Abstract
Artificial joints have been increasingly used in the treatment of physically disabled people who suffer from joint diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is commonly used in hard-on-polymer joints as an impact-absorbing material for artificial hip joints because of its very low friction coefficient, high wear resistance, impact strength, and biocompatibility. However, particles generated by excessive wear and fatigue can cause osteolysis, which may lead to loosening. This has led to recent interest in metal-on-metal joints, which can provide better wear properties than hard-on-polymer joints, leading to reduced osteolysis. However, during gait, metal-on-metal joints are exposed to greater impacts than hard-on-polymer joints. These impacts can cause severe pain in patients who have undergone hip replacement arthroplasty.
In previous work, we proposed a double-shell metal-on-metal artificial hip joint in which a single garter spring was inserted between the inner and outer acetabular shell of an impact relief device[1]. A garter spring is usually used by loading a compression stress from the outside to the center axis. The acetabular shell is composed of two layers as shown in Fig.1. In the current work, the performance of single and dual garter springs was investigated using static compression and free-fall type impact tests. Static compression tests were conducted on a conventional vise to examine the deformation of various kinds of garter springs under uniaxial loading. Free-fall impact tests, on the other hand, were conducted on a free-fall type impact test machine as shown in Fig. 2.
The impact relief ability of the garter springs under impact loading was examined, and the maximum impact load and maximum impact load arriving-time were estimated[2]. The relief ability was also investigated for smaller and larger diameter garter springs with a three-pitch angle, and the maximum applied load was determined by taking into account the applied load on actual hip joints.
Static compression test results indicated that some kinds of garter spring could withstand vertical loads of over 6000N, which is estimated to be equal to maximum vertical load during jumping. The pitch angle increased with an increase in the compression load and the shape of the coil ring deformed from a circular to ellipsoidal shape as the compression load increased, which may lead to a reduction in impact load and an increase in impact relief time.
The impact test results for a single spring indicated that the maximum impact load decreased in reverse proportion to the maximum impact load arriving-time. A smaller diameter garter spring provided less maximum impact load and longer arriving maximum load time. In the case of dual garter springs, which have smaller and larger diameter garter springs, the springs offered a lower maximum impact load and a longer impact load arriving-time than a single spring.
