Aims. There is ambiguity surrounding the degree of scaphoid union required to safely allow mobilization following scaphoid waist fracture. Premature mobilization could lead to refracture, but late mobilization may cause stiffness and delay return to normal function. This study aims to explore the risk of refracture at different stages of scaphoid waist fracture union in three common fracture patterns, using a novel finite element method. Methods. The most common anatomical variant of the scaphoid was modelled from a CT scan of a healthy hand and wrist using 3D Slicer freeware. This model was uploaded into COMSOL Multiphysics software to enable the application of physiological enhancements. Three common waist fracture patterns were produced following the Russe classification. Each fracture had differing stages of healing, ranging from 10% to 90% partial union, with increments of 10% union assessed. A physiological force of 100 N acting on the distal pole was applied, with the risk of refracture assessed using the Von Mises stress. Results. Overall, 90% to 30% fracture unions demonstrated a small, gradual increase in the Von Mises stress of all fracture patterns (16.0 MPa to 240.5 MPa). All fracture patterns showed a greater increase in Von Mises stress from 30% to 10% partial union (680.8 MPa to 6,288.6 MPa). Conclusion. Previous studies have suggested 25%, 50%, and 75% partial union as sufficient for resuming hand and wrist mobilization. This study shows that 30% union is sufficient to return to normal hand and wrist function in all three fracture patterns. Both 50% and 75% union are unnecessary and increase the risk of post-fracture stiffness. This study has also demonstrated the feasibility of finite element analysis (FEA) in scaphoid waist fracture research. FEA is a sustainable method which does not require the use of finite scaphoid cadavers, hence increasing accessibility into future scaphoid waist fracture-related research. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(8):612–620

Aims. To explore individuals’ experience of a scaphoid waist fracture and its subsequent treatment. Methods. A purposive sample was created, consisting of 49 participants in the Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial of initial surgery compared with plaster cast treatment for fractures of the scaphoid waist. The majority of participants were male (35/49) and more younger participants (28/49 aged under 30 years) were included. Participants were interviewed six weeks or 52 weeks post-recruitment to the trial, or at both timepoints. Interviews were semistructured and analyzed inductively to generate cross-cutting themes that typify experience of the injury and views upon the treatment options. Results. Data show that individual circumstances might exaggerate or mitigate the limitations associated with a scaphoid fracture, and that an individual’s sense of recovery is subjective and more closely aligned with perceived functional abilities than it is with bone union. Misconceptions that surgery promises a speedier and more secure form of recovery means that some individuals, whose circumstances prescribe a need for quick return to function, express a preference for this treatment modality. Clinical consultations need to negotiate the imperfect relationship between bone union, normal function, and an individual’s sense of recovery. Enhancing patients’ perceptions of regaining function, with removable splints and encouraging home exercise, will support satisfaction with care and discourage premature risk-taking. Conclusion. Clinical decision-making in the management of scaphoid fractures should recognize that personal circumstances will influence how functional limitations are experienced. It should also recognize that function overrides a concern for bone union, and that the consequences of fractures are poorly understood. Where possible, clinicians should reinforce in individuals a sense that they are making progress in their recovery. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(8):641–647

Background

Scaphoid fractures with displacement have a higher incidence of nonunion and unite in a humpback position that can cause pain and reduced movement, strength and function. The aim of this study is to review the evidence available and establish the risk of nonunion associated with management of displaced scaphoid fractures in a plaster cast.

Purpose. Knowing the morphology of any fracture, including scaphoid fractures, is important in order to determine the fracture stability and the appropriate fixation technique. Scaphoid fractures are classified according to their radiographic appearance, and simple transverse waist fractures are considered the most common. There is no description in the literature of the 3-dimensional morphology of scaphoid fractures. Our hypothesis was that most scaphoid fractures are not perpendicular to its long axis, i.e. they are not simple transverse fractures. Methods. A 3-dimensional analysis was performed of CT scans of acute scaphoid fractures, conducted at two medical centres during a period of 6 years. A total of 124 scans were analysed (Amira Dev 5.3, Visage Imaging Inc). Thirty of the fractures were displaced and virtually reduced. Anatomical landmarks were marked on the distal radius articular surface in order to orient the scaphoid in the wrist. Shape analysis of the scaphoids and a calculation of the best fitted planes to the fractures were carried out implementing principal component analysis. The angles between the scaphoid's first principal axis to the fracture plane, articular plane and to the palmar-dorsal direction were measured. The fractures were analysed both for location (proximal, waist and distal) and for displacement. Results. There were 86 fractures of the waist (76 percent), 13 of the distal third and 25 of the proximal third. The average angle between the first principal axis of the scaphoid and the fracture plane was 52.6 degrees (SD 17) for all fractures, 55.6 degrees (SD 17.2) for the waist fractures, both differing significantly from a right angle (p<0.001). The majority of fractures were found to be horizontal oblique. We found no difference between the angles of the waist fractures which were displaced and those that were not displaced. In contrast, a significant difference was found between the displaced and non-displaced fractures when evaluating the orientation of the scaphoid long axis in relation to the articular plane (139.8 degrees with reduction versus 148.2 without; p=0.036). Conclusions. Most waist fractures were found to be horizontal oblique in relation to the long axis of the scaphoid and not transverse. Although the fracture angle could not explain displacement of the fracture, we found that the orientation of the scaphoid's long axis in relation to the radial articular surface was correlated with fracture displacement. According to these findings, fixation of all fractures along the long axis of the scaphoid should not be the optimal mode of fixation. Optimal fixation of acute scaphoid fractures may call for better analysis of each fracture configuration and the fixation should be guided by this analysis

Purpose. Knowing the morphology of any fracture, including scaphoid fractures, is important in order to determine the fracture stability and the appropriate fixation technique. Scaphoid fractures are classified according to their radiographic appearance, and simple transverse waist fractures are considered the most common. There is no description in the literature of the 3-dimensional morphology of scaphoid fractures. Our hypothesis was that most scaphoid fractures are not perpendicular to its long axis, i.e. they are not simple transverse fractures. Methods. A 3-dimensional analysis was performed of CT scans of acute scaphoid fractures, conducted at two medical centers during a period of 6 years. A total of 124 scans were analysed (Amira Dev 5.3, Visage Imaging Inc). Thirty of the fractures were displaced and virtually reduced. Anatomical landmarks were marked on the distal radius articular surface in order to orient the scaphoid in the wrist. Shape analysis of the scaphoids and a calculation of the best fitted planes to the fractures were carried out implementing principal component analysis. The angles between the scaphoid's first principal axis to the fracture plane, articular plane and to the palmar-dorsal direction were measured. The fractures were analysed both for location (proximal, waist and distal) and for displacement. Results. There were 86 fractures of the waist (76 percent), 13 of the distal third and 25 of the proximal third. The average angle between the first principal axis of the scaphoid and the fracture plane was 52.6 degrees (SD 17) for all fractures, 55.6 degrees (SD 17.2) for the waist fractures, both differing significantly from a right angle (p<0.001). The majority of fractures were found to be horizontal oblique. We found no difference between the angles of the waist fractures which were displaced and those that were not displaced. In contrast, a significant difference was found between the displaced and non-displaced fractures when evaluating the orientation of the scaphoid long axis in relation to the articular plane (139.8 degrees with reduction versus 148.2 without; p=0.036). Conclusions. Most waist fractures were found to be horizontal oblique in relation to the long axis of the scaphoid and not transverse. Although the fracture angle could not explain displacement of the fracture, we found that the orientation of the scaphoid's long axis in relation to the radial articular surface was correlated with fracture displacement. According to these findings, fixation of all fractures along the long axis of the scaphoid should not be the optimal mode of fixation. Optimal fixation of acute scaphoid fractures may call for better analysis of each fracture configuration and the fixation should be guided by this analysis

Introduction and Objective. Scaphoid waist fractures (SWF) are notable in upper limb trauma and predominantly occur in young men. Morbidities associated with SWF include fracture non-union, premature arthritis and humpback deformity. Delayed treatment and non-adherence to fracture immobilisation increases likelihood of these complications. There is evidence that men engage in negative health behaviours such as delayed help-seeking. The Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial (SWIFFT) conducted interviews in individuals who had sustained a SWF. Although SWIFFT showed multiple social determinants for the overall injury and healing experience, a key factor this novel study considers is age and sex. This study aimed to analyse interview data from young male participants in SWIFFT to help distinguish the experience of SWF in young men, through exploring the influence of masculinity. Materials and Methods. A purposive sample of 12 young male participants were selected from SWIFFT. These participants were enrolled from a possibility of 13 different centres across Britain. There were 17 semi-structured interviews produced from these participants, and this was thought to be sufficient for data saturation. These interviews were evaluated through deductive thematic analysis with an open-coding approach, with respondents’ experiences being compared against themes documented in men's health literature. The “Braun and Clarke (2006) Six Phases of Thematic Analysis” methodology was adopted to perform this. Results. There were three thematic models developed in the data set, which then were further divided into subthemes. Model 1: Negative Health Behaviour Prior to Treatment, model 2: Feeling Frail and model 3: Need for Speed. Model 1 corroborated that participants were inclined to sustain the injury as a result of risk-taking and would subsequently hesitate to seek treatment. Model 2 indicated that as a result of the injury, respondents were unable to engage in physical activities and activities of daily living. Respondents exercised caution to varying extents after sustaining a SWF. Model 3 highlighted that interviewees were prone to non-adherence with fracture immobilisation and in hindsight resumed employment prematurely. Conclusions. The findings of this study demonstrate that masculinity is significantly influential on the experience of SWF in young men. This was indicated through the results of thematic analysis strongly corresponding with behaviours established in men's health literature. Educational interventions could be of value in addressing behaviours observed in this population group, such as delayed help-seeking and non-compliance with fracture immobilisation. Further work in patient education and concordance with treatment after sustaining a SWF may be beneficial to longer term outcomes. In turn, this may reduce complications associated with SWF in young men

Acute scaphoid fractures are commonly treated with cast for 8–12 weeks. With this prolonged period of immobilisation patients can encounter joint stiffness and muscle wasting requiring extensive physiotherapy. Despite best practice, these fractures also pose a risk of non-union and suboptimal function. Fracture location, duration of time lost from work and impairment in activities of daily living are key factors in scaphoid fracture management. The aim of our study was to compare percutaneous screw fixation of the scaphoid with other operative fixation techniques. Parameters documented were length of conservative treatment, mechanism of injury, post-op complications and patient satisfaction levels with each technique using a standardised questionnaire. Economic benefit was also measured by examining time to return to work, number of x-rays and outpatient visits required per treatment group. In this study, 76 patients requiring operative scaphoid fixation were evaluated. 27 patients underwent percutaneous fixation. Waist fractures accounted for 66% (n= 18), proximal pole fractures 33% (n=8) and distal pole fractures 4% (n=1). There were 16 non-displaced fractures (59%) and 11 displaced fractures (41%). The average length of conservative treatment was 77 days (range: 2–256 days). Within the percutaneous group 2 patients developed non-union. We did not encounter any wound infection or superficial radial nerve damage. Patients treated with early percutaneous fixation had highest satisfaction levels, returned to work earlier and required less follow-up (P< 0.001). In conclusion percutaneous screw fixation provides earlier bone union and avoids the need for prolonged immobilisation when compared to other treatment modalities. The economic benefit of early percutaneous fixation must also be considered when managing patients with scaphoid fractures

Background: Fracture of the scaphoid bone is the most common fracture of the carpus and frequently diagnosis is delayed. The unique anatomy & blood supply of the scaphoid itself predisposes to delayed union or non-union. The Synthes scaphoid screw is a cannulated headed screw, which provides superior compression compared with some other devices used to internally fix scaphoid non-unions. Aim: To conduct a retrospective study looking at union rate, time to union and complications and correlating the outcome of treatment against the delay between injury and surgery and location of the fracture within the bone. Methods: 36 patients with scaphoid non-union (30 waist & 6 proximal pole) treated by a single surgeon with the cannulated Synthes screw & corticocancellous bone graft were reviewed retrospectively. Results: We achieved 78% overall union rate. Those patients operated within 6 months of injury achieved 100% union rate. Of the patients with persistent non-union after surgery, half reported no pain and increased movement in the wrist. The failure rate was high in patients whose injury was more than 5 years old, and in proximal pole non-unions. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that cannulated screw fixation with bone grafting has high success rate for delayed union of scaphoid waist fractures and scaphoid waist nonunions present for less than 5 years. Patients who present more than 5 years after injury or with proximal pole nonunions have a high chance of persistent nonunion, but can symptomatically improve

MRI is increasingly used in acute wrist injuries but limited information exists regarding the impact on injury management. The aim of this study is to review the injury patterns, including scaphoid injuries and the impact on management and outcome when using MRI in the acute setting. We analysed the injury patterns presenting after an acute wrist injury where a scaphoid fracture might be suspected and a plain x-ray was normal. We assessed the true incidence of scaphoid fractures in this setting and the pattern of other injuries when investigated by early MRI. All acute injuries referred for an MRI from August 2004 to August 2007 were screened. The scans were done on average 6 days post injury (range 1–21 days). These were analysed and the films reviewed including a review of the medical records for injury, subsequent treatment details and outcome. Over a three year period a total of 218 patients were referred for a wrist MRI. Of these 110 (50.4%) were for suspected fractures of the scaphoid and 89 (81%) had a scaphoid MRI series done involving T1 and T2 fat saturated sequences with a scan time of five minutes. The remainder had a full six-sequence wrist MRI, with a scan time of 25 minutes. Overall the positive scaphoid fracture rate was 24% with mainly un-displaced waist fractures identified. The scans were completely normal in 33% removing the need for any further intervention. In 10% bone contusion was identified and a splint was provided for comfort. Of the associated injuries, 33% had associated fractures in the radius, ulna styloid, other carpal or metacarpal bones. In 12% an acute ligament injury was identified with scapho-lunate injury the most common in 8 cases. Additional bone contusion was seen in 20% of patients with an occult fracture. In 76% of wrist injuries with a normal x-ray, an MRI of the wrist lead to a change in the management plan. MRI use has significant positive socio-economic implications for the mainly younger working patients that present with these injuries, with a projected saving of over $80,000 over the period. It is an excellent second line investigation that provides clinically relevant information and can be performed on the day of injury

Aims

To determine the role of early MRI in the management of suspected scaphoid fractures.

Aims

The aim of the Scaphoid Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Trauma (SMaRT) trial was to evaluate the clinical and cost implications of using immediate MRI in the acute management of patients with a suspected fracture of the scaphoid with negative radiographs.

The April 2015 Wrist & Hand Roundup360 looks at: Non-operative hand fracture management; From the sublime to the ridiculous?; A novel approach to carpal tunnel decompression; Osteoporosis and functional scores in the distal radius; Ulnar variance and force distribution; Tourniquets in carpal tunnel under the spotlight; Scaphoid fractures reclassified; Osteoporosis and distal radial fracture fixation; PROMISing results in the upper limb

The June 2013 Wrist & Hand Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: whether size is a limitation; cancellous bone grafting in scaphoid nonunion; the Kienböck’s dichotomy; late displacement of the distal radius; flexor slide for finger contracture; aesthetic syndactyly; flexor tendon repair; and fixation of trapeziometacarpal cups.