Abstract
Introduction
Achieving proper ligament tension in knee flexion within cruciate retaining (CR) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has long been associated with clinical success. The distal femoral joint line (DFJL) is routinely used as a variable to assist in achieving proper flexion-extension gap balancing. No prior study has observed the possible effects of properly restoring the DFJL may have on ligament tension in flexion. The purpose of this computational analysis was to determine what effect the DFJL may have on ligament strains and tibiofemoral kinematics of CR knee designs in flexion.
Methods
A computational analysis was performed utilizing a musculoskeletal modeling system with ligaments modeled as non-linear elastic. Tibiofemoral kinematics, contact points estimated from the femoral condyle low points, and ligament strain, change in length relative to the unloaded length, were measured at 90° knee flexion during a deep knee bend activity. Two different knee implants, a High Flexion CR (HFCR) and a Guided Motion CR (GMCR) design were used. Simulations were completed for changes in superior-inferior (SI) positioning of the femoral implant relative to the femur bone, in 2mm increments to simulate over and under resection of the DFJL.
Results
The medial condyle of the femoral implant was 0.67mm and 0.47mm more posterior relative to the tibia per 1mm elevation of the DFJL for the HFCR and GMCR designs respectively. The lateral condyle was 0.80mm and 1.06mm more posterior relative to the tibia per 1mm elevation of the DFJL for the HFCR and GMCR designs, respectively.
The strain in the LCL and MCL changed less than 0.0005mm/mm per 1mm change in DFJL indicating that those structures were not affected. The PCL bundles and the ITB were affected by changes in DFJL with strain increasing 0.005 and 0.004mm/mm in the AL PCL bundle respectively for HFCR and GMCR, strain increasing 0.006mm/mm in the PM PCL for both HFCR and GMCR, and ITB strain decreasing 0.006 and 0.004mm/mm respectively for the HFCR and GMCR per 1mm elevation of the DFJL.
Discussion
Our findings suggest that DFJL affects ligament tension at 90° knee flexion and therefore flexion balance for cruciate retaining implants. The effect on ligament tension results from changes in the position of the femur bone and its ligament attachments with respect to the tibia, which is dependent on the implant geometry. DFJL places greater strain on the PCL because the conformity of the medial condyle prevents the femoral implant from sitting more posterior by the full amount of the DFJL elevation, which would be necessary to maintain the same AP position of the of the femur bone relative to the tibia and avoid increasing PCL strain. These results indicate that elevating the DFJL to address a tight extension space in a CR knee while the flexion space is well balanced could result in increased flexion tension especially when the flexion-extension mismatch is large, so to achieve balanced flexion and extension the amount of DFJL elevation may need to be reduced and the tibial resection may also need to be increased.
