Long bone fractures are a commonly presented paediatric injury. Whilst the possibility of either accidental or non-accidental aetiology ensures significant forensic relevance, there remain few clinical approaches that assist with this differential diagnosis. The aim of this current study was to generate a reproducible model of
Aims. This study evaluates risk factors influencing fracture characteristics for postoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) around cemented stems in total hip arthroplasty. Methods. Data were collected for PFF patients admitted to eight UK centres between 25 May 2006 and 1 March 2020. Radiographs were assessed for Unified Classification System (UCS) grade and AO/OTA type. Statistical comparisons investigated relationships by age, gender, and stem fixation philosophy (polished taper-slip (PTS) vs composite beam (CB)). The effect of multiple variables was estimated using multinomial logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Surgical treatment (revision vs fixation) was compared by UCS grade and AO/OTA type. Results. A total of 584 cases were included. Median age was 79.1 years (interquartile range 72.0 to 86.0), 312 (53.6%) patients were female, and 495 (85.1%) stems were PTS. The commonest UCS grade was type B1 (278, 47.6%). The most common AO/OTA type was spiral (352, 60.3%). Metaphyseal split fractures occurred only with PTS stems with an incidence of 10.1%. Male sex was associated with a five-fold reduction in odds of a type C fracture (OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.41); p < 0.001) compared to a type B fracture. CB stems were associated with significantly increased odds of transverse fracture (OR 9.51 (95% CI 3.72 to 24.34); p < 0.001) and wedge fracture (OR 3.72 (95% CI 1.16 to 11.95); p = 0.027) compared to PTS stems. Both UCS grade and AO/OTA type differed significantly (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) between the revision and fixation groups but a similar proportion of B1 fractures underwent revision compared to fixation (45.3% vs 50.6%). Conclusion. The commonest fracture types are B1 and
Cemented total hip replacement (THR) provides excellent outcomes and is cost-effective. Polished taper-slip (PTS) stems demonstrate successful results and have overtaken traditional composite-beam (CB) stems. Recent reports indicate they are associated with a higher risk of postoperative periprosthetic femoral fracture (PFF) compared to CB stems. This study evaluates risk factors influencing fracture characteristics around PTS and CB cemented stems. Data were collected for 584 PFF patients admitted to eight UK centres from 25/05/2006-01/03/2020. Radiographs were assessed for Unified Classification System (UCS) grade and Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) type. Statistical comparisons investigated relationships by age, gender, and stem fixation philosophy (PTS versus CB). The effect of multiple variables was estimated using multinomial logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Median (IQR) age was 79.1 (72.0–86.0) years, 312 (53.6%) patients were female, and 495 (85.1%) stems were PTS. The commonest UCS grade was type B1 (278, 47.6%). The commonest AO/OTA type was spiral (352, 60.3%). Metaphyseal-split fractures occurred only with PTS stems with an incidence of 10.1%. Male gender was associated with a five-fold reduction in odds of a type C fracture (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.41, p<0.001) compared to a type B fracture. CB stems were associated with significantly increased odds of transverse fracture (OR 9.51, 95% CI 3.72 to 24.34, p <0.001) and wedge fracture (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.16 to 11.95, p <0.05) compared to PTS stems. This is the largest study investigating PFF characteristics around cemented stems. The commonest fracture types are B1 and
There is an increasing acceptance that the clinical outcomes following posterior malleolar fractures are less than satisfactory. Current ankle classification systems do not account for differences in fracture patterns or injury mechanisms, and as such, the clinical outcomes of these fractures are difficult to interpret. The aim of this study was to analyse our posterior malleolar fractures to better understand the anatomy of the fracture. In a series of 42 consecutive posterior malleolar, who all underwent CT imaging, we have described anatomically different fracture patterns dictated by the direction of the force and dependent on talus loading. We found 3 separate categories. Type 1 – a rotational injury in an unloaded talus resulted in an extraarticular posterior avulsion of the posterior ligaments. This occurred in 10 patients and was most commonly associated with either a high fibular
Purpose: Radial paralysis is a major complication of humeral shaft fractures. In most cases, the paralysis is regressive but in certain patients surgical repair is required to achieve full neurological recovery. We reviewed retrospectively our patients to determine the causes of non-recovery and evaluate the efficacy of different treatments. Material and methods: Thirty patients were operated between 1990 and 1997 for radial nerve paralysis that was observed immediately after trauma or developed secondarily. Mean follow-up after surgery was 6.3 years. There were 22 men and 8 women, 16 right side and 14 left side. Mean delay from injury to surgery was four months (0–730 days). Elements that could be involved in radial paralysis were noted: type of fracture, level of the fracture, treatment, approach, material used. There were ten cases with non-union. Neurological recovery at three years was assessed with muscle tests and with the Alnot criteria. An electrical recording was also made in certain patients. Surgery involved neurolysis in 23 cases, nerve grafts in five and tendon transfers in two. Results: Outcome was very good and good in 22 patients, good in one and could not be evaluated in one (tendon transfer). There were three failures (two neurolysis and one graft) and two patients were lost to follow-up. After neurolysis, mean delay to recovery was seven months; it was 15 months after nerve grafts. Recovery always occurred proximally to distally. Discussion: Radial paralysis after femoral shaft fracture regresses spontaneously in 76% to 89% of the cases, depending on the series. There is a predominance in the 20 to 30 year age range. Several factors could be involved in radial paralysis (fracture of the distal third of the humerus,
Introduction: The incidence of Peri-prosthetic fractures is about 1% following Lower limb arthroplasty. The management of these fractures is difþcult,complex,challenging and controversial. Aim of Study: To study the results of Dal- Miles Plating system in Peri-prosthetic fractures. To þnd the difference, if any in the outcome of Transverse vs.
Background. Sub-trochanteric fractures are challenging to treat due to various anatomical and biomechanical factors. High tensile forces contribute to the challenge of fracture reduction. Intramedullary nailing has become the treatment of choice. If anatomical reduction is not achieved, any mal-alignment will predispose to implant failure. Open reduction with cerclage wires can add to construct stability and improve the quality of reduction. There is no consensus or classification to guide surgeons on when to perform open reduction, which is often performed intra-operatively when closed reduction fails often with no planning. This can lead to intraoperative delays as theatre staff would not have prepared the correct equipment necessary for open reduction. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of closed and open reduction of traumatic sub-trochanteric fractures treated with intramedullary nailing and to propose a new classification system to dictate management. Methods. After a review of current classification systems, a 3-tier classification was proposed (Type 1, 2 and 3). Type 1 indicated a transverse fracture, Type 2 was a
Fractures of the distal tibia metaphysis comprise a challenge for the orthopaedic trauma surgeon because of the poor blood irrigation they do not heal very easy leading sometimes to pseudarthrosis and many times arise problems with the skin. We compare the following techniques: LC-DCP and LCP plates, MIPO, External fixators (hybrids or simple one), intramedullary nailing with multiple screws at the distal end. 94 cases of distal tibia fractures from all AO types were treated during last 3 years (2005–2008) with the following techniques:. 16 ORIF with LC-DCP plates. 9 ORIF with LCP plates. 19 MIPO. 35 External fixators. 15 intramedullary nailing. The simple oblique or
Between 1999 and 2002 14 children with femoral shaft fractures were treated with closed, locked intramedullary nailing. There were 11 male and 3 female patients, aged 11–16 years (mean 14.4 years). All fractures were closed. There were 9 transverse, 1 pathologic, 1 bipolar, 1 malunited and 2
Aim. In the last years, many short hip stem variants were developed, almost always sharing the principle of metaphyseal and proximal diaphyseal anchorage. In this study, we analyzed the midterm results after implanting short cementless hip stem of ESKA. Methods. A total of 380 total hip replacements using the ESKA-short cementless stems were performed in a series of 340 patients between November 2002 till May 2008. The clinical and radiological evaluation of the patients was done in September 2008. The mean follow up was 37 months (3–54 months). Results. The mean age of the patients was 65 years (35–85 years). The indications varied between osteoarthritis (n=342), avascular necrosis (n=23) and aseptic loosening of stem (n=15). Good clinical and radiological outcome without complications was observed in 361 cases. However, complications were recorded in 19 cases. Aseptic loosening was noted in 4 cases and was treated with stem exchange. Deep infection occurred in 5 cases, 3 of which had direct exchange and 2 had two-stage delayed reconstruction. Dislocation was noted in 2 cases, which were revisions after aseptic loosening. 8 patients suffered intraoperative femur fissures, 7 of which healed completely after prolonged partial weight bearing postoperatively (n=4 without osteosynthesis, n=3 needed adjunctive cerclage around the proximal femur). Only 1
This study reports the results of 38 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) in 33 patients aged less than 50 years, using the JRI Furlong hydroxyapatite ceramic (HAC)-coated femoral component. We describe the survival, radiological, and functional outcomes of 33 patients (38 THAs) at a mean follow-up of 27 years (25 to 32) between 1988 and 2018.Aims
Methods
Aim of the study : The purpose of this work was to study the short term results of the surgical treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures with the use of long gamma nail. Material – method : Fifteen consecutive patients suffering from subtrochanteric fracture of their femur, were treated by means of long gamma nail in our clinic during the last two years. The type of fracture concluded comminuted subtrochanteric
Introduction: Standard treatment for distal tibia fractures is the fixation with locking compression plates. Locking plate fixation has revolutionized fracture treatment in the last decade and may be ideally suited for a bridging plate osteosynthesis. This technique allows some controlled axial fracture motion, what essential for secondary bone healing is. A disadvantage of the locking plate technique seems to be an unsymmetrical micro motion along the fracture gap. The micromotion at the far cortex side is much larger than at the near cortex side (near the plate). It is supposed to be that the fracture movement on the near cortex is too small. To increase the motion at the near cortex side a new kind of screws has been developed. In this study we examined the micromotion using normal locking head screws versus the new dynamic locking head screws. Materials and Methods: A simplified fracture model was created by connecting 2 plastic cylinders (POM C, EModul: 3.1GPa) with a standard 11-holes Locking Compression Plate (Synthes). The fracturegap (between the two cylinders) amounted 3mm. Three kinds of fracture models were constructed: The model of a transverse fracture, an oblique fracture and a
Periprosthetic fractures (PPFs) following hip arthroplasty are complex injuries. This study evaluates patient demographic characteristics, management, outcomes, and risk factors associated with PPF subtypes over a decade. Using a multicentre collaborative study design, independent of registry data, we identified adults from 29 centres with PPFs around the hip between January 2010 and December 2019. Radiographs were assessed for the Unified Classification System (UCS) grade. Patient and injury characteristics, management, and outcomes were compared between UCS grades. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to estimate relative risk ratios (RRR) of variables on UCS grade.Aims
Methods
To identify mechanisms of failure in plate and nail fixation in proximal humerus fractures. 5% of the proximal humerus fractures need surgical fixation, which is carried out, principally, by open reduction and internal fixation or closed reduction and intramedullary nailing. Fixation failure remains a problem. This study answers the mode of failure of these implants regardless of the fracture personality. In-vitro testing of proximal humerus fixation devices was undertaken in 30 simulated osteoporotic bone models. Fracture-line was created at the surgical neck of humerus in all samples and fixed with five fixation devices; three plating and two nailing devices. The samples were subjected to failure under compression and torque. Failure was achieved in all models. Three failure patterns were observed in torque testing:. The two conventional plates Cloverleaf and T-plate behaved similarly, failing due to screw pull-out from both the proximal and distal fragment with a deformed plate. The PHILOS plate failed by avulsion of a wedge just distal to the fracture site with screws remaining embedded in the bone. Both the nailing systems, Polaris and European humeral nail, failed by a
The increasing success rates of total hip replacements (THR) have led to a younger patient population with an increased probability for revision. The survival of revised components is improved by a good bone quality. This has led to an increased interest in bone preserving THR designs. A novel type of THR was developed of which the femoral component is cemented in the neck. The load carrying area of this prosthesis is reduced in comparison with conventional cemented implants. Whether an adequate stability can be achieved was biomechanically evaluated during simulated normal walking and chair rising. In addition, the failure behaviour was investigated. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 5 fresh frozen proximal human cadaver femora. The femoral heads were resected and a 20 mm diameter canal was created in the femoral necks. Bone cement was pressurised in this canal and the polished, taper-shaped prosthesis was subsequently introduced centrally. A servohydraulic testing machine was used to apply dynamic loads up to 1.8 kN to the prosthetic head. Radiostereophotogrammetric analysis was used to measure rotations and translations between prosthesis and bone. In addition, the constructions were loaded until failure in a displacement-controlled test. During the dynamic experiments, the femoral necks did not fail, and no macroscopical damage was detected. The initial stability of the implant did not seem to be sensitive to bone quality. Maximal values were found for normal walking with a mean rotation of about 0.2 degrees and a mean translation of about 120 microns. These motions stabilised during testing. The failure loads in this study varied between 4.1 and 5.5 kN, higher failure loads were associated with higher BMD values. Most specimens showed subtrochanteric
Resorbable porous ceramics derived from chemically converted corals have been used successfully as bone graft substitutes for many years. Converted corals provide a 3D porous architecture that resembles cancellous bone with a pore diameter of 200–700 μm. The success of these corals as a bone graft substitute relies on vascular ingrowth, differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, remodelling and graft resorption occurring together with host bone ingrowth into the porous microstructure or voids left behind during resorption. The resorption rate of the coral can be controlled by partial conversion to provide a hydroxyapatite (HA) layer via thermal modification. This study examined the resorption rates and bone formation of partially converted corals in a bilateral metaphyseal defect model. Bilateral defects (5 mm x 15 mm) were created 3 mm below the joint line in the proximal tibia of 41 skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits following ethical approval. Two variations of a calcium carbonate–HA coral (Pro Osteon 200 R, Interpore-Cross International, Irvine, CA) were examined with different HA thickness (200R; 14% or 200 RT; 28%). Empty defects (negative control) or defects filled with morcellised bone autograft from the defect sites (positive control) were performed. The tibiae were harvested at 6, 12, 24, 36 or 52 weeks, radiographed (standard x-rays and faxitron) in the anteroposterior and lateral planes. Tibias were processed for torsional testing and quantitative histomorphometry using back scattering scanning electron microscopy. Four additional rabbits were killed at time zero to determine the mechanical properties of the intact tibia (n=6 tibias) and 2 for tibias for time zero histomorphometry. Data were analysed using a 3-way analysis of variance. No clinical complications were encountered in this study. Radiographic assessment revealed a progression in healing, implant resorption and bone infiltration. Cortical closure in the 200 R and 200RT treated defects was noted by 24 weeks. All specimens failed in torsional testing with a
Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone-forming lesion, characterized by its small size, its clearly demarcated outline and by the usual presence of a surrounding zone of reactive bone formation. It often poses a diagnostic challenge due to its ambiguous presentation. The aetiology of osteoid osteoma is poorly understood. The previous suggestion that osteoid osteoma was not associated with trauma or infection has been challenged by more recent literature raising the possibility that it could be a reactive or healing response or a phenomenon associated with the revascularisation process. This case report describes an unusual presentation of a post-traumatic osteoid osteoma. Two years following a diaphyseal,
Horse riding is a common pursuit and is more dangerous than believed. Most injuries of the hand and wrist are caused by falls, as in other sports. However, exclusive to riding are injuries sustained whilst leading a horse. Avulsion injuries are well recognised but little has been reported on phalangeal fractures in this situation. We report on seven cases that required hospitalisation in our hand unit, for injuries from horses over a two year period. Six of these patients sustained multi-fragmented