. Over a three year period 185 patients had microfracture for treatment of full thickness chondral defect. 11 patients (8 males and 3 females) with a mean age of 35 years (range 17–54 years) who had revision hip arthroscopy form the study population. The size of chondral defect was measured at the time of primary arthroscopy. Microfracture was performed using arthroscopic awls with a standard technique. Postoperatively a strict rehabilitation protocol was followed. The extent and quality of repair tissue was assessed by visual inspection at second look arthroscopy. Results: All patients had chondral lesions confined to the antero-superior aspect of the acetabulum with an associated labral tear. None had diffuse osteoarthritis. The average defect measured 180 mm2 (range 50–300). The mean time interval between primary and revision arthroscopy was 12 months. Excluding one failure the overall percent fill of the defects was 95% (range 75 – 100) with good quality cartilage. Discussion: Only one other series has reported on the macroscopic results of microfracture in the hip. Our series agrees with the results of those authors. These similar results from 2 centres confirm that arthroscopic microfracture is an effective treatment for acetabular chondral lesions in carefully selected patients

Introduction. Femoroacetabular impingement(FAI) is a relatively common cause causes of hip pain and dysfunction in active young adults. The concept of FAI was popularized by Ganz et al in early 2000s. Surgical treatment for FAI has been widely employed over the last two decades. The long term outcome of femoroacetabular osteoplasty (FAO) and risk factors for long-term failure of FAO is less studied. The goal of this single surgeon series is to identify the long term outcome of FAO (minimum 10-year follow-up) and risk factors for surgical treatment failure in these patients. Methods. The prospective database on hip joint preservation identified 1,120 patients who have undergone FAO between January 2005-June 2019. Of these 164 patients (178 hips) have a minimum 10-year follow-up (range, 10–14). The database collects detailed information on patient demographics, clinical history, radiographic and cross sectional imaging findings, intraoperative findings (site and size of chondral lesion, labral tear, subchondral cyst, size of cam lesion, etc), and patient outcome using the modified HHS, SF-36, and UCLA activity score. Patients are contacted on an annual basis and the functional outcome instruments administered. Of 1,120 patients, 122 patients have been lost to follow-up. Results. The mean age of patients in the cohort is 34.3±10.4 years and 39.6% of patients are female. FAO resulted in an improvement in mean mHHS (58.2±3.9 to 86.4±3.2) and SF-36(60.4±4 to 85±4.1) in 89% of patients. At the latest follow up 8.1% of patients have undergone THA. The study found that older age, longer preoperative symptomatic period, higher preoperative alpha angle, presence of hip dysplasia and acetabular retroversion, inability to repair acetabular labrum, and full thickness acetabular chondral lesion were associated with higher risk of failure of treatment. Conclusion. Patients with symptomatic FAI who undergo surgery experience pain relief and functional improvement that appears to endure over a decade in the majority. This study on a large cohort with long term follow-up has also identified patients who are at higher risk of failure. The study has also shed light on some interesting findings such as labral tear being very common in patients without hip symptoms and others that will be presented. For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly

Knees of patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament instability and who were awaiting surgery were examined with respect to increasing co-morbidity following diagnosis and subsequently during surgical reconstruction. 141 patients were included in this study. All had undergone initial arthroscopic evaluation of their unstable knees following diagnosis and subsequently a further arthroscopy was performed at a later stage during hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. All injuries to the menisci and articular cartilage were recorded using a standardised evaluation form. The Lysholm and Tegner scores were obtained as well as knee stability using the KT-2000 arthrometer. Successive deterioration in the Lysholm and Tegner scores and the arthrometric side to side difference was noted with time since injury. Initial arthroscopic examination of the knee revealed that 66 patients (46%) had at least one meniscal injury necessitating treatment whilst 67 (47.5%) had at least one chondral lesion on the femoral condyles. 22 patients (15.6%) presented with chondral lesions of the articular surface of the patella. During definitive ACL reconstruction when a second arthroscopy was performed, it was noted that 111 patients (78.7%) had meniscal pathology, 102 patients (72.34%) had intraarticular chondral lesions and the patella was affected in 41 cases (29%). The delay between initial arthroscopy and stabilization was 16 +/− 5.2 months (range 7–19 months). The difference in the arthroscopic findings between the first and second arthroscopic inspections in terms of meniscal and chondral lesions was statistically significant. Knee instability due to chronic ACL deficiency poses a serious threat to the menisci and the articular cartilage of the affected knee. The severity of these lesions increases with time since injury. ACL reconstruction should be undertaken as soon as possible in those individuals with uncompensated anterior cruciate ligament instability

Chondral injury has become one of the most difficult problems to solve in orthopaedics. This pathology is very common: Curl et al. founded an incidence of 63% of chondral lesions (2.7 lesions for knee in 31,156 knee arthroscopies) with a 20% rate of lesions of grade IV of Outerbridge. During the past few decades many techniques were developed: with these techniques the lesion is just reparied with the formation of fibro-cartilage tissue with biochemical and bioelastic characteristics very different from the hyaline cartilage tissue. Microfracture technique : This technique, proposed by Steadman et al., utilises hand-drills to create numerous perforations in the subchondral bone at 3–4 mm apart. Indications for this techniques are lesions from 0.5 to 2 cm. 2. with an outlined border in patients with low functional demand. Osteochondral autograft transplantation (OATS, mosaicplasty): Osteochondral autograft transplantation is indicated for isolated lesions from 1 to 3 cm. 2. or in OCD. Outerbridge et al., in a study of 10 patients with 6.5 years of follow-up, achieved good functional results in all pateints treated with this technique. Autologous chondrocyte implant: ACI, reported for the first time by Peterson and colleagues in 1994, is advised for young or middle-aged, active patients with a single painful chondral injury (3–4 grade of Outerbridge scale), starting from more than 2 cm. 2. They. reported good results in the treatment of chondral lesion with a long follow-up (2–10 years). New tissue engeneering techniques with the use of biomaterial derived from hyaluronic acid provides ideal support to the culture and proliferation of chondrocytes, allowing at the same time arthroscopic implant. Today there are many options in the treatment of chondral lesions, but no one technique can be considered the gold standard. ACI in arthroscopy is a more promising technique in the treatment of the chondral lesions, but the indications are still too restricted

Introduction and Objectives: Currently ACL reconstruction is one of the most frequent procedures in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery. The aim of our study is to analyze the epidemiology of this lesion in the workplace. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 268 cases of ACL reconstruction using autologous semitendinosus and rectus medialis muscles. All these surgeries were performed at Fremap Majadahonda during 2005–2006. We excluded patients with concomitant lesion of the PCL and revision surgeries of ACL plasties. We compared the findings of the preoperative MRI and findings during surgery with respect to existent meniscal and chondral lesions. Results: We found that the median time elapsed between the occurrence of the lesion and surgery was 2.2 months and from the lesion to MRI was 1.7 months. On MRI we found 47% of meniscal lesions and 9.5% of chondral lesions, in comparison with 56% and 13% found during surgery. Discussion and Conclusions: More than half our patients had meniscal lesions associated with their ACL tear. We found more meniscal and chondral lesions during surgery than in the preoperative images. We present a stratified statistical study of the differences seen

Background. Cartilage lesions in chronic lateral ligament deficiency are common with the incidence rates mentioned in the previous literature up to 30%. However, other intra-articular pathologies in the unstable ankle have received little attention. Anterolateral impingement associated with synovitis and scarring is a less recognised feature in the treatment of chronic instability. The aim of our study was to ascertain the incidence of chondral and anterolateral impingement lesions in the symptomatic lateral ligament complex deficiency. Methods. We performed a retrospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent modified Brostrom repair for symptomatic recurrent instability of the ankle. All patients underwent a MRI scan prior to surgery. Arthroscopy was performed in all the patients before lateral ligament reconstruction. Seventy seven patients with 78 ankles were included in the study. Patients who had previous ankle surgery or inflammatory arthropathy were excluded. Data was obtained from clinical and radiological records. Arthroscopic findings were recorded in detail during the surgery. Results. The mean age was 29.8 years (Range 18.2–58 yrs). There were 44 females and 34 males in the study. The incidence of chondral lesions were 11.5% (9 out of 78 ankles). The commonest site for chondral defect was the anteromedial talar dome. The incidence of anterolateral impingement which required arthroscopic debridement was 48.7 %(38 ankles). A further 10 ankles revealed non-specific synovitis and scarring which was debrided. The sensitivity and specificity of the MRI scans in the assessment of chondral lesions is 91% and 100%. Conclusion. The incidence of chondral lesions in chronic ankle instability is lower than previously published literature. However, soft tissue impingement lesions have a much higher incidence and require debridement. Arthroscopic examination and debridement of impingement prior to lateral ligament reconstruction of the ankle is quintessential in the management of chronic anterolateral instability

Background. Cartilage lesions in chronic lateral ligament deficiency are common with the incidence rates mentioned in the previous literature up to 30%. However, other intra-articular pathologies in the unstable ankle have received little attention. Anterolateral impingement associated with synovitis and scarring is a less recognised feature in the treatment of chronic instability. The aim of our study was to ascertain the incidence of chondral and anterolateral impingement lesions in the symptomatic lateral ligament complex deficiency. Methods. We performed a retrospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent modified Brostrom repair for symptomatic recurrent instability of the ankle. All patients underwent a MRI scan prior to surgery. Arthroscopy was performed in all the patients before lateral ligament reconstruction. Seventy seven patients with 78 ankles were included in the study. Patients who had previous ankle surgery or inflammatory arthropathy were excluded. Data was obtained from clinical and radiological records. Arthroscopic findings were recorded in detail during the surgery. Results. The mean age was 29.8 years (Range 18.2 – 58 yrs). There were 44 females and 34 males in the study. The incidence of chondral lesions were 11.5% (9 out of 78 ankles). The commonest site for chondral defect was the anteromedial talar dome. The incidence of anterolateral impingement which required arthroscopic debridement was 48.7% (38 ankles). A further 10 ankles revealed non-specific synovitis and scarring which was debrided. The sensitivity and specificity of the MRI scans in the assessment of chondral lesions is 91% and 100%. Conclusion. The incidence of chondral lesions in chronic ankle instability is lower than previously published literature. However, soft tissue impingement lesions have a much higher incidence and require debridement. Arthroscopic examination and debridement of impingement prior to lateral ligament reconstruction of the ankle is quintessential in the management of chronic anterolateral instability