Aims

Medical comorbidities are a critical factor in the decision-making process for operative management and risk-stratification. The Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCC) risk adjustment model is a powerful measure of illness severity for patients treated by surgeons. The HCC is utilized by Medicare to predict medical expenditure risk and to reimburse physicians accordingly. HCC weighs comorbidities differently to calculate risk. This study determines the prevalence of medical comorbidities and the average HCC score in Medicare patients being evaluated by neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeon, as well as a subset of academic spine surgeons within both specialities, in the USA.

Introduction. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are increasingly recognized as a common anatomical variant and is the most common congenital anomaly of the lumbosacral spine. Patients can have symptomatic LSTV, known as Bertolotti's Syndrome, where transitional anatomy can cause back, L5 distribution leg, hip, and groin pain. We propose an outline for diagnosis and treatment of Bertolotti's Syndrome. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed over 500 patients presenting to the primary author with low back, buttock, hip, groin and/or leg pain from April 2009 through April 2024. Patients with radiographic findings of an LSTV and clinical presentation underwent diagnostic injections to confirm diagnosis of Bertolotti's syndrome. Treatment was determined based on patient's LSTV classification. 157 patients with confirmed Bertolotti's syndrome underwent surgical treatment. Results. Over 500 patients presented with an appropriate clinical presentation and radiographic findings of an LSTV. Diagnostic injections were targeted into the transitional anatomy confirming the LSTV as the primary pain generator to make the diagnosis of Bertolotti's syndrome. The decision in the type of surgical intervention, resection or fusion, was made based on patient's LSTV anatomy. 157 patients with confirmed Bertolotti's Syndrome underwent surgical treatment (121 fusions (77%), 36 resections (23%)). The classification system and surgical outcomes, in part, have been previously published in World Neurosurgery. Conclusion. We have outlined the best practice of diagnosis and treatment selection for Bertolotti's syndrome. We have shown significant improvement in outcomes based on this method. We hope to aid in both patient education and provide an outline on how clinicians can become knowledgeable on Bertolotti's syndrome. Conflicts of interest. No conflicts of interest. Sources of funding. No funding obtained

Objective. Guidelines published by the British Association of Spine Surgeons (BASS) and Society of British Neurological Surgeons (SBNS) recommend urgent MRI imaging and intervention in individuals suspected of having CES. The need for an evidence based protocol is driven by a lack of 24/7 MRI services and centralisation of neurosurgery to tertiary centres, compounded by CES's significant medico-legal implications. We conducted an audit to evaluate the pathway for suspected CES in BCUHB West between 2018 and 2021. Methods. A retrospective audit of patients managed for suspected CES between 01/11/2018 and 01/05/2021 was performed, using the SBNS/BASS guidelines as the standard. Results. A total of 252 patients received an emergency MRI for suspected CES between 2018 and 2021. 99% of patients were scanned in compliance with SBNS/BASS standards. Radiological evidence of CES was found in 18% of patients. 33% of emergency scans were performed by out-of-hours services. 4% of patients had repeated scans within the same 6-month period. The majority of referrals originated from Orthopaedics surgeons (78%), or staff in the Emergency Department (8%). 92% of ambulatory patients were not admitted to hospital. During the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, referrals increased from 2.5 to 3.5 per week. Conclusion. SBNS/BASS standards were largely met, avoiding life changing disability and medico-legal consequences. The department should continue to follow SBNS/BASS guidance on the management of individuals with suspected CES. Challenges regarding the use of repeated scans should be addressed to avoid unnecessary costs. Introduction of new early recognition guidelines and Same Day Emergency Care (SDEC) has likely driven an increase in suspected CES referrals, and subsequent MRI demand. This audit should be utilised as an ongoing tool to ensure best practice continues, and to implement simple measures which may improve compliance with the pathway

Introduction: Referrals for Low Back Pain (LBP) are common and many patients appear to see more than one specialist. In one acute trust, a dedicated Spinal Assessment Clinic (SAC) run by nurse practitioners was developed. Objective: To determine patterns of referral for LBP from primary to secondary care. Method: All new referrals to the hospital for LBP in an index period June–November 1998 were included. Consultations for these patients in the preceding six months and the subsequent two years were studied. Results: A total of 801 patients were referred in the audit period. The patients were seen in the SAC 75%, orthopaedics 5.5%, rheumatology 4.5%, neurosurgery 12% and the pain clinic 4%. Onward referrals made after the initial appointment from the SAC 4.9%, from orthopaedics 26.7%, from rheumatology 8.6%, from neurosurgery 33.7% and from the pain clinic 10.3%. Subsequent repeat referrals made by the GP occurred in 3.7%of patients initially seen in the SAC, 11.1% from orthopaedics, 2.9% from Rheumatology, 3.2% from Neurosurgery and 17.2% from the pain clinic. The average wait in days for a first appointment was SAC 42, orthopaedics 103, Rheumatology 82, Neurosurgery 78 and pain clinic 77. Conclusion: The SAC offers a shorter wait for patients and an extremely low “churn” rate, implying high rates of satisfaction in patients and GP’s. The wait for other specialities is longer, and in orthopaedics and neurosurgery the re-referral rate is almost one third. Referral procedures to secondary care might need to be streamlined for more efficiency

Nowadays, foot switches are used in almost every operating theatre to support the interaction with medical devices. Foot switches are especially used to release risk-sensitive functions of e.g. the drilling device, the high-frequency device or the X-ray C-arm. In general, the use of foot switches facilitates the work, since they enable the surgeon to use both hands exclusively for the manipulation within the operation procedures. Due to the increasing number of (complex) devices controlled by foot switches, the surgeons face a variety of challenges regarding usability and safety of these human-machine-interfaces. In the future, the approach of integrated medical devices in the OR on the basis of the open communication standard IEEE 11073 gives the opportunity to provide a central surgical cockpit with a universal foot switch for the surgeon, enabling the interaction with various devices different manufacturers. In the framework of the ongoing OR.NET initiative founded on the basis of the OR.NET research project (2012–2016) a novel concept for a universal foot switch (within the framework of a surgical workstation) has been developed in order to optimise the intraoperative workflow for the OR-personnel. Here, we developed three wireless functional models of a universal foot switch together with a standardised modular interface for visual feedback via a central surgical cockpit display. Within the development of our latest foot switch, the requirements have been inter alia to provide adequate functionalities to cover the needs for the interventions in the medical disciplines orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery and ENT. The evaluation has been conducted within an interaction-centered usability analysis with surgeons from orthopaedics, neurosurgery and ENT. By using the Thinking Aloud technique in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment the usability criteria effectiveness, learnability and user satisfaction have been analysed. Regarding learnability 83.25% of the subjects stated that the usage of the universal foot switch is easy to learn. An average of 77,2% of users rated the usability of the universal foot switch between good and excellent on the SUS scale. The intuitiveness of the graphical user interface has been approved with 91.75% and the controllability with 83.25%. Finally, 86% of the subjects stated a high user satisfaction

Spondylolisthesis is common recognized spine pathology. A lot of studies targeted spondylolisthesis in the recent years, few of which have made a major influential impact on the clinical practice. To the extent our knowledge this is the first study to highlight and analyze the top 100 cited articles on spondylolisthesis through a systematic search strategy used previously in published studies in different medical specialty. The aim of this study is to identify the most cited studies on spondylolisthesis and report their impact in spine field. Thomson Reuters Web of Science-Science Citation Index Expanded was searched using title-specific search “spondylolisthesis”. All studies published in English language between 1900 and 2019 were included with no restrictions. The top 100 cited articles were identified using “Times cited” arranging articles from high to low according to citation count. Further analysis was made to obtain the following items: Article title, author's name and specialty, country of origin, institution, journal of publication, year of publication, citations number, study design. The citation count of the top 100 articles ranged from 69 to 584. All published between 1950 – 2016. Among 20 journals, Spine had the highest number of articles 47, with citation number of 5964 out of 13644. Second ranked was Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery with 16 articles and a total citation of 3187. In respect to the primary author's specialty, Orthopedic surgeons contributed to the majority of top 100 list with 82 articles, Neurosurgery was the second specialty with 10 articles. United states had produced more than half of the list by 59 articles. England was the second country with 7 articles. Surgical management of lumbar spondylolisthesis was the most common discussed topic. This article identifies the top 100 influential papers on spondylolisthesis and recognizes an important aspect of knowledge evolution served by leading researchers as they guide today's clinical decision making in spondylolisthesis

Review the complications reporting in 4 prominent spinal journals over the last decade. Computerised search of the Medline database and hand search was undertaken to evaluate the complication reporting in 4 spinal journals (Spine, European Spine Journal, Journal of Neurosurgery Spine and Journal of Bone and joint surgery) from 2000 to 2009. The articles were divided based on the level of NICE evidence classification A to D. A total of 88 articles reported spinal complications. Of these 5.9% was level B, 8.8% was level C and 85.3% was level D. There were no RCT's reported relating to complications (Level A) and majority of complications were case reports or expert opinions (level D). For the proportion of level D the rank order of the journals was; Spine (4.8%), European spine journal (3.8%), Journal of neurosurgery spine (5.1%) and Journal of bone and joint surgery was (1.8%). There was no increase in the rate of reporting over the decade. A detailed discussion of the reporting will be presented. Papers focusing primarily on complications and its management are still not the focus in most surgical journals. This review over the last 10 years confirms that only rare and uncommon complications are reported in the form of case reports. Meta analysis or case series of complication is rarely reported. More focus must be emphasised on reporting mortality and morbidity for education

Objective: To study the long term operative and non-operative outcome in patients with diastematomyelia (DM). Design: A prospectively acquired database of all spinal patients seen jointly by the senior authors (JKW, JLF), was searched for patients with DM. Their notes and the database were then reviewed. Subjects: Thirty-six patients were identified; twenty-one (58%) had associated scoliosis. There were 60 associated abnormalities in the 36 patients, most common being ten (27%) with leg length inequality. Twelve patients (33%) had no radiological bony abnormality. Twenty-four (66%) had neurosurgery, eleven (31%) untethering of filum alone and eleven (31%) with removal of a spur and closure of the DM as well. Nineteen (53%) underwent some sort of neuraxial shortening scoliosis correction/surgery. Twenty-eight (78%) were deemed to have a normal/independent neurological outcome, seventeen (61%) having neurosurgery and twelve (43%) scoliosis surgery. Conclusions: Patients with DM have been followed up for many years. Good neurological outcomes can be anticipated in cases with untethering and with scoliosis correction alone. This series raises the question as to whether any unthethering procedure is necessary in these cases when neuraxial shortening is carried out for scoliosis cases

Summary Statement. With increasing emphasis on evidence-based medicine in healthcare, there is global increase in proportion of Level-1 and -2 articles in PUBMED. This study shows the trend of orthopaedic publications from different countries in comparison to other specialties. Introduction. New medical knowledge is expected to improve health through change in existing practices. Articles need to convince readers of the validity of conclusions in order to bring about a change in practice. The last few decades have witnessed an increasing interest in critical appraisal of research aimed at assessing the ‘quality’ of evidence, a trend towards ‘Evidence Based Medicine’. Whether orthopaedic publications are also becoming more evidence-based has hitherto not been reported. This study aimed to compare the trend of publications originating from orthopaedic services versus other specialties, across different countries, with respect to major categories of levels of evidence. Methods. PUBMED was used to collect data on yearly publication of articles, categorised by country, specialty (from author address) and article category (Guideline, Review, Case Report, Comparative Study, Clinical Trial and Meta-Analysis). Results. PUBMED shows 20,572,125 articles published between 1900 and 2010. Of these, 64% were published within the quarter century 1986–2010. Publication type was specified in 25% of articles, of which 8% were review articles, 7% each were case reports and comparative studies while 3% were clinical trials. The top ten countries from which articles originated were US, UK, Japan, Germany, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, Netherlands and Sweden. Comparing the decade of 1990s with 2000s, the number of meta-analyses showed greatest increase from Australia, Japan, Germany, UK and Italy (9.5x-6.1x). When comparing types of articles between the beginning and end of the quarter century, the proportion of clinical trials increased by 2x, guidelines by 5x and meta-analyses/systematic reviews by 28x. There were 121,859 articles from orthopaedic departments/institutes (0.6% of all articles). There was a consistent increase in the proportion of orthopaedic publications from 0.5% to 1.1% over the quarter century; this 231% increase was lower than vascular, cardiothoracic and paediatric surgery but greater than urology, neurosurgery, otolaryngology and obstetrics/gynecology. Among the different types of publications, in orthopaedics the greatest increase between the decades of 1990s and 2000s was in meta-analyses (8.5x) followed by guidelines (5.4x). This increase in number of meta-analyses was higher than other surgical specialties except cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, both of which showed a 13x increase. Among the meta-analyses from surgical specialties, the proportion from orthopaedics and vascular surgery was increasing consistently, with the former now contributing to 13% of all meta-analyses. In comparison, increase in number of clinical trials has been relatively modest for orthopaedics (2.4x), being lower than vascular surgery (3.3x), plastic surgery (2.8x) and neurosurgery (2.6x). Dicussion/Conclusion. The proportion of clinical trials and guidelines was increasing in a linear fashion in the last 25 years, while the proportion of meta-analyses/systematic reviews was increasing logarithmically. Among European countries, Germany, UK and Italy contributed to the highest number of meta-analyses. Publications from orthopaedic departments showed an overall intermediate rate of increase, but meta-analyses/systematic reviews showed a consistently higher increase compared to other surgical specialties. This analysis shows the trend of orthopaedic evidence in published literature and may be used as a guide to future country-specific research directions in the discipline of orthopaedics

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the learning curve of spinal internal fixation with pedicle screws of a spinal fellow (AG) with no previous experience with the technique, during a 2-year fellowship at a referral spinal surgery centre in Australia. Methods: Patients treated with pedicle screw (PS) placement by the spinal fellow under the supervision of the attending orthopaedic or neurosurgery consultant were included in this study. Postoperative plain x-rays and, in some cases, computed tomography scans (CT scans) were obtained. PS position was assessed by two blinded independent reviewers, one radiologist (observer 1) and one spinal surgeon (observer 2), using a grading scale. PS placed by the attending consultants were included in the evaluation as distractors. The screws were classified using a grading scale in 3 groups: Correct, Border-line, and Incorrect. After assessment, the PS were rearranged in groups of 40 screws, in chronological order, for comparison and assessment of the progress in the learning curve. Results: 94 patients underwent internal fixation of the spine from upper thoracic to the sacral region with PS (584 screws in total) between February 2006 and December 2007. Eight cases (40 screws) were excluded because of lack of image studies or severe spinal deformities. Among the 544 screws under evaluation, 320 (58.8%) were performed by the spinal surgery fellow, 187 (34.4%) by the attending consultant and 37 (6.8%) by orthopaedic and neurosurgery registrars, the latter evaluated but excluded for the statistical analysis. The overall precision for the 507 screws analysed was 84.2% according to observer 1 and 77.9 % according to observer 2. When the analysis was narrowed down to the 320 screws done by the fellow, this precision increased to 84.7% for observer 1 and decreased to 76.6% according to observer 2. A learning curve was created consisting of 8 groups of 40 screws in chronological order. There was a statistical significance (p< 0.05) in the rate of Incorrect and Border-line PS when comparing the first 100 PS with the rest of the series. None of the patients (included and excluded) developed neurological complications because of the misplaced PS. Discussion: The findings reveal a learning curve of PS placement. In this series, the inflexion point in the learning curve for this technique was between 80 and 120 screws, which in the present series represented the spinal fellow intervention in 20 to 30 cases. After approximately 150 PS no significant changes can be observed: the learning curve remains stable, with a constant decreasing trend. With appropriate expert supervision the fellowship training system is a safe and appropriate method to learn this technique

Computer-aided surgery (CAS) aims not to replace the surgeon but to assist him in difficult areas. The cost of the system means it has to produce markedly improved clinical results. CAS gained acceptance in neurosurgery. In knee surgery, CAS has improved the accuracy of tibiofemoral alignment and bone cuts. It has also helped deal with problems such as soft tissue balancing. This report of our experiences looks at intra-articular and extra-articular forces around the knee, the use of spacer blocks, surgical techniques and results

Patients with peripheral primary bone tumours are often identified and referred at an early stage to a regional tumour service according to established guidelines. In patients with primary bone tumours of the spine, however, the definitive management or outcome of such patients is being prejudiced by preliminary intervention from non-specialist services prior to their referral. Objective: To audit the standards of management of patients with primary bone tumours of the spine referred to a regional tumour service. Retrospective review of case notes and radiology. Subjects: Patients with primary bone tumour of the spine managed at the Orthopaedic Spine Unit with the Regional Bone Tumour Service in Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust. Referral to tumour service, prior intervention, operative treatment, survival, factors affecting definitive management. 31 of 39 (16 benign, 23 malignant) patients were initially referred from primary care to services other than the regional tumour service, most commonly neurosurgery (11/39) and paediatric oncology (4/39). Seven of 39 of these patients had undergone interventions prior to their referral to the tumour service, which may have negatively impacted their definitive management or curative surgery. These tumours present complex issues regarding their definitive management to optimise outcome. Closer links between departments are required to enable the multidisciplinary management of primary bone tumours of the spine. Prior surgical intervention may compromise cure. Those involved in their management should be encouraged to liaise with their regional bone tumour service to improve outcome

Aims

Gram-negative infections are associated with comorbid patients, but outcomes are less well understood. This study reviewed diagnosis, management, and treatment for a cohort treated in a tertiary spinal centre.

INTRODUCTION. We conducted a review of the Leeds Regional Bone Tumour Registry for primary bone tumours of the spine since establishment in 1958 until year 2000. AIM. To analyze the incidence of primary tumours of the spine and to record the site of occurrence, sex distribution, survival and pathology of these tumours. Summary of the Background Data. Primary tumours of the spine are particularly rare, accounting for between 4% and 13% of published series of primary bone tumours. METHOD. The Leeds Bone Tumour Registry was reviewed and a total of 2750 cases of bone tumours and tumour-like cases were analyzed. Consultants in orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, oncology and pathology in North and West Yorkshire and Humberside contribute to the Registry. RESULTS. Primary bone tumours of the osseous spine constitute only 126 of the 2,750 cases (4.6%). Chordoma was the most frequent tumour in the cervical and sacral regions, while the most common diagnosis overall was multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma. Osteosarcoma ranked third. The mean age of presentation was 42 years and pain was the most common presenting symptom, occurring in 95% of malignant and 76% of benign tumours. Neurological involvement occurred in 52% of malignant tumours and usually meant a poor prognosis,. CONCLUSIONS. The establishment of Bone Tumour Registries is the only way that sufficient data on large numbers of these rare tumours can be accumulated to provide a valuable and otherwise unavailable source of information for research, education and clinical follow-up

Purpose: We conducted a review of the Leeds Regional Bone Tumour Registry for primary bone tumours of the axial skeleton since establishment in 1958 until year 2000 to analyze the incidence of primary tumours of the axial skeleton and to record their site of occurrence, sex distribution, survival and pathology. Method: Primary tumours of the axial skeleton are particularly rare, accounting for between 4% and 13% of published series of primary bone tumours. The Leeds Bone Tumour Registry was reviewed and a total of 2750 cases of bone tumours and tumour-like cases were analyzed. Consultants in orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, oncology and pathology in North and West Yorkshire and Humberside contribute to the Registry. Results: Primary bone tumours of the axial skeleton constitute only 126 of the 2,750 cases (4.6%). Chordoma was the most frequent tumour in the cervical and sacral regions, while the most common diagnosis overall was myeloma. Osteosarcoma ranked third. Mean age of presentation was 42 years. Pain was the most common presenting symptom, occurring in 95% of malignant and 76% of benign tumours. Neurological involvement occurred in 52% of malignant tumours and usually meant a poor prognosis,. Conclusions: The establishment of Bone Tumour Registries is the only way that sufficient data on large numbers of these rare tumours can be accumulated to provide a valuable and otherwise unavailable source of information for research, education and clinical follow-up

We studied the long term outcome, using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), on patients who were managed at our institution between February, 1997, and August, 2004, with a diagnosis of a primary spinal infection, excluding TB or post-operative infection. Patients were identified from databases held within the Departments of Radiology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Neurosurgery and Microbiology. This identified 98 adult patients who fulfilled our inclusion criteria, of who ODIs were calculated on 66, with a mean follow-up of 5 years. There were initially 53 male and 45 female patients with a mean age of 60 years (range 21 0 86) at presentation and symptoms had been present on average for 72 days prior to admission. Back pain was the predominant symptom in 59 and neuropathy in 43. Our figures would suggest a mush higher incidence of primary spinal infection than previously quoted. 75% had significant co-morbidities and 85% of patients under 40 years of age were IV drug users. The causative organisms and their effect were noted. Admission WCC (mean 11.5 ± 8.6) and CRP (mean 128 ± 48) were obtained in the majority of patients (97/98 & 94/98). For those patients who were still available to f/u, the mean ODI was 32 ± 25

NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde has six hospitals that provide an inpatient trauma service, but only two have facilities to receive patients by helicopter. The Southern General Hospital contains regional Neurosurgical and Spinal Injuries services and attracts the majority of major trauma delivered by helicopter. This study explores the impact that Emergency Medical Retrieval (EMRS) and Air Ambulance services have on the Trauma & Orthopaedic department at our Hospital. We examined the period 1. st. January 2010 to 31. st. December 2010 identifying Trauma & Orthopaedic admissions brought to our hospital by the Emergency Medical Retrieval and Air Ambulance services. These patients were identified from records kept by our Trauma Nurse Practitioner and an additional search of the hospital admissions database. Details of the admissions were extracted from this database, clinical records and various electronic patient records. Patients admitted to other departments were excluded from the study. 48 admissions (30 male, 18 female) were identified. Age ranged from 16-87 years. 16 patients had multiple injuries. 8 required High-Dependency or Intensive Care admission and there was 1 death in our cohort. 21 patients required surgery. In total, these patients required approximately 52.5 hours of operative time. These patients accounted for 373 inpatient days with an average hospital stay of 7.7 days (1-36 days). In addition, 25 patients have required a total of 35 outpatient appointments to date. This study quantifies the significant impact on inpatient and outpatient Trauma & Orthopaedic services from helicopter derived admissions. Some patients admitted under Neurosurgery and Spinal Injuries also undergo surgery, but were not included in the study, representing an additional workload. We believe this study supports an argument for additional investment in this growing trauma service, especially given the recent expansion of EMRS to cover the whole of Scotland

Purpose of the study: Diastematomyelia is a rare spinal cord malformation defined as the presence of two separate spinal cords separated or not by an osseous, cartilaginous, or fibrous septum. Spinal malformations are almost always associated, raising difficult therapeutic challenges. Material and method: We report three cases of congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with diastematomyelia in three girls aged 12, 14 and 15 years. The diastematomyelia was dorsal in one case, thoracolumbar in one and lumbar in the third. For all three patients, the indication for surgery was progression of the scoliosis with development of neurological signs of recent progressive aggravation. Preoperative distraction with a plaster cast was pursued for several months prior to posterior instrumentation. No attempt was made to correct the cord malformation nor achieve major correction of the spinal malformation. The instrumentation bridged the thoracolumbar scoliosis in one case and stopped above the malformation in the two others. Results: The postoperative period was uneventful. There were no neurological complications. Preoperative neurological signs improved after surgery. Control radiographs showed an improvement in the deformity. At mean 6 years follow-up, these patients were not bothered in their everyday life. They had stable deformities which a globally balanced trunk. There were no signs of neurological evolution. Discussion: The therapeutic strategy for diastematomyelia remains a subject of debate. For some authors, the spinal cord should be released systematically which for the majority, this is not necessary except if spinal distraction is planned or if there is a neurological problem. If there is an indication for spinal cord release, any spurs must be removed followed by the necessary dura mater plasty. In our three patients, and in agreement with the neurosurgery team, there was no need for neurosurgical release. The recent development of neurological deficits was explained by the important kyphosis rather by the intramedullary anomaly. Our therapeutic strategy thus focused on treatment of the scoliosis. This enabled us to stabilise the spine, protecting these patients from worsening neurological involvement and enabling good functional outcome. The zone of the malformation was not instrumented in all cases because the posterior arcs were deformed, but also to avoid compromising any future neurosurgical intervention

To determine the current practice and to review the literature regarding administration of high dose Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Administration of high dose Methylprednisolone for Acute Spinal Cord Injury has been widely practised following the publication of the three National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS). NASCIS recommends a bolus intravenous dose of 30mg/kg of Methylprednisolone in 15 minutes, followed by a 45 min pause and then followed by a maintenance dose of 5.4 mg / kg / hr for 23 hours. This regime has been recommended by the Advanced Trauma Life Support. The Cochrane reviews also extol the three NASCIS randomised controlled trials. The mechanism of neuroprotection by Methylprednisolone is based on its inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Three hundred questionnaires were sent to Consultants practising Spinal surgery, Neurosurgery and Accident & Emergency to determine the popular thought regarding the use of Methylprednisolone for Acute SCI. A thorough review of current medical literature was also performed. The literature search showed contradictory evidence regarding the use of high dose Methylprednisolone. The current popular thought, the diversity of responses between the three groups, the results of the 3 NASCIS trials and a recent review of literature is presented

Introduction: Trabecular Metal (Tantalum) has been successfully used in Neurosurgery for many years. Acetabular components have only been available in the UK since 2004. The metal’s properties of porosity and a high friction coefficient are attractive, particularly in complex primary and revision hip arthroplasty when surgical challenges include abnormal, deficient or limited bone. Methods: Two year results of 110 consecutive acetabular reconstructions are presented. The age range was between 27 and 95 years with a predominance of females. The indication in 75 primary hip replacements included, Destructive Osteoarthritis, Dysplasia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Paget’s and AVN. 35 revisions were performed either two-component or single acetabular exchanges. Clinical results have been obtained using the Merle d’Aubigne score and bone deficiencies were classified according to the AAOS system. Results: There have been no failures and radiologically, serial X-rays demonstrate osseo-integration at an early stage. We have had no cases of deep infection but there have been 3 femoral peri-prosthetic fractures, (1 late) and 2 dislocations. All patients have been allowed early weight bearing and those patients with over 12 months follow up have an improved Merle d’Aubigne score. Discussion: The biomechanical properties of Trabecular metal and a modular design permit a press fit technique supplemented by dome screws combined with the possibility of using varying sizes of liner to minimise dislocation or to retain well fixed femoral stems in revision surgery. The ease of use of the implant has now led to us largely abandoning other reconstructive techniques such as impaction allo-grafting or cages in revision or complex primary hip surgery. We consider Trabecular metal to be a major advance in acetabular reconstruction on the basis of our initial experience