There is currently wide variation in the management of patients who are anticoagulated with Warfarin and require urgent orthopaedic surgery. These form an important and significant group of patients, in terms of real numbers (at least 5,600 per annum in the UK). A study was initiated with an audit of 34 patients presenting to the West Wales unit who were warfarinised at admission and required trauma surgery. Observations were recorded about their pre-operative management and the delay this caused in taking the patient to theatre. 6 months later, a similar group of patients were re-audited. The mean delay to surgery in those patients in whom the INR was left to fall spontaneously was 5.5 days. Following administration of 1mg i.v. Vitamin K in those patients without cardiac valves, re-audit showed the mean delay reduced to 2.2 days. Representations from at least 6 major specialties were considered and a consensus statement was derived. Standardised protocols, which hinge on whether or not the patient has or does not have a cardiac valve were devised. Vitamin K should not be given to those patients with a cardiac valve and early consultation with cardiology and anaesthetics is recommended, with consideration of referral to a specialist cardiothoracic unit. For those patients without a cardiac valve, 1mg of Vitamin K may be administered, repeated as necessary until the INR is less than 1.8. Intravenous Heparin should be provided in the interim whilst the patient is waiting for surgery. This is discontinued the morning of surgery and subcutaneous Heparin reinstated post-operatively. These recommendations have been trialled in the two units involved in the study and have been relatively safe and easy to implement.
To study the survival analysis of the Accord TKR and to analise the causes for its failure. 111 Accord knees were implanted in 106 patients between 1986 and 1996. All components were cemented. Eighty-seven patients were followed up and assessed according to the Knee Society Clinical Rating System. Life table analysis of this implant using revision as the end point shows a survival of 25% at 11–12 years. Of the 87 knees, only 31 were still in situ and of these 7 showed radiographic signs of severe loosening. However, the average knee score for these 31 was only 65/100 and average functional score was down to 42/100. 56 implants have been revised, 21 due to aseptic loosening, 11 due to gross valgus/varus instability, 9 due to deep infection, 8 due to loosening of the patella liner and 7 due to mobile bearing complications. All 21 (24%) cases of aseptic loosening were found to have a loose femoral component; however, 56% of the total showed significant radiographic osteolysis around the stem of the tibial implants. Retrieved implants in 5 patients showed significant delamination of the UHMWP at its margins and also revealed a track through the tibial baseplate into the medullary cavity of the tibia.
