Patients with a thrombotic history are thought to be at greater risk for developing blood clots following total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The incidence of venous thromboembolism and risk factors associated with clot development in this population of patients, however, are not well defined. From the years 2002 to 2008, 547 patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty with a history of thrombotic disease, defined by prior history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), were followed prospectively for a minimum of one month after TKA or THA. Patients received prophylactic anticoagulation with coumadin starting on POD 1 with or without bridge therapy with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Patients were compared for the following risk factors: advanced age (> 70 years old), inherited or acquired thrombophilia, time elapsed since prior episode, association of prior episode with surgery, and method of anticoagulation. Of the 547 patients, 72 (13.2%) developed symptoms consistent with DVT or PE. Thirty-two thromboembolic events (5.9%, 26 DVT, 6 PE) were confirmed by lower extremity Doppler ultrasound, spiral computerized tomography or ventilation-perfusion scanning. 60% of events occurred before POD 3, and the average INR at the time of diagnosis was 1.67. The incidence of thromboembolism was 14.6% and 9.9% for unilateral TKA and THA, respectively and 27.6% and 25% for bilateral TKA and THA, respectively. The institutional rate of DVT during that same time frame is 1.9%. History of inherited or acquired thrombophilia (p< 0.01), time elapse since prior thrmoboembolic event (p=0.04), and association of prior events with surgery (p=0.02) significantly increase the risk of thromboembolism in this population. Bridge therapy with LMWH of any dose did not significantly reduce the risk of DVT or PE, however, there was a trend towards significance (p=0.17). Eight patients (1.5%) experienced bleeding complications; 6 were major in nature (gastrointestinal bleeding and joint hematoma). Patients with a thrombotic history are at increased risk for developing DVTs after joint arthroplasty. These patients share the same risk factors for development of DVT or PE then patients without a history of prior events. Furthermore, thromboembolic events tend to occur early following surgery in these patients and treatment with LMWH may help reduce the risk of developing clots when used in combination with coumadin

Aim. To evaluate safety and efficacy of performing a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on patients receiving continuous Warfarin therapy. Methods. We identified 24 consecutive patients receiving long term warfarin therapy who underwent total knee arthroplasty between 2006 and 2008. As a control, we collected the same data from a group of age and sex matched patients not on warfarin. Primary observations were changes in haemoglobin, transfusion rates and complications. Secondary observations were fluctuations in the INR and post operative range of motion (ROM). All procedures were performed by the senior author in a single centre using the same TKA technique. Results. There was no significant difference between the warfarinised and non warfarinised groups in preoperative or postoperative haemoglobin. After unilateral TKA 38% of non warfarinised patients and 24% of warfarinised patients required a blood transfusion. Both the warfarin and non warfarin groups had a bilateral TKA transfusion rate of 67%. In the warfarin group the mean preoperative INR was 2.2 (SD=0.46; range 1.0 to 3.0) and mean postoperative INR was 2.6 (SD=0.8; range 1.5 to 5.0). There were no surgical delays due to a high INR level. The mean change in INR during the perioperative phase was minimal (mean 0.4; SD=0.7). In the warfarin group the mean flexion range of motion was 116° preoperatively, 88° at 5 days, 107° at 6 weeks and 117° at 12 months after surgery. There was no significant ROM difference between the warfarin and non warfarin groups. There were no post operative bleeding complications. Conclusions. Current American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines recommend bridging therapy for high risk patients receiving oral anticoagulation undergoing major orthopaedic procedures. We have shown that a safe alternative is to continue the steady state warfarin perioperatively in patients on long term warfarin therapy requiring TKA