Abstract
Unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) is growing in popularity with an increase in utilisation. As a less invasive, bone preserving procedure suitable for knee osteoarthritic patients with intact cruciate ligaments and disease confined to one compartment of the knee joint. The long term survival of a UKA is dependent on many factors, including the accuracy of prosthesis implantation and soft tissue balance. Robotic assisted procedures are generally technically demanding, can increase the operation time and are associated with a learning curve. The learning curve for new technology is likely to be influenced by previous experience with similar technologies, the frequency of use and general experience performing the particular procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the time to achievement of a steady state with regards to surgical time amongst surgeons using a novel hand held robotic device.
This study examined consecutive UKA cases which used a robotic assistive device from five surgeons. The surgeons had each performed at least 15 surgeries each. Two of the surgeons had previous experience with another robotic assistive device for UKA. All of the surgeons had experience with conventional UKA. All of the surgeons have used navigation for other knee procedures within their hospital. The system uses image free navigation with infrared optical tracking with real time feedback. The handheld robotic assistive system for UKA is designed to enable precision of robotics in the hands of the surgeon. The number of surgeries required to reach ‘steady state’ surgical time was calculated as the point in which two consecutive cases were completed within the 95% confidence interval of the surgeon's ‘steady state’ time.
The average surgical time (tracker placement to implant trial acceptance phase) from all surgeons across their first 15 cases was 56.8 minutes (surgical time range: 27–102 minutes). The average improvement was 46 minutes from slowest to quickest surgical times. The ‘cutting’ phase was reported as decreasing on average by 31 minutes. This clearly indicates the presence of a learning curve. The surgeons recorded a significant decrease in their surgical time where the most improvement was in the process of bone cutting (as opposed to landmark registration, condyle mapping and other preliminary or planning steps). There was a trend towards decreasing surgical time as case numbers increase for the group of five surgeons. On average it took 8 procedures (range 5–11) to reach a steady state surgical time. The average steady state surgical time was 50 minutes (range 37–55 minutes).
In conclusion, the average operative time was comparable with clinical cases reported using other robotic assistive devices for UKA. All five surgeons using the novel handheld robotic-assisted orthopaedic system for UKA reported significant improvement in bone preparation and overall operative times within the first 15 cases performed, reaching a steady state in surgical times after a mean of 8 cases. Therefore, this novel handheld device has a similar learning curve to other devices on the market.
