Purpose and Background. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) can affect 56–80% of physiotherapists. Patient handling is reported as a significant risk factor for developing WRMSD with the back most frequently injured. Physiotherapists perform therapeutic handling to manually assist and facilitate patients’ movement to aid rehabilitation, which can increase physiotherapists risk of experiencing high forces during patient handling. Methods and Results. A descriptive cross-sectional study was completed to explore and quantitatively measure the movement of ten physiotherapists during patient handling, over one working day, in a neurological setting. A wearable 3-dimensional motion analysis system, Xsens (Movella, Henderson, NV), was used to measure physiotherapist movement and postures in the ward setting during patient treatment sessions. The resulting joint angles were reported descriptively and compared against a frequently used ergonomic assessment tool, the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Physiotherapists adopted four main positions during patient handling tasks: 1) kneeling; 2) half-kneeling; 3) standing; and 4) sitting. Eight patient handling tasks were identified and described: 1) Lie-to-sit; 2) sit-to-lie; 3) sit-to-stand; facilitation of 4) upper limb; 5) lower limb; 6) trunk; and 7) standing treatments; and 8) walking facilitation. Kneeling and sitting positions demonstrated greater neck extension and greater lumbosacral flexion during treatments which scores highly with the RULA. Conclusion. This research identified that patient treatment tasks were more often performed in kneeling or sitting positions than standing. Current moving and handling guidance teaches moving and handling in a standing position; loading and stresses experienced by the physiotherapists may differ in sitting or kneeling positions. Conflicts of interest. None. Sources of funding. None. This work has been presented as a poster at the CSP conference Glasgow 2023

Purpose of study. Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a surgical emergency. With Physiotherapists increasingly taking on first-contact and spinal triage roles, screening for CES must be as thorough and effective as possible. This study explores whether Physiotherapists are asking the correct questions, in the correct way and investigates their experiences when screening for this serious condition. Background. Thirty physiotherapists working in a community musculoskeletal service were purposively invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Data was transcribed and thematically analysed. Methods and Results. All participants routinely asked bladder, bowel function and saddle anaesthesia screening questions although only 9 routinely asked about sexual function. Whether questions are asked in the correct way has never been studied. Sufficient depth of questioning was achieved by 63% of participants, 76% used lay terminology and 73% used explicit language. Only 43% framed the questions before asking them and only 16% combined all four dimensions. Whilst most participants (n = 25) felt comfortable asking general CES questions, 50% reported feeling uncomfortable when asking about sexual function. Issues around; gender, culture and language were also highlighted. Conclusion. Four main themes emerged from this study; i) Physiotherapists ask the right questions but frequently omit sexual function questions, ii) mostly, Physiotherapists ask CES questions in a way that patients understand however, there needs to be improvement in framing the context of the questions, iii) Physiotherapists generally feel comfortable with CES screening but there is some awkwardness surrounding discussion of sexual function and iv) Physiotherapists perceive there to be barriers to effective CES screening caused by culture and language. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: No funding obtained. Previously presented poster at BritSpine 2021 and VPUK 2021

Purpose and Background. Patients’ engagement with self-management strategies (SMS) is key when managing low back pain (LBP) and relies on appropriate information being delivered by the treating Clinician. However, patients have differing coping mechanisms which may affect success with SMS. This study aimed to determine Patient and Physiotherapist's perceptions of coping responses and SMS in patients with LBP. Methods. Patient completed a Pain Coping strategies questionnaire, before and after LBP treatment. Semi-structured interviews gathered data from of 10 patients (6 males; and 6 physiotherapists. Questionnaire data was described descriptively, and qualitative data was transcribed/analysed thematically. Results. 5 patients were categorized as ‘active copers’ and 5 as ‘passive copers’ before treatment. SMS success appeared to be impacted by patient coping strategies they adopted. Spiritual religious coping strategies linked to cultural beliefs was a common strategy for all patients. However, the active copers were more likely to engage with active strategies compared to passive copers. All patients felt they had not received full education/details about the home exercises. One patient became an ‘active coper’ following treatment demonstrating high self-confidence to self-manage pain and accepted exercises as a lifestyle. Physiotherapists did not use a valid method for screening purposes for coping, although they referred to ascertaining this verbally and they did tailor exercises differently for passive and active copers. Conclusion. Screening for individual coping strategies would enhance targeting treatments and all patients would benefit from full exercise programmes for self- management and pain self-efficacy approaches to change patients ‘behaviour and enhance patients’ self-confidence. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: The study is sponsored by Kuwait Government

Aims. The aim of this study was to gain a consensus for best practice of the assessment and management of children with idiopathic toe walking (ITW) in order to provide a benchmark for practitioners and guide the best consistent care. Methods. An established Delphi approach with predetermined steps and degree of agreement based on a standardized protocol was used to determine consensus. The steering group members and Delphi survey participants included members from the British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS) and the Association of Paediatric Chartered Physiotherapists (APCP). The statements included definition, assessment, treatment indications, nonoperative and operative interventions, and outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of the Delphi survey results. The AGREE checklist was followed for reporting the results. Results. A total of 227 participants (54% APCP and 46% BSCOS members) completed the first round, and 222 participants (98%) completed the second round. Out of 54 proposed statements included in the first round Delphi, 17 reached ‘consensus in’, no statements reached ‘consensus out’, and 37 reached ‘no consensus’. These 37 statements were then discussed, reworded, amalgamated, or deleted before the second round Delphi of 29 statements. A total of 12 statements reached ‘consensus in’, four ‘consensus out’, and 13 ‘no consensus’. In the final consensus meeting, 13 statements were voted upon. Five were accepted, resulting in a total of 31 approved statements. Conclusion. In the aspects of practice where sufficient evidence is not available, a consensus statement can provide a strong body of opinion that acts as a benchmark for excellence in clinical care. This statement can assist clinicians managing children with ITW to ensure consistent and reliable practice, and reduce geographical variability in practice and outcomes. It will enable those treating ITW to share the published consensus document with both carers and patient groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(10):1190–1196

Purpose and Background. Patients with low back pain are increasing globally. Physical dysfunction and psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, and fear of movement, often referred to as yellow flags, play a role in the persistence of low back pain. What is not known is the extent to which yellow flags are screened for and treatment adjusted accordingly by Physiotherapists in India. The aim was to determine the current knowledge and awareness of physiotherapists in India regarding psychosocial factors for managing patients with low back pain. Methods. Semi-structured interviews gathered data from of six physiotherapists, The interviews were conducted online. The data was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results. The main finding was that the physiotherapists in India had a limited knowledge regarding psychosocial factors for management of low back pain. They were not supportive of adding yellow flag screening into their routine treatments due to lack of t awareness of such screening tools Physical elements of low back pain were focused on during treatment by the therapists and recommended by management. The physiotherapists noted that high daily patient volume left them with limited time to alter treatment protocols. Conclusion. There appears to be limited information and education delivered to the physiotherapists in India regarding psychosocial factors for managing low back pain. The addition of these factors in the education and treatment protocols could address these important factors when managing patients with low back pain in India. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding: No funding obtained

Introduction: Recent articles in the MPS Casebook (Cauda equina syndrome, Gardner and Morley) and BMJ (Cauda Equina Syndrome, Lavy) highlighted the potential dangers of Cauda equina syndrome (CES). CES has the highest rates of litigation due to the risk of symptoms not resolving and having a devastating impact on patients. This study aimed to assess clinician knowledge of the urinary symptoms of CES and the timeframe in which treatment should be offered. Method: A 4 part questionnaire was constructed. The first part established the status and type of health care professional. The second part assesses how many musculoskel-etal patients are seen in an average week. In the third part the participant is asked to rank 15 urinary symptoms; with 1 being the least alarming and 15 being the most alarming. 7 of the symptoms were not related to CES and so should have been ranked in the bottom seven. Lastly, to highlight an issue raise in the BMJ article; the participants were asked the ideal time to surgical intervention for Complete CES and Incomplete CES, with the options being within 24 hours; 24–48 hours; and 48 hours to 2 weeks. The questionnaire was distributed to Health Care Professionals in Southport and Ormskirk Hospital. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 23 participants (12 Doctors and 11 Physiotherapists). 90.91% of Physiotherapists and 10 Doctors (83.3%) managed to complete the questionnaire as specified. An average of 24 patients was seen by each professional (25 patients doctors; 31 patients Physiotherapist). The 7 false CES urinary symptoms were ranked in the bottom 7 in 76.40% of questionnaires (77.92% in Doctors; 81.82% in Physiotherapists). True CES urinary symptoms were ranked in the bottom 7 in 59.63% of cases (66.23% Doctors; 58.44% Physiotherapists). Finally 91.30% of those asked thought Complete CES should be treated within 24 hours (83.33% Doctors; 100% Physiotherapist); 56.52% thought Incomplete CES should be treated within 24 hours (66.67% Doctors; 45.45% Physiotherapists); 30.43% within 24 to 48 hours (8.33% Doctors; 54.55% Physiotherapists) and lastly 13.04% thought Incomplete CES should be treated within 2 weeks (25% Doctors and 0% of Physiotherapists). Conclusion: The results show that there is a gap in knowledge of all professional with regards to CES urinary symptoms and the optimal timing of treatment. The results showed that Physiotherapists are more likely to recognise True CES than doctors. False symptoms were ranked lower by Physiotherapists than Medical Professionals. These results demonstrate that physiotherapists are better than Doctors at identifying urinary symptoms in CES. Finally the majority of those asked would treat Complete and Incomplete CES within 24 hours. The gap in knowledge highlights the need for education to all medical personnel in the symptoms of Cauda Equina Syndrome and also the timing of treatment

Background. Psychosocial (PS) factors have been described as the combination of the individual's cognitive, emotional and social status and they play an important role in the development and recovery from chronic low back pain (CLBP). The aims of the study where to explore/describe physiotherapists' personal beliefs and knowledge in relation to the assessment of PS factors in patients with CLBP in Italy. Methods and results. A qualitative research design with a constructivist grounded theory approach was used for semi-structured interviews and data collection/analysis. A purposive sample of eight physiotherapists practicing in Italy and having experience with patients presenting chronic musculoskeletal problems were recruited from private clinics. Three main categories were constructed:. 1). Conceptions of the biopsychosocial model and its role in CLBP;. 2). Evaluation and management of PS factors;. 3). Barriers in the assessment and treatment. The study revealed partial identification of these factors, limited understanding of the role they play in CLBP and lack of standardization in this area within the manipulative physiotherapy profession. Conclusions. Physiotherapists showed basic knowledge of the biopsychosocial model and partially recognized social, emotional, cognitive and psychological factors and their contribution in patients' pain and disability. Physiotherapists highlighted the presence of barriers in the evaluation and treatment of people with CLBP, and some participants displayed lack of skills to overcome these barriers. Physiotherapists perceived limited education and training to successfully address PS factors in the management of patients with CLBP, indicating the need to incorporate the biopsychosocial model in the daily practice and improve the training and education of the psychosocial assessment and management. Conflicts of interest: None. Source of funding: None

Introduction: A large number of patients with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) are examined by physiotherapists. Physiotherapists ask their patient’s questions, as part of their clinical examination, however the reliability of the information elicited by these questions has never been examined. Methods: Following a Focus group with a sample of physiotherapists (n=30), and subsequent Delphi technique questionnaire, a list of questions and tests for the clinical examination to NSLBP was developed. The clinical examination list was then tested for item inter-tester reliability with 100 NSLBP patients and 16 physiotherapists. Patients were assessed by both physiotherapists on one day. Data were analysed using kappa coefficients for nominal data and weighted kappas for ordinal data. Results: The physiotherapists rated issues regarding the location and quality of pain with good levels of reliability, kappa values ranged from 0.49 to 0.64. Diurnal changes in pain and history of pain were also reliably ascertained (Kappa values ranging from 0.49 to 0.73), with symptoms other than pain demonstrating good reliability (values ranging from 0.50 to 0.77). Issues regarding the affect of psychosocial issues as barriers to recovery and the degree to which the patient’s pain was affecting their function were not as reliable (kappa values from 0.14 to 0.51). Conclusions: It is clear that whilst the questions typically used in the clinical examination of NSLBP are reliable when addressing simple issues relating to the report of symptoms, more complex issues are less reliable and further work is required to improve the reliability of the information obtained

Background and purpose. Adherence to clinical guidelines produces greater improvement in disability in patients with low back pain (LBP), but a wide variation in physiotherapists' adherence has been documented repeatedly. The aim of the study was to investigate the adherence to National Clinical Guidelines for LBP among Danish physiotherapists with regard to three key guideline domains: 1) activity, 2) work, and 3) psychosocial risk factors. Additionally to investigate whether adherence differed between physiotherapists working in private clinics and physiotherapists working at public healthcare centres. Methods. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 817 Danish physiotherapists. Adherence to the three guideline domains was assessed using two vignettes. The difference in adherence between the groups was assessed using the chi-squared test. Results. Response rate was 29%. The proportions of physiotherapists giving advice that was strictly in line with the guideline domains were 32% (activity), 16% (work) and 82% (psychosocial risk factors) for Vignette 1 and 6% (activity), 53% (work) and 60% (psychosocial risk factors) for Vignette 2. Physiotherapists working at public healthcare centres were more likely to manage patients strictly in line with National Clinical Guidelines for assessing the psychosocial risk factors. Regarding the two other domains, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of adherence. Conclusion. Overall, the participating Danish physiotherapists strictly adhered to only one out of three key domains. This confirms the importance of identifying barriers to implementation of the National Clinical Guidelines in physiotherapy care for patients with LBP, including implementation of the inherent bio-psychosocial model. Conflicts of interest: None. Sources of funding: None

Background. The physiotherapy profession has experienced a paradigm shift in recent years where mounting research evidence, indicating better patient outcomes, has led to an increase in popularity of a biopsychosocial model of care. In turn physiotherapists have begun to address psychosocial ‘obstacles’ to recovery, as means of improving outcomes for patients. To date, research has not examined how this change has affected the perceptions of physiotherapists about delivering care. The aim of this study was to explore these perceptions through exploratory interviews with physiotherapists in the UK. Methods. A qualitative interview study using a purposive sample of physiotherapists (n=12), nested within a larger study, exploring the attitudes and behaviours of UK general practitioners and physiotherapists about managing patients with low back pain. Interview transcripts were coded by the lead researcher and independently validated by a further team member. Transcripts were coded thematically using the constant comparative method to identify similarities and differences between the data and to determine fit and relevance. Results. The findings demonstrate that a combination of traditional physical therapy with a biopsychosocial approach presented significant challenges for professionals during the consultation. Physiotherapists perceived a number of ‘obstacles to recovery’ and responded to these through adoption of ‘health corrective’ strategies and by imposing limits around the management of these concerns with patients. Conclusion. A model of care combining a biopsychosocial approach with traditional physiotherapy can increase pressure on physiotherapists to use consultation strategies which appear to be patient-centred but may fail to shift from a professional-led agenda. Conflicts of interest. None. Sources of funding. Arthritis Research UK and the North Staffordshire Primary Care Research Consortium. We confirm that this abstract has not been previously published in whole or part nor has it been presented at a national meeting

Statement of purpose of study and background

As the treatment of low back pain (LBP) continues to evolve, there is greater recognition of the importance of optimising the therapeutic relationship to better deliver improved patient outcomes. Contextual effects, such as communication, have been shown to influence the therapeutic relationship, but it is not known how these factors evolve over time. This study analysed interviews from two studies (one cross-sectional and one longitudinal) to explore patients’ and physiotherapists’ perspectives of treatment outcomes and experiences in episodes of LBP in the same dialogic space. The objective was to explore the alignment between these perceptions to identify factors that influence the therapeutic relationship over time.

Background

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) can be delivered using head mounted display (HMD) to interact with 3D virtual environment (VE). IVR has shown promising results in management of chronic pain conditions, using different mechanisms (e.g., exposure to movement and distraction). However, it has not been widely tested for CLBP. Future development of IVR intervention needs inputs from gatekeepers to determine key considerations, facilitators and barriers. This qualitative study aimed to explore views and opinions of physiotherapists about IVR intervention for adults with CLBP.

Background

Low back pain (LBP) is a major problem across the globe and is the leading cause worldwide of years lost to disability. Self-management is considered an important component the treatment of people with non-specific LBP. However, it seems that the self-management support for people with non-specific LBP provided by physiotherapists can be improved. Moreover, the way exercise therapists (ET) address self-management in practice is unknown.

Purpose and background

Nearly 70% of UK physiotherapists experience work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) during their career, with a significant proportion occurring in the back and being attributed to patient handling tasks. Evidence suggests that manual handling training alone is ineffective and interventions among nurses indicate that a tailored approach, including targeted exercise (TE), can reduce WRMSD rates. This study aimed to explore physiotherapists’ perspectives of WRMSDs, patient handling, and the role of TE in reducing WRMSDs among physiotherapists.

Purposes of the study and background

Cognitive Functional Therapy (CFT) is a complex intervention that targets the biopsychosocial nature of low back pain (LBP). The barriers and facilitators to CFT have not previously been researched in the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS). This study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of CFT in the NHS ahead of a future clinical trial.

Aims

The aim of this study was to produce clinical consensus recommendations about the non-surgical treatment of children with Perthes’ disease. The recommendations are intended to support clinical practice in a condition for which there is no robust evidence to guide optimal care.

Aims

A pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial, UK FROzen Shoulder Trial (UK FROST), was conducted in the UK NHS comparing the cost-effectiveness of commonly used treatments for adults with primary frozen shoulder in secondary care.

A Physiotherapist-led Joint Replacement Surgery (JRS) Clinic was pioneered at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) Australia to improve the efficiency of the review process following hip and knee arthroplasty surgery and improve outpatient access to orthopaedic consultation. A credentialed physiotherapist conducted specified post-operative reviews in place of orthopaedic surgeons.

A protocol for the JRS Clinic was developed collaboratively by the Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiotherapy Departments at RMH. The orthopaedic surgeons conducted the initial 6 week post-operative review and the physiotherapist conducted subsequent reviews at 3, 6 and 12 months, and annually thereafter. Routine radiological imaging occurred immediately post-operatively, and at 1 year, 5 years, 10 years and then annually. Radiological credentialing allowed the physiotherapist to assess and manage patients independently. Collocation with the orthopaedic clinic facilitated immediate surgical input when required.

Between October 2009 and January 2011, 156 patients were offered a total of 246 appointments in the JRS clinic. This included 174 primary joint replacements (99 hip and 75 knee), 19 revisions (16 hip and 3 knee), and 3 re-surfaced hips. The attendance rate for the clinic was 82.9%. The physiotherapist discussed 20 cases with the surgeons with only 6 patients requiring transfer back to the Orthopaedic unit for ongoing management. Two of these patients have been wait-listed for revision surgery, 2 are undergoing further investigations and the remaining patients are yet to attend their scheduled review. Four patients declined further follow up in the JRS clinic. There were no adverse outcomes reported and no nursing input for wound issues was required. A patient survey demonstrated high levels of satisfaction with the service particularly related to improved access and time efficiencies.

Physiotherapist-led JRS Clinics in partnership with the Orthopaedic Surgery Department are an efficient and effective alternative model of care for the long term review of patients following arthroplasty surgery. The clinics assist in addressing the growing demand for arthroplasty services by increasing the surgeons’ capacity to manage new referrals.

Aims

The aim of this study is to define a core outcome set (COS) to allow consistency in outcome reporting amongst studies investigating the management of orthopaedic treatment in children with spinal dysraphism (SD).

Background Changes in professional boundaries have allowed many of the tasks traditionally undertaken by doctors to be delegated to Nurses and Allied Health professionals. The employment of an appropriately experienced specialist physiotherapist in orthopaedic clinics in the NHS to triage patients is well established. This paper examines the background, establishment and outcomes of the use of a Physiotherapist Extended Scope Practitioner (ESP) in the Orthopaedic Department at the Royal Hospital Haslar, Gosport.

Method The post at RH Haslar has evolved in the five years since its implementation. All military patients referred to RH Haslar Orthopaedic Department with spinal, predominantly low back, pain are assessed in the Military Spinal Triage Clinic. The Physiotherapist ESP case-manages patients with access to radiological and haematological investigations and onward referral to other specialities as appropriate.

Results In eighteen months 235 new patients have been assessed. Only 25 patients required review by the consultant spinal surgeon, while 5 were referred to non-spinal orthopaedic consultants with shoulder/hip pathology. A total of 18 patients were referred to Pain Clinic and 3 patients to rheumatology.

The results indicate that nearly 90% (n=210) of patients who would previously been reviewed by a consultant spinal surgeon could be managed by a Physiotherapist ESP. The waiting time to spinal surgery has reduced from approximately 8 months to between 6 and 16 weeks.

Conclusions It is concluded that an appropriately trained specialist physiotherapist is clinically and economically appropriate to manage patients in an Orthopaedic Department. This has important implications for optimising patient management and additionally supports the wider clinical employment of senior military physiotherapists.