Introduction

The Department of Health determined that, from April 2011, Trusts would not be paid for emergency readmissions within 30 days of discharge. The purpose of our project was to identify factors associated with such readmissions and implement plans for improvement.

Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) centers are garnering the attention of different arthroplasty surgeons and practices alike. Nonetheless, their value has yet to be proven. Therefore, we evaluated weather PJI centers produce comparable outcomes to the national average of THA PJIs on a national cohort. We performed a retrospective review of patient data available on PearlDiver from 2015 – 2021. PJI THA cases were identified through ICD-10 and CPT codes. Patients treated by 6 fellowship trained arthroplasty surgeons from a PJI center were matched based on age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index and Elixhauser comorbidity index at a 1:1 ratio to patients from the national cohort. Compared outcomes included LOS, ED visits, number of patients readmitted, total readmissions. Sample sized did not allow the evaluation of amputation, fusion or explantation. Normality was tested through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. And comparisons were made with Students t-tests and Chi Square testing. A total of 33,001 THA PJIs and were identified. A total of 77 patients were identified as treated by the PJI center cohort and successfully matched. No differences were noted in regard to age, gender distribution, CCI or ECI (p=1, 1, 1 and 0.9958 respectively). Significant differences were noted in mean LOS (p<0.43), number of patients requiring readmissions (p=0.001) and total number of readmission events (p<0.001). No difference was noted on ED visits. Our study demonstrates that a PJI for THA cases may be beneficial for the national growing trend of arthroplasty volume. Future data, that allows comparison of patient's specific data will allow for further validation of PJI centers and how these can play a role in helping the national PJI growing problem

Aims

Patients with proximal femoral fractures (PFFs) are often multimorbid, thus unplanned readmissions following surgery are common. We therefore aimed to analyze 30-day and one-year readmission rates, reasons for, and factors associated with, readmission risk in a cohort of patients with surgically treated PFFs across Austria.

Autologous bone has been the gold standard for grafting material in foot and ankle arthrodesis. While autograft use has been effective, the harvest procedure does present risks to the patient including readmission, infection, and persistent graft harvest site pain. Previous studies have examined graft harvest site pain, but most have focused on the iliac crest and none have long term follow-up. The purpose of this study was to examine long-term (7–10 year) harvest site pain in subjects undergoing autograft harvest from multiple sites for hindfoot and/or ankle arthrodesis. Sixty (60) subjects underwent hindfoot or ankle arthrodesis supplemented with autograft as part of the control arm of a prospective, randomized trial. The mean subject age was 59.4 years (range, 24.7–76.8) and mean body mass index was 30.6 kg/m2 (range, 22.0–44.0). There were 29 males and 31 female subjects. Subjects had the tibiotalar (37.9%), subtalar (24.1%), talonavicular (10.3%), subtalar/talonavicular (5.1%), or subtalar/calcaneocuboid/talonavicular (22.4%) joints arthrodesed. Autograft was harvested from either the proximal tibia (51.7%), iliac crest (17.2%), calcaneous (15.5%), distal tibia (6.8%), or other location (8.6%). Graft harvest site pain was evaluated using a 100-point visual analog score (VAS), with clinically significant pain being any score greater than 20. Subjects were followed a mean of 9.0 years (range, 7.8–10.5). The percentage of subjects who reported clinically significant pain was 35.7%, 21.4%, 18.2%, 10.5%, 8.9%, and 5.2% at 2, 6, 12, 24, 52 weeks, and final follow-up (7.8–10.5 years), respectively. The mean VAS autograft harvest site pain at final follow-up was 4.4 (range, 0.0–97.0), with 37.9% of subjects reporting at least some pain. For three subjects (5%) with clinically significant pain (VAS >20) at final follow-up, two had proximal tibial harvest sites and one had an iliac crest harvest site. There was no correlation between graft volume and harvest site pain. This study is the first to examine long-term pain following autologous bone graft harvest for hindfoot and/or ankle arthrodesis. Over a third of patients reported having some pain at an average follow-up of nine years, with 5% experiencing clinically significant pain. The results of this study suggest that harvesting autograft bone carries a risk of persistent, long-term pain regardless of the volume of graft that is harvested. This potential for persistent pain should be considered when informing patients of procedure risks and when deciding to use autograft or a bone graft substitute material

Introduction. Patients with FNF may be treated by either total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hemiarthroplasty (HA). Utilizing American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR) data, we aimed to evaluate outcomes in FNF treatment. Methods. Medicare patients with FNF treated with HA or THA reported to the AJRR database from 2012–2019 and CMS claims data from 2012–2017 were analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. “Early” was defined as less than 90 days from index procedure. A logistic regression model, including index arthroplasty, age, sex, stem fixation method, hospital size. 1. , hospital teaching affiliation. 1. , and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), was utilized to determine associations between index procedure and revision rates. Results. Of 75,333 FNF procedures analyzed, 82.2% had HA. 8.4% had cemented fixation. 36.9% had cementless fixation. Fixation was unknown for 41,225 (54.7%) patients. 90-day readmissions rates were 1.3% for both cohorts. Both the early revision rate (0.9% HA vs. 1.3% THA, p<0.0001) as well as the overall revision rate (1.5% HA vs. 2.3% THA, p<0.0001) were higher in the THA cohort. The three most common reasons for any revision were instability (26%), infection (21%), and periprosthetic fracture (15%). Higher rates of any revision were associated with cementless fixation (OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.20–1.57) and increased age (OR=0.96, 95% CI 0.96–0.97). THA and increased age were risk factors for early and any revision for instability. Cementless fixation, female sex, and decreased age were associated with lower revision rates for infection. Conclusion. The most common surgical treatment for FNF reported to the AJRR was cementless stem fixation and hemiarthroplasty. The higher revision rates for FNF treatment with THA warrant further investigation. The use of cemented femoral fixation in this patient population may be under-utilized. These data provide a benchmark of US practice for reference and comparison to other practices throughout US and the world

Aims

No predictive model has been published to forecast operating time for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aims of this study were to design and validate a predictive model to estimate operating time for robotic-assisted TKA based on demographic data, and evaluate the added predictive power of CT scan-based predictors and their impact on the accuracy of the predictive model.

Background. In surgeon controlled bundled payment and service models, the goal is to reduce cost but preserve quality. The surgeon not only takes on risk for the surgery, but all costs during 90 days after the procedure. If savings are achieved over a previous target price, the surgeon can receive a monetary bonus. The surgeon is placed in a position to optimize the patients preoperatively to minimize expensive postoperative readmissions in a high risk population. Traditionally, surgeons request that primary care providers medically clear the patient for surgery with cardiology consultation at their discretion, and without dictating specific testing. Our participation in the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program for total hip and knee replacement surgeries since 1/1/15 has demonstrated a significant number of patients having costly readmissions for cardiac events. Objective. To determine the medical effectiveness and cost savings of instituting a new innovative cardiac screening program (Preventive Cardio-Orthopaedics) for total hip and knee replacement patients in the BPCI program and to compare result to those managed in the more traditional fashion. Methods. The new screening program was instituted on 11/1/17 directed by an advanced cardiac imaging cardiologist (EH). Testing included an electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, carotid and abdominal ultrasound, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). If needed, a 3 day cardiac rhythm monitor was also performed. Four of the ten physicians in our group performing hip and knee replacement surgeries participated. Charts of readmitted patients were reviewed to determine past medical history, method of cardiac clearance, length and cost of readmission. Results. 2,459 patients had total hip or knee replacement in the BPCI program between 1/1/15 and 10/31/17 prior to instituting the new program. All had complete 90 day postoperative readmission data supplied by the CMS, with 25 (1%) of these patients having readmissions for cardiac events for a total cost of readmissions of %149,686. 14 of 25 had a preoperative clearance by a cardiologist. In 19 of the 25 patients, the only preoperative cardiac screening tool performed was an electrocardiogram. Since instituting the new program, 842 additional surgeries were performed, 463 by the four surgeons involved. 126 patients were agreeable to be evaluated through the Preventive Cardio-Orthopaedics program. 4 patients of the four physicians still screened via the traditional cardiac program had a cardiac event readmission. The average readmission hospital stay was 3.33 days at a total cost of %42,321. 2 patients of the four physicians evaluated by the Preventive Cardio-Orthopaedics program had a cardiac related readmission, at an average hospital stay of 2 days, and at a total cost of %10,091. Conclusions. Risk sharing programs have forced surgeons to take a more active role in optimizing their patients medically; otherwise they will be penalized with a decreased reimbursement. Traditionally, we have abdicated this responsibility to primary care and cardiology physicians but have noted a high cardiac readmission risk. In response, we have begun using a unique cardiac screening model. Our preliminary experience predicts fewer cardiac readmissions thereby improving care, and at a lower cost

Background. The Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) was developed by the US Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) to evaluate a payment and service delivery model to reduce cost but preserve quality. 90 day postoperative expenditures are reconciled against a target price, allowing for a monetary bonus to the provider if savings were achieved. The surgeon is placed in a position to optimize the patients preoperatively to minimize expensive postoperative cardiovascular readmissions in a high risk population. Traditionally, surgeons request that primary care providers medically clear the patient for surgery with or without additional cardiology consultation, without dictating specific testing. Typical screening includes an EKG, occasionally an echocardiogram and nuclear stress test, and rarely a cardiac catheterization. Our participation in the BPCI program for total hip and knee replacement surgeries since 1/1/15 has demonstrated a significant number of patients having readmissions for cardiac events. Objective. To determine the medical effectiveness and cost savings of instituting a new innovative cardiac screening program (Preventive Cardio-Orthopaedics) for total hip and knee replacement patients in the BPCI program and to compare result to those managed in the more traditional fashion. Methods. The new screening program was instituted on 11/1/17 directed by an advanced cardiac imaging cardiologist (EH). Testing included an electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, carotid and abdominal ultrasound, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). If needed, a 3 day cardiac rhythm monitor was also performed. Four of the ten physicians in our group performing hip and knee replacement surgeries participated. Charts of readmitted patients were reviewed to determine past medical history, method of cardiac clearance, length and cost of readmission. Results. 1,361 patients had total hip or knee replacement in the BPCI program between 1/1/15 and 1/28/18 and all had complete 90 day postoperative readmission data supplied by the CMS, with 25 of these patients evaluated through the Preventive Cardio- Orthopaedics program. 12 (0.90%) screened via the traditional cardiac program had a cardiac event readmission. The average readmission hospital stay was 3.67 days at a total cost of $69,378. 7 of 12 had a preoperative clearance by a cardiologist. In 9 of the 12 patients, the only preoperative cardiac screening tool performed was an electrocardiogram. None of these 25 patients evaluated through the new program has been readmitted. 84 more patients have been evaluated in this program since 1/28/18, but 90 day readmission data is still incomplete. Preliminary data suggests that the highest risk in these patients is not severe coronary artery disease, but atrial fibrillation, hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiac plaques with ulceration. Conclusions. Risk sharing programs have forced joint replacement surgeons to take a more active role in optimizing their patients medically; otherwise they will be penalized with a decreased reimbursement. Traditionally, we have abdicated this responsibility to primary care and cardiology physicians but have noted a high readmission risk with a cardiac event. In response, we have begun using a unique cardiac screening model. Our preliminary experience predicts fewer cardiac readmissions thereby improving care, and at a lower cost

Introduction. Readmission after Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) or Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) places a great burden on the health care system. As reimbursement systems place increased emphasis on quality measures such as readmission rates, identifying and understanding the most common drivers for readmission becomes increasingly important. Methods. We queried an electronic database for all patients who underwent THA or TKA at our institution from 2006 through 2010. We identified those who were readmitted within 90 days of discharge from the initial admission and set this as our outcome variable. We then reviewed demographic and clinical data such as age, index procedure, length of stay (LOS), readmission diagnosis, co-morbidities and payer group and set these as our variables of interest. We used chi-square tests to characterize and summarize the patient data and logistic regression analyses to predict the relative likelihood of patient readmission based on our control variables. Statistical significance was defined as p <0.05. Results. 6436 patients underwent THA or TKA during the study period. Patients who were readmitted had a significantly higher mean LOS (4.7 days vs. 3.4 days, p <0.0001). Patients with any co-morbid conditions (e.g., CHF, COPD, diabetes, PE, CAD) had higher readmission rates than those with none (18.7% vs. 7.8%, p =0.0002). Adjusting for patient age, sex, race, payer type, and LOS, those with CHF or CAD were more likely to be readmitted compared to those without CHF or CAD (CHF: odds ratio [OR] =1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03–2.84; CAD: [OR] =1.93, 95% CI=1.48–2.53). Conclusions. In our analysis of patients undergoing THA and TKA between 2006 and 2010, we found significant associations between readmission and higher LOS during initial admission and the presence of co-morbidities. Longer than average LOS and the presence of co-morbidities may be early predictors of readmission and warrant further study

Femoral fractures are a common injury in the paediatric population. The purpose of this study was to audit the cost and early outcomes of femur fractures treated at the Starship Childrens Hospital. Forty-eight femur fractures treated between January 1998 and December 2002 were reviewed. 25 fractures were treated by application of an early hip spica, 12 by IM nails and 11 by other methods. Children treated by early hip spica averaged 3.8 years in age. They went to theatre an average of 29.1 hours after admission and had an average length of stay of 3.8 days. In the 30 days after discharge, five patients were readmitted for loss of fracture position. Children treated with IM elastic nails averaged 9.5 years and went to theatre on average 35.1 hours after admission. Their length of stay averaged 8.3 days. Complications in hospital included return to theatre to shorten a wire (1 patient), remanipulation and application of a hip spica (2 patients) and difficulty mobilizing (1 patient). In the first 30 days after discharge, two patients required readmission for further surgery due to prominence of the wire. Children treated with external fixator (7), femoral rod (1) or crossed k-wires (3) averaged 8.7 years in age. They went to theatre on average 58 hours after injury and had an average length of stay of 24 days. Two patients were readmitted with superficial pin-site infections. Most femur fractures are being operated on the next day, however surgery is delayed in some patients. The readmission rate in the first 30 days is significant and is not reduced by operative fixation. Cost containment should focus on ways to reduce the early readmission rate

In the current health care climate, there is an increasing focus on cost savings and resource management. As such, there is an emphasis on decreasing length of stay and performing surgery on an outpatient basis. Consequently, some patients will have unanticipated intra-operative or post-operative adverse events that will necessitate an unplanned post-operative hospital admission or a readmission after discharge. These unplanned admissions or readmissions represent an increased burden on health care systems and can cause cancellation of other scheduled procedures. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether pre-operative patient risk factors or intra-operative events could predict unplanned admission or readmission following discharge in patients undergoing either elective or emergency foot and ankle surgery. Data was prospectively collected on a total of 889 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: patients without readmissions (N=791) and patients who had an unplanned admission or readmission (N=98). We also collected and analysed the following variables: age, gender, BMI, diabetes, ASA class, surgery start time, length of surgery, regional vs. general anesthetic, elective vs. trauma surgery and type of procedure. Logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors that could independently predict unplanned admissions or readmissions to hospital following foot and ankle surgery. Factors that could be used to independently predict readmission were length of surgery (p 0.0154, Odds Ratio 1.004) and trauma surgery (0.0167; 1.978). For every 1-hour increase in length of surgery, the odds of unplanned admission/readmission increase by 1.27 times. The odds of patients undergoing surgery for acute traumatic injuries getting readmitted are 1.978 times higher than for elective surgery patients. In conclusion, our study showed that pre-operative patient risk factors including BMI, diabetes, and ASA status were unable to predict whether patients would have an unplanned admission or readmission. The two factors that were able to predict whether patients would have an unplanned admission or readmission were length of the procedure and trauma surgery – both of which are not readily modifiable. Our results showed that in spite of institutional measures to ensure timely discharge, only 11% of patients required an unplanned admission or readmission

Aims

COVID-19 represents one of the greatest global healthcare challenges in a generation. Orthopaedic departments within the UK have shifted care to manage trauma in ways that minimize exposure to COVID-19. As the incidence of COVID-19 decreases, we explore the impact and risk factors of COVID-19 on patient outcomes within our department.

Boys affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) often develop significant scoliosis in the second decade of life and require scoliosis surgery. Our aim was to establish whether cardiac MRI (CMR) improves the preoperative risk assessment in DMD patients and evaluate the current risk of surgery. Case records were retrospectively reviewed for 62 consecutive DMD boys who underwent pre-surgical evaluation at a single tertiary neuromuscular centre between 2008–2013. 62 DMD patients aged 7–18 years underwent pre-operative assessment for a total of 70 procedures (45 spinal, 19 foot, 6 gastrostomy). Echocardiography data were available for 68 procedures. Echo revealed a median left ventricular (LV) shortening fraction (SF) of 29% (range: 7–44). 34% of boys (23/68) had abnormal SF <25%, 48% (31/65) showed dyskinesia and 22% (14/64) had LV dilatation. CMR was routinely performed on 35 patients. Of those who underwent CMR, median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 52% (range: 27–67%), 71% of boys (25/35) had dyskinesia. Echocardiography shortening fraction (SF) correlated significantly with CMR LVEF (r. s. = 0.67; p<0.001). Increasing severity of dyskinesia on CMR correlated with reduced CMR LVEF (r. s. = −0.64; p<0.001) and reduced echo SF (r. s. = −0.47; p = 0.004). Although functional echocardiography and CMR data tended to correlate in 35 DMD boys who underwent both imaging modalities nine (26%) had discrepant results. Seven (20%) had evidence of dysfunction on CMR (LVEF < 55%) not detected on echocardiography (SF ≥ 27%); in two cases echocardiogram measured worse function than CMR. Based on multi-disciplinary risk assessment, surgery was considered too high risk in 23 out of 67 (34%) cases. In 21 cases (91%) this was due to underlying cardiomyopathy. The highest risk among older boys assessed for spinal surgery; 21 out of 43 (49%). Of 19 boys undergoing spinal surgery, six (32%) experienced complications: two wound infections; three patients required readmission to intensive care; one patient died in the post-operative period with acute heart failure

Background: Independent Sector Treatment Centres (ISTC) are now providing significant volumes of elective orthopaedic care in the UK. They have been the subject of considerable publicity. The ISTC in Plymouth was the first newly built orthopaedic centre to open. This paper describes the methods of working and analyses the early results of nearly a thousand joint replacements implanted between May 2005 and April 2006. It is the first set of such results to be become available. Methods: Data on each case was collected prospectively and entered into a database. This included demographic information, surgical and implant data, blood loss and transfusion requirements, length of stay, patient satisfaction, readmission rate, complications and mortality. One hundred consecutive postoperative hip replacement x-rays were scored by an independent orthopaedic surgeon. The alignment of one hundred consecutive postoperative knee x-rays was evaluated by long leg views. Comparison is made to published UK and international data. Results: Ongoing. Conclusion: Ongoing

Background. There is minimal published data regarding the long-term functional outcome in pyogenic spinal infection. Previous studies have used heterogeneous, unreliable and non-validated measure instruments, or neurological outcome alone, yielding data that is difficult to interpret. We aim to assess long-term adverse outcome using standardised measures, Oswestry disability index (ODI) and MOS short form-36 (SF-36). Methods. All cases of pyogenic spinal infection presenting to a single institution managed operatively and non-operatively from 1994-2004 were retrospectively identified. Follow-up was by clinical review and standardised questionnaires. Inclusion in each case was on the basis of consistent clinical, imaging and microbiology criteria. Results. Twenty-nine cases of pyogenic spinal infection were identified. Twenty-eight percent were managed operatively and 72% with antibiotic therapy alone. Nineteen patients (66%) had an adverse outcome at a median follow-up of 61 months, despite only 5 patients (17%) having persistent neurological deficit. A significant difference in SF-36 PF (physical function) scores was observed between patients with adverse outcome and patients who recovered (p=0.003). SF-36 scores of all patients, regardless of management or outcome, failed to reach those of a normative population. A strong correlation was observed between ODI and SF-36 PF scores (rho=0.61, p<0.05). Seventeen percent (n=5) of admissions resulted in acute sepsis-related death. Subgroup analysis revealed delay in diagnosis of spinal infection (p=0.025) and neurological impairment at diagnosis (p<0.001) to be significant predictors of neurological deficit at follow-up. Previous spinal surgery was associated with adverse outcome in patients requiring readmission within 1 year of hospital discharge following first spinal infection (p=0.018). No independent predictors of adverse outcome, persistent neurological impairment, readmission within 1 year or acute death were identified by logistical regression analysis. Conclusions. High rates of adverse outcome detected using SF-36 and ODI suggest under-reporting of poor outcome when ASIA score alone is used to qualify outcome

There is little published data concerning long-term outcome in pyogenic spinal infection. Previous studies have used either neurological outcome in isolation, or non-validated quality of life measure instruments yielding data that is difficult to interpret. To assess long-term outcome following pyogenic spinal infection through standardised outcome measures, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were utilised. All cases of pyogenic spinal infection presenting to a single institution over the period 1993–2003 were retrospectively identified. Inclusion in each case was based on consistent clinical, imaging and microbiology criteria. The follow-up was by clinical review, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification, ODI and SF-36. The outcome was compared to normative data for the Irish population. Twenty-nine cases of pyogenic spinal infection were identified. Nineteen patients (66%) had an adverse outcome at a median follow-up of 61 months, despite only 5 patients (17%) who had persistent neurological deficit according to ASIA classification. A significant difference in SF-36 PF (physical function) scores was observed between patients with adverse outcome and those who recovered (p=0.003). SF-36 scores failed to reach those of a normative population, even after apparent full recovery. A strong correlation was observed between ODI and SF-36 Physical Function scores (rho=0.61, p< 0.05). Seventeen percent (n= 5) of admissions resulted in acute sepsis-related death. Delay in diagnosis of spinal infection (p= 0.025) and neurological impairment at diagnosis (p< 0.001) were associated with neurological deficit at follow-up examination. Previous spinal surgery was a significant predictor of adverse outcome in patients requiring readmission < 1 year (p= 0.018). The finding of high rates of adverse outcome and using SF-36 and ODI suggests under-reporting of poor outcome in other series. We advocate use of validated standardised spinal outcome questionnaires to accurately assess long-term outcome and facilitate comparison between case series

Background: Several hospitals within the NHS now run specialist teams that look after assisted discharge plans for patients following elective surgeries. Joint replacements form a significant segment of elective majors in orthopaedics. In the second half of the last year alone, the National Joint Registry estimated that there were over 100,000 joint replacements carried out within England and Wales. Such schemes are designed to: 1. Enable patients to be discharged to their home as quickly and safely as possible, to maximise recovery and rehabilitation. 2. Ensure the most effective use of acute orthopaedic beds. 3. Reduce risks of hospital acquired infection 4. Streamline inpatient care so as to positively impact upon inpatient and outpatient waiting times. There is scarce information available about the experience of NHS hospitals with such schemes. Aims And Objectives: 1. Investigate patient expectations of and satisfaction with discharge planning on the early discharge scheme. 2. Assess areas of concern to the patient and difficulties encountered by the patient in the home environment. 3. Improve our understanding of patient requirements, functional recovery and planning of discharge. 4. Investigate whether our lengths of stay compare with others in the NHS/literature and what factors are influencing the figures. 5. Investigate overall success of the scheme. Patient And Methods: The study identified 100 consecutive patients who have had joint replacement surgery after August 2003 and have been discharged under the scheme. A Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire was used and the patients completed different sections at discharge and then at about six. Notes were reviewed for any complications or problems. Conclusions: The scheme to discharge patients early is highly successful and well received by staff and patients. All consultants now use the service and the initial aims have been met, saving approximately 335 bed days in the first six months. The average inpatient stay has been reduced by half in the last 18 months. 98% of patients stated that the scheme met their needs. The majority of comments were positive. Only two patients needed readmission within the first fortnight from discharge, one with a dislocated hip and the other was a knee with wound infection. There were two complaints, which were deemed serious enough for a mention