Hip instability is one of the most common complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Among the possible techniques to treat and prevent hip dislocation, the use of constrained liners is a well-established option. However, there is concern regarding the longevity of these devices due to higher mechanical stress caused by limited hip motion. The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the failure rate of a specific constrained liner in a series of consecutive cases. This study is a retrospective consecutive case series of THA and revision hip arthroplasty (RHA), in which a constrained polyethylene insert was used to treat or prevent hip instability. Patients were divided in 3 different groups (THA for hip fracture, THA for osteoarthrosis, and RHA). Survival analysis was performed for failure, defined as at least one episode of hip dislocation or radiographical signs of acetabular loosening. Logistical regression was used to investigate risk factors for failure. A total of 103 patients were included in the study. Fourteen patients (13,6%) were THA for osteoarthrosis, 60 (58,3%) were THA for hip fracture, and 29(28,2%) were RHA. The median follow-up was 28 months (ranging 12 − 173 months). Failure occurred in 4 cases (3,9%) comprehending 2 dislocations (1,9%) and 2 early acetabular loosening (1,9%). Amongst the groups, there were no cases of failures in the THA due to osteoarthrosis, in the THA for hip fracture there were 3 cases (5%) and in the RHA one case (3,4%). Failure-free survival was not statistically different between groups. There were no risk factors statistically related to failure. The use of constrained acetabular insert to prevent or treat instability achieved an adequate survival time with a low rate of complications. Further studies are necessary to corroborate our findings

Aims: Instability and dislocation of the hip is one of the most striking problems for children and young people with neuromuscular disorders. The purpose of this study was to find out pathomechanical risk factors relating to specific neuromuscular disorders. We compared our findings with literature and questioned if there is any impact on current screening and treatment principles. Methods: In a prospective long-term-study 2500 patients with neuromuscular disorders regularly underwent analysis of both muscular dysfunction and structural deformities by clinical examination and native radiographs. Walking patients had additional slow motion video-analysis and in the case of surgical intervention pre- and postoperative 3D-gait analysis. The vast majority of patients with the TBI-type of cerebral palsy had unstable hips. 66 severely subluxated or dislocated hip joints underwent 3D-CT-scan examinations prior to surgical reconstruction, soft tissue releases and muscle transfers. Conclusions: Developmental biological studies presume that a complex systemic network of both genetical determining factors and external biomechanical influences affect physiological growth and maturing of the juvenile hip joint. Under clinical condiions it may be possible to discover and analyse some of the most important factors. Primary, compensating and secundary functional disorders have to be differentiated by clinical examination, radiographs, and motion analysis. Increased or spastic and decreased or paretic muscular activity may cause different degrees of muscular imbalance. Together with additional compensating movements they form specific pathological motor patterns which occur typically related to specific neuromuscular diseases

Instability is the most common reason for revision after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Since THA requires arthrotomy of the hip and replacement with a femoral head that is smaller than the normal hip, instability following THA is always a potential concern. Many factors contribute to the development of instability after THA including: restoration of normal anatomy, implant design, component position, surgical approach and technique, and numerous patient related factors. Recently, the role of spinal mobility and deformity has been shown to have a significant effect on risk of dislocation after THA. The long held guidelines for component positioning or so called “safe zone” described by Lewinnek have also been questioned since most dislocations have been shown to occur in patients whose components are positioned within this “safe” range. In the early post-operative period, dislocation can occur prior to capsular and soft tissue healing if the patient exceeds their peri-operative range of motion limits. Closed reduction and abduction bracing for 6 weeks may allow for soft tissue healing and stabilization of the hip. It is important to try and identify the mechanism of dislocation since this can affect the technique of closed reduction, how the patient is braced following reduction and what may need to be addressed at the time of revision if dislocation recurs. Closed reduction and bracing may be effective in patients who have a previously well-functioning, stable THA who suffer a traumatic dislocation after the peri-operative period. Despite successful closed reduction, recurrent dislocation occurs in many patients and can be secondary to inadequate soft tissue healing, patient noncompliance or problems related to component positioning. Patients who incur more than 2 dislocations should be considered for revision surgery. Prior to revision surgery, an appropriate radiographic evaluation of the hip should be performed to identify any potential mechanical/kinematic issues that need to be addressed at the time of revision. Typically this involves plain radiographs, including a cross table lateral of the involved hip to assess acetabular version, but may also involve cross-sectional imaging to assess femoral version. Patients with soft tissue pseudotumors frequently have significant soft tissue deficiencies that are not amenable to component repositioning alone and require use of constrained or dual mobility components. In general, “limited revisions” consisting of modular head and liner exchange with insertion of a lipped liner and larger, longer femoral head rarely correct the problem of recurrent instability, since component malposition that frequently contributes to the instability is not addressed. Similarly, insertion of a constrained liner in a malpositioned cup is associated with a high rate of implant failure and recurrent dislocation since impingement contributing to the instability is not addressed. In patients who fail closed management and have a history of recurrent instability, we have found the treatment paradigm described by Wera, et al. to be very helpful in the management of the unstable THA. Several studies have shown that tripolar type constrained liners appear to perform considerably better than locking ring type constrained liners. As a result, dual mobility implants are becoming more widely utilised in patients with abductor and other soft tissue deficiencies, hip instability of uncertain etiology and patients with increased risk factors for instability undergoing primary THA. Early results with dual mobility components have been shown to have a low rate of failure in high instability risk revision THAs. These devices do have several unique potential complications and their use should be limited to patients with significantly increased risk of dislocation and instability

Introduction. Four parts inter trochanteric fracture of femur are commonest in elderly people. DHS fixation is gold standard treatment of such fractures. Various Complications of DHS implant are reported in the literature. However, Hip Instability: Subluxation and Dislocation is very rare. We report, five cases of Hip instability following DHS fixation surgery. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective study conducted at ACPM Medical College, Dhule. We found only five cases that developed hip instability after DHS fixation since 1997. Available clinical notes and X-rays of these patients were studied to get the relevant information. Results and Observations. Three patients were male, two female, four had right sided fracture and one had left sided. Three had instability after six weeks and remaining two developed dislocation after eight months which were associated with infection. 1 patient refused further investigations & treatment, 2 other died with due course of time 1 lost to follow-up and one patient with deep infection underwent excision arthroplasty. We could only speculate cause for dislocation / subluxation on the basis of clinical examination, X-ray, Investigations and review of literature. In these cases it appeared that the factors responsible for instability could be mechanical factors and pyogenic infection. Review of literature and possible aetiological factors, investigations and various aspects of management of such cases are discussed. Conclusions. Mechanical factors such as intra-operative femoral head rotation, avulsion of greater trochanter, excessive medialisation, valgus reduction, excessive collapse, soft tissue injury, and infection are contributing factors for hip instability

Introduction: Hip instability is a complex and challenging problem. In experienced units, up to 4% of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty will require revision surgery to treat hip instability, with only 60% of these treatments being successful. Many authors reporting results with various constrained systems available have described dislocation rates post implantation of the constrained component of 4% to 29%. Method: The thirteen patients who underwent placement of a constrained component as a revision procedure in our unit from 1989 to 2000 were reviewed. Results: The indications for revision surgery included recurrent dislocation in eight and intraoperative instability in five revision hip arthroplasties. No patients were lost to follow up. The average follow-up was 43 months(range 14 to 121). The average age at time of surgery was 73 years(range: 52 to 84 years). No component has been revised. The average hip score after revision surgery was 72(range: 52 to 89). There have been no episodes of dislocation of the constrained arthroplasty. In seven cases the constrained arthroplasty was implanted into a previously placed well fixed shell. Conclusion: Constrained acetabular components were a highly effective tool in the treatment of hip instability

Reported rates of dislocation after primary and revision total hip replacement (THR) vary widely, whereas subluxation after THR is not commonly reported. Importantly, it is now recognised that reported dislocation rates are likely to be an underestimate of the true dislocation rate. The primary aim of this study was to develop and validate a Patient Hip Instability Questionnaire and subsequently to use this questionnaire to determine the incidence of dislocation, subluxation and symptoms due to hip instability following primary and revision THR. In addition the associated costs, morbidity, disability and effects on health-related quality of life were examined. A retrospective review of dislocation rates from 1996 to 1998 identified problems in determining the true dislocation rate from standard hospital and database records. Therefore, a patient-completed Hip Instability Questionnaire was developed and validated to monitor dislocation and subluxation rates. This was then mailed to patients three and 12 months following primary or revision THR. All dislocations were then confirmed by telephone interview and radiographs. Telephone interviews and patient completion of the SF-36 questionnaire were used to assess morbidity, disability and quality of life. Costs of treating patients with hip dislocation were also determined. The response rate to the mailed questionnaire was greater than 95%. The questionnaire was shown to be a valid measure of the true rate of dislocation following THR and confirmed the inaccuracies in previous methods of determining dislocation rate based on hospital and database records. Using this questionnaire, the rate of subluxation was higher than previously reported and the significant morbidity and health care costs associated with with this complication were identified. The use of this questionnaire will allow better assessment of morbidity and costs due to complications following THR

Purpose of the study: An unstable hip prosthesis is a therapeutic challenge. The prevalence of revision is 5 to 26.6% in the literature. We evaluated the contribution of double-mobility implants for revisions of unstable hip implants. Material and methods: This series was composed of 45 patients who underwent revision between January 2000 and December 2003 for hip instability (44 dislocations, 1 subluxation). The same implant was used for all patients, either for the first-intention version (press-fit or cemented), or for the revision version (press-fit). For certain patients, the first-intention implant was cemented in an armature. The series included 28 females and 17 males, mean age 66.5 years (range 36–48 years). The initial diagnosis was osteoarthritis in 34 cases (76%), dysplasia in seven (16%), osteonecrosis in two (4%), Paget’s disease in one (2%) and rheumatoid disease in one (2%). The patients had had 2.8 dislocations on average (range 1 – 10). Time from first dislocation to the first-intention operation was 45.6 months (range 15 days – 20 years). Mean time from the first-intention operation to revision was 64.3 months (range 3 weeks – 20 years). Risk factors for instability were repeated hip surgery (> 3 operations) for 13 patients, wear for seven, nonunion of the greater trochanter for five, neurological and cognitive impairment in five, and malposition in three. Results: Mean follow-up was 25.2 months. None of the patients were lost to follow-up. Two patients died late after the operation. Among the complications observed, there were: two cases of recurrent dislocation, one case of subluxation, two cases of infection (one with favorable outcome after surgical cleaning and antibiotics the other followed by patient death), two cases of deep vein thrombosis, one case of popliteal paresia with favorable outcome, one case of delirium tremens. Surveillance was the therapeutic option for the patient with subluxation. For patients with dislocation, revision surgery was performed using the same implant. For one of these patients, the dislocation occurred following early loosening. Conclusion: Use of double-mobility implants for prosthetic revision undertaken because of prosthesis instability provides encouraging results, with a rate of dislocation (4%) close to that observed with first-intention implants

Instability following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an unfortunately frequent and serious problem that requires thorough evaluation and preoperative planning before surgical intervention. Prevention through optimal index surgery is of great importance, as the management of an unstable THA is challenging even for an experienced joints surgeon. However, even after well-planned surgery, a significant incidence of recurrent instability still exists. Moreover leg-length discrepancy (LLD) after THA can pose a substantial problem for the orthopaedic surgeon. Such discrepancy has been associated with complications including nerve palsy, low back pain, and abnormal gait. Consequently we may use a big femoral head or increase femoral offset (FO) in unstable THA for avoiding LLD. However we do not know the relationship between FO and STT. The objective of this study is to assess hip instability of three different FOs in same patient undergoing THA during an operation. We performed 70 patients who had undergone unilateral THA using CT based navigation system at a single institution for advanced osteoarthoritis from May 2013 to May 2014. We used postero-lateral approach in all patients. After cup and stem implantation, we assessed soft tissue tensioning in THA during operation. Trial necks were categorized into one of three groups: standard femoral offset (sFO), high femoral offset (hFO, +4mm compared to sFO) and extensive high femoral offset (ehFO, +8 mm compared to sFO). We measured distance of lift-off about each of three femoral necks using CT based navigation system and a force gauge with hip flexed at 0 degrees and 30 degrees under a traction of lower extremity. Traction force was 40% of body weight. Forty patients had leg length restored to within +/− 3mm of the contralateral side by post-operative CT analysis. We examined these patients. Traction force was 214±41.1Nm. The distances of lift-off were 8.8±4.5mm (sFO), 7.4±4.1mm (eFO), 5.1±3.9mm (ehFO) with 0 degrees hip flexion and neutral abduction(Abd) / adduction(Add) and neutral internal rotation(IR)/ external rotation(ER). The distance of lift-off were 11.5±5.9mm (sFO),10.5±5.5mm (eFO),9.1±5.9mm (ehFO) with 30 degrees hip flexion and neutral Abd / Add and neutral IR/ER. Significant difference was observed between 0 degrees hip flexion and 30 degrees hip flexion on each FO (p<0.05). On changing the distance of lift-off, hFO to ehFO (2.2±1.6mm)was more stable than sFO to hFO (1.4±1.7mm)with 0degrees hip flexion.(p<0.05). On the other hands, hFO to ehFO (1.4±1.6mm) was more stable than sFO to hFO (1.0±1.3mm) with 30 degrees hip flexion. However, we did not find significant difference (p=0.18). Hip instability was found at 30 degrees hip flexion more than at 0 degrees hip flexion. We found that changing ehFO to sFO can lead to more stability improvement of soft tissue tensioning than sFO to eFO, especially at 0 degrees hip flexion. Whereas In a few cases, the distance of lift-off did not change with increasing femoral offset by 4mm. When you need more stability in THA without LLD, We recommend increasing FO by 8mm

This retrospective study was to investigate radiographic and clinical outcomes in treatment of hip instability in children and young adults undergoing periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) with or without femoral osteotomy. 19 patients (21 hips) with CP were treated with PAO with or without femoral osteotomy The mean age was 16.2 years old (7 to 28 years). Five patients (5 hips) received PAO, Six patients (7 hips) PAO with femoral derotation osteotomy, Eight patients (9 hips) PAO with varus derotational osteotomy (VDRO). Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and CT were taken to assess the migration percentage (MP), lateral center-edge angle (LCEA), Sharp angle, femoral neck anteversion, neck-shaft angle. Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was assessed pre- and post-surgery. Complications were recorded. The mean follow-up time was 41.2 months (range, 24 to 86 months). All hips but one were pain free at final visit. The GMFCS improved by one level in 10 of 19 patients. MP improved from a mean of 76.6% to 18.6% at the final follow-up(p<0.001). The mean pre-operative LCEA and Sharp angle were −33.5 ? and 35 ? respectively, improved to 21.5 ? and 11.8 ? at the final follow-up (p < 0.001). There were six patients (7 hips) had re-subluxation at latest follow-up. Nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis was impaired in four patients after surgery. There was no re-dislocation, AVN, or infections in this group. Satisfactory clinical and radiologic results can be obtained by PAO with or without femoral osteotomy minor complications

Purpose: To assess the performance of a constrained liner in an unstable hip prosthesis. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of 66 hip prostheses implanted in 66 patients by means of the same constrained cup (Lefevre, Lepine Group, France). The cup was implanted into 15 primary prostheses and 51 revision ones in order to treat recurrent dislocations (10 cases) or to prevent dislocations (56 cases with a deficit of the periarticular musculature or mental or neuromuscular disorders). The mean age was 76.7 years, 75.7% were female, 53% were operated in the right side and the mean follow up was 30.2 months. Results: By the time the last review was made, four patients died for reasons not related to their hip surgery. One patient showed a dissociation between the femoral head and the stem at the level of the Morse taper; the head was trapped in the retentive liner and an open reduction was needed to replace the existing prosthetic head by a new one with a long neck. Another patient had a prosthetic infection that was treated by means of a two-stage replacement. Radiolucent lines were observed in de DeLee’s zone 1 in 1.5% of patients, in 3% the lines were in zone II and in 3% they were in zone. However, according to Hodgkinson’s radiographic criteria, no cups were loose. Conclusions: Although retentive cups do address hip instability, the various cases of failure that have occurred, the appearance of radiolucencies and the concerns about their long-term fixation suggest that their use should be carefully weighted

Juvenile hip instability is associated with many conditions. Most of them belong to the group of neuromuscular diseases. Generally following categories can be enumerated: 1. Cerebral palsy, 2. Myelomeningocele, 3. Spinal cord injury, 4. Paraplegia following spine surgery, 5. Poliomyelitis, 6. Inflammatory hip disease, 7. Idiopathic instability, 8. Recurrent post-traumatic hip instability. In the groups 1–5 a chronic muscle imbalance is the reason of the displacement of the femoral head. Inflammatory joint disease produces displacement through cartilage and bone destruction and increased intra-articular pressure. Very rare idiopathic instability is usually associated with generalised hypermobility. For the early diagnosis a careful clinical examination is necessary involving range of motion, testing of the hip stability by the Palmén’s test in the same way like in new-borns. Routine x-ray screening at least once per year is mandatory. For the groups 1–5 a muscle imbalance has to be corrected first. Elimination of muscles contractures or muscles transfers respectively, showed a high efficiency if these surgical corrections were performed early. Femoral osteotomy alone does not provide reliable results. Any form of pelvic osteotomy is necessary to correct acetabular insufficiency. For the inflammatory hip disease early active surgical treatment is best prevention of displacement. Idiopathic hip instability has to be differentiated from common snapping hip. No treatment is necesary. Recurrent hip dislocation can be cured by a posterior capsulorrhaphy

Recurrent dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a complex, multifactorial problem that has been shown to be the most common indication for revision THA. At our center, we have tried to approach the unstable hip by identifying the primary cause of instability and correcting that at the time of revision surgery. Type 1:. Malposition of the acetabular component treated with revision of the acetabular component and upsizing the femoral head. Type 2:. Malposition of the femoral component treated with revision of the femur and upsizing the femoral head. Type 3:. Abductor deficiency treated with a constrained liner or dual mobility bearing. Type 4:. Soft tissue or bony impingement treated with removal of impingement sources and upsizing the femoral head. Type 5:. Late wear of the bearing treated with bearing surface exchange and upsizing the femoral head. Type 6:. Unclear etiology treated with a constrained liner or dual mobility articulation. These may be patients with abnormal spino-pelvic motion. The most common etiologies of instability in our experience include cup malposition (Type 1) and abductor deficiency (Type 3). We reviewed 75 hips revised for instability and at a mean 35.3 months 11 re-dislocations occurred (14.6%). Acetabular revisions were protective against re-dislocation (p<0.02). The number of previous operations (p=0.04) and previously failed constrained liners (p<0.02) were risk factors for failure. The highest risk of failure was in patients with abductor insufficiency with revisions for other etiologies having a success rate of 90%. Although instability can be multifactorial, by identifying the primary cause of instability, a rational approach to treatment can be formulated. In general the poorest results were seen in patients with abductor deficiency. Given the high rate of failure of constrained liners (9 of the 11 failures were constrained), we currently are exploring alternatives such as dual mobility articulations. Our early experience with dual mobility suggests improved results when compared to constrained liners

Hip instability is one of the early complications following total hip arthroplasty. The aetiology of hip instability is often multi-factorial. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of prosthesis with dual mobility system in reducing hip instability in high risk cases at a short term follow up. A retrospective analysis was performed covering 25 total hip arthroplasties on 24 patients (5 males and 19 females) between January 2007 and August 2008. Patient medical records and imaging were reviewed, and the indications for surgery and surgical outcome were analysed. Among 25 procedures performed, 18 were revision procedure for dislocations, loosening, peri-prosthetic fractures. Seven patients have primary procedure, among which two were for acute hip fractures. One patient underwent conversion from previously failed screw fixation for hip fracture. The 25 patients were followed up for a mean period of 12 months (ranging from 4 to 24 months). At the last follow up, all patients were able to mobilise pain-free either independently, or with aids; no patients presented an episode of hip instability. The result of our study demonstrated good early stability of total hip arthroplasty with dual mobility system (POLARCUP)

Recurrent dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a complex, multifactorial problem that has been shown to be the most common indication for revision THA. At our center, we have tried to approach the unstable hip by identifying the primary cause of instability and correcting that at the time of revision surgery. Type 1: Malposition of the acetabular component treated with revision of the acetabular component and upsizing the femoral head. Type 2: Malposition of the femoral component treated with revision of the femur and upsizing the femoral head. Type 3: Abductor deficiency treated with a constrained liner or dual mobility bearing. Type 4: Soft tissue or bony impingement treated with removal of impingement sources and upsizing the femoral head. Type 5: Late wear of the bearing treated with bearing surface exchange and upsizing the femoral head. Type 6: Unclear etiology treated with a constrained liner or dual mobility articulation. The most common etiologies of instability in our experience include cup malposition (Type 1) and abductor deficiency (Type 3). We reviewed 75 hips revised for instability and at a mean 35.3 months, 11 re-dislocations occurred (14.6%). Acetabular revisions were protective against re-dislocation (p<0.02). The number of previous operations (p=0.04) and previously failed constrained liners (p<0.02) were risk factors for failure. The highest risk of failure was in patients with abductor insufficiency with revisions for other etiologies having a success rate of 90%. Although instability can be multifactorial, by identifying the primary cause of instability, a rational approach to treatment can be formulated. In general, the poorest results were seen in patients with abductor deficiency. Given the high rate of failure of constrained liners (9 of the 11 failures were constrained), we currently are exploring alternatives such as dual mobility articulations. Our early experience with dual mobility suggests improved results when compared to constrained liners

Recurrent dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a complex, multifactorial problem that has been shown to be the most common indication for revision THA. At our center, we have tried to approach the unstable hip by identifying the primary cause of instability and correcting that at the time of revision surgery. Type 1: Malposition of the acetabular component treated with revision of the acetabular component and upsizing the femoral head. Type 2: Malposition of the femoral component treated with revision of the femur and upsizing the femoral head. Type 3: Abductor deficiency treated with a constrained liner or dual mobility bearing. Type 4: Soft tissue or bony impingement treated with removal of impingement sources and upsizing the femoral head. Type 5: Late wear of the bearing treated with bearing surface exchange and upsizing the femoral head. Type 6: Unclear etiology treated with a constrained liner or dual mobility articulation. The most common etiologies of instability in our experience include cup malposition (Type 1) and abductor deficiency (Type 3). We reviewed 75 hips revised for instability and at a mean 35.3 months 11 re-dislocations occurred (14.6%). Acetabular revisions were protective against re-dislocation (p<0.015). The number of previous operations (p=0.0379) and previously failed constrained liners (p<0.02) were risk factors for failure. The highest risk of failure was in patients with abductor insufficiency with revisions for other etiologies having a success rate of 90%. Although instability can be multifactorial, by identifying the primary cause of instability, a rational approach to treatment can be formulated. In general the poorest results were seen in patients with abductor deficiency. Given the high rate of failure of constrained liners (9 of the 11 failures were constrained), we currently are exploring alternatives such as dual mobility articulations

Purpose of the study: Prenatal screening and search for risk factors has lead to early diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia. The percent of excentration of the dysplastic hip can be quantified with ultrasonography. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound monitoring of confirmed hip dysplasia as a method for determining the appropriate time to discontinue treatment. Material and methods: We collected a series of patients presenting unstable hips one month after birth. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed to quantify the instability. Initial treatment was forced abduction. If the infant’s weight was greater than 5.6 kg, a Pavlik harness was used. Physical examination and control ultrasound examinations were performed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Forced abduction and ultrasound surveillance were discontinued when the percent of acetabular cover was greater than 50%. Long-term surveillance consisted in physical examination and plain ap view of the pelvis at four months and at onset of walking. Results: Ultrasound monitoring was instituted for 71 hips in 51 patients. Mean age at onset of the monitoring scheme was 37.7 days (range 38–74 days). Mean acetabular cover, as evaluated by ultrasound before treatment, was 35.5% (range 20–45%). After four weeks, mean cover for 42 hips was 54.7% (range 50–85%). For the other 29 hips, mean acetabular cover was 41.4% (range 36–47%) at four weeks. At eight weeks, 26 of these 29 hips had a mean cover of 60% (52–85%). Acetabular cover remained below 50% for three hips at twelve weeks. Mean HTE at four months was 20.7° (range 10–26°). At walking, all hips were centered and no irregularities were noted on the x-rays of the femoral nucleus. Discussion: The majority of infants with unstable hips diagnosed at birth achieve spontaneous cure without treatment. For others, cure can be achieved with forced abduction but with a risk of osteochondritis. In our study, ultrasound monitoring enabled a reliable assessment of the proper moment to interrupt treatment. Conclusion: Ultrasound examination of the hip joint is a satisfactory method for monitoring hip dysplasia in infants aged less than four months. It appears to be useful for determining the moment to interrupt treatment

Clinical screening aims to identify and treat infants with neonatal hip instability in order to reduce the risk of subsequent hip displacement but risks failures of diagnosis and treatment (abduction splinting) and potential iatrogenic effects. The Hip Trial aims to assess the clinical effectiveness of ultrasound (US) imaging compared to clinical assessment alone to guide the further management of infants with clinical hip instability. Infants with clinical hip instability confirmed by a second senior doctor were recruited from 33 UK centres and randomised to standardised US hip examination at age 2–8 weeks [US group: n=314] or clinical assessment alone [no ultrasound (NU) group: n=315. ] Primary outcomes by two years were hip X-ray appearances, operative treatment, abduction, splinting and walking. Analysis was ‘intention to treat’. Key prognostic factors were similar between the randomised groups. Protocol compliance was high (90% US; 92% NU). X-ray information was available for 91% by 12–14 months and 85% by two years. Fewer children in the US group had abduction splinting in the first two years (RR 0. 78; 95% CI 0. 65–0. 94; p=0. 01). Operative treatment was required by 21 US (6. 7%) and 25 NU (7. 9%) infants (RR 0. 84; 95% CI 0. 48–1. 47. ) By two years, subluxation, dislocation, acetabular dysplasia or avascular necrosis were identified on X-ray on one or both hips of 21 US and 21 NU children (RR 1. 00; 95% CI 0. 56 – 1. 80. ) One US and 4 NU children were not walking by two years (RR 0. 25; exact 95% CI 0. 03–2. 53; p=0. 37). The use of US imaging in infants with screen-detected clinical hip instability allows abduction splinting rates to be reduced, and is not associated with an increase in abnormal hip development or higher rates of operative treatment by two years of age

The purpose of this study was to examine a cohort of patients with minor acetabular dysplasia features in order to identify the preoperative clinical characteristics and imaging findings that differentiate patients with hip instability from patients with impingement. A retrospective cohort study of patients with borderline acetabular dysplasia was performed. All patients were identified by prospective radiographic evaluation with an LCEA between 20° and 25°. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify independent predictors of disease type. Of the 143 hips in the cohort, 39.2% (n=56) had the diagnosis of instability, while 60.8% (n=87) had the diagnosis of impingement. The cohort included 109 females (76.2%) and 34 males (23.8%). Hips with instability had a lower LCEA (21.8° vs. 22.8°; p<0.001), lower ACEA (23.3° vs. 26.6°; p=0.002), a higher AI (11.8° vs. 8.5°; p<0.001), and a lower maximum alpha angle (54.4° vs. 61.1°; p=0.001). The odds of instability increased 1.7 times for each one-degree decrease in LCEA, 1.4 times for each one-degree decrease in ACEA, and 1.1 times for each one-degree increase in acetabular inclination (all p0.003). Female sex was strongly associated with instability. The instability subgroup had greater range of motion (IRF, 22.7° vs. 12.4°, p<0.001) and total arc of motion (IRF+ERF, 61.2° vs. 47.4°, p<0.001). We identified predictors of diagnosis including: acetabular inclination (1.49, p<0.001), ACEA (0.89, p=0.007), crossover sign (0.27, p=0.014), preoperative mHHS (0.96, p=0.014), IRF (1.10, p=0.001), and age (0.88, p=0.001). Patients with symptomatic instability tend to have increased acetabular inclination, decreased ACEA, greater functional limitations, younger, greater IRF, while hips with impingement demonstrate the opposite trends

Purpose: About 1% of the children are born with neonatal hip instability (NHI). By combining data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) with that of the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register (NAR), the influence of NHI on the risk for total hip arthroplasty (THA) before 37 years of age are studied. Materials and Methods: Since 1967 medical data, included stability of the hips, on all new-borns in Norway (2 092 536 babies) have been compiled. Since 1979 all THA performed in Norway are reported to the NAR. Until 2004 85,120 primary THAs were registered, of these 492 were performed on patients under 37 years of age. These two national registries were linked by using the unique person identification number assigned to each inhabitant of Norway. Results: Of those 20 668 born with NHI (1%), 9 had received a THA before 37 years of age (43/100 000). Since only 18 of 100 000 new-borns without NHI had had THA, new-borns with NHI had 2,5 times increased risk for having a THA before they become 37 years. Of the 492 THA in patients younger than 37 years in the NAR, 101 THA (20.5%) were, according to the surgeon, operated because of developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH). Since 13 of these were bilateral THA, the number of patients were 88. Only 9 of these 88 DDH-patients were, however, reported to have NHI. This is surprisingly few, since their dysplasia should be anticipated to be rather severe. Does this indicate that the hip-screening for new-borns in Norway should be changed?. Conclusions: New-borns with NHI has 2.5 times increased risk for THA before the age of 37 years compared to those with stable hips at birth. The absolute risk is, however, low, only 43/100 000. Of those 88 who received THA because of DDH before 37 years, 79 had, however, reported normal hips at birth

Background. Dislocation is a common complication after proximal and total femur prosthesis reconstruction for primary bone sarcoma patients. Expandable prosthesis in children puts an additional challenge due to the lengthening process. Hip stability is impaired due to multiple factors: Resection of the hip stabilizers as part of the sarcoma resection: forces acts on the hip during the lengthening; and mismatch of native growing acetabulum to the metal femoral head. Surgical solutions described in literature are various with reported low rates of success. Objective. Assess a novel 3D surgical planning technology by use of 3D models (computerized and physical), 3D planning, and Patient Specific Instruments (PSI) in supporting correction of young children suffering from hip instability after expandable prosthesis reconstruction following proximal femur resection. This innovative technology creates a new dimension of visualization and customization, and could improve understanding of this complex problem and facilitate the surgical decision making and procedure. Method. Two children, both patients with Ewing Sarcoma of the left proximal femur stage-IIB, ages 3/5 years at diagnosis, were treated with conventional chemotherapy followed by proximal femur resection. Both were reconstructed with expandable prosthesis (one at resection and other 4 years after resection). Hip migration developed gradually during lengthening process in the 24m follow up period. 3D software (Mimics, Materialise, Belgium) were used to make computerized 3D models of patients' pelvises. These were used to 3D print 1:1 physical models. Custom 3D planning software (MSk Lab, Imperial College London) allowed surgeons visualizing the anatomical status and assess of problem severity. Thereafter, osteotomies planes and the desired position of acetabular roof after reduction of hip joint were planned by the surgeons. These plans were used to generate 3D printed PSIs to guide the osteotomies during shelf and triple osteotomy surgeries. Accuracy of planning and PSIs were verified with fluoroscopy and post-op X-rays, by comparing cutting planes and post-op position of the acetabulum. Results. Surgeons reported excellent experience with the 3D models (computerized and physical). It helped them in the decision process with an improved understanding of the relationship between prosthesis head and acetabulum, a clear view of the osteophytes and bone formation surrounding the pseudoacetabulum, and osteophytes inside the native acetabulum. These osteophytes were not immediately visible on 2D CT imaging slices. Surgeons reported a good fit and PSIs' simplicity of use. The hip stability was satisfactory during surgery and in the immediate post-op period. X-ray showed a good and centered position of the hip and good levels of the osteotomies. Conclusions. 3D surgical planning and 3D printing was found to be very effective in assisting surgeons facing complex problems. In these particular cases neither CT nor MRI were able to visualize all bony formation and entrapment of prosthesis in the pseudoacetabulum. 3D visualisation can be very helpful for surgical treatment decisions, and by planning and executing surgery with the guidance of PSIs, surgeons can improve their surgical results. We believe that 3D technology and its advantages, can improve success rates of hip stability in this unique cohort of patients