Abstract
Various treatments for ultra-high molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE) such as cross-linking, addition of vitamin E and the grafting of phospholipid polymer improved the wear properties. However, wear problems still occur in joint prostheses in mixed or boundary lubrication modes under severe conditions. As an alternate method, the joint prosthesis with artificial hydrogel cartilage with similar properties to articular cartilage is expected to show superior tribological functions with very low friction and low wear if the adaptive multimode lubrication mechanism is actualized. In this study, the effectiveness of hydrogel structure and adsorbed film formed on artificial cartilage surfaces is examined in reciprocating tests in related to biphasic, hydration and boundary lubrication modes.
The frictional behaviors of artificial cartilage materials against flat glass plate in the reciprocating test were observed. As upper specimens, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel ellipsoidal specimen as 2 mm soft layer were prepared. PVA hydrogel specimens were prepared by the repeated freezing-thawing method and the cast-drying method. The sliding speed and stroke length were 20 mm/s and 35 mm, respectively. Applied load was 2.94 N or 9.8 N. The lubricants are saline or saline solutions containing L-α-Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC), serum protein and/or hyaluronate(HA).
As shown in Fig. 1, the repeated freezing-thawing PVA shows gradual increase in friction from initial medium value immediately after loading of 2.94 N to high level. For the same test condition, the articular cartilage exhibited similar time-dependent frictional behavior from initial lower friction to high level as estimated by biphasic lubrication theory. On the contrary, it is noticed that a low friction is maintained for cast-drying PVA hydrogel, particularly two-layer laminated PVA hydrogel until 140 m sliding. The improvement of frictional behaviors in cast-drying PVA hydrogel is considered to have been brought about by the improvement of water retention ability of the hydrogel with uniform microstructure controlled by hydrogen bond.
Next, the influence of lubricant constituents on tribological behaviors of freezing-thawing PVA hydrogel was examined in repeated reciprocating test including unloading-restarting process at each 36 m sliding at 9.8 N. The frictional behavior for the freezing-thawing PVA hydrogel could be improved with supplying appropriate lubricant constituents as shown in Fig. 2. In lubricated condition with HA solution containing 0.01 wt% DPPC, 1.4 wt% albumin and 0.7 wt% γ-globulin, low friction was maintained and very little visible wear was confirmed in micrograph. Adsorbed films appear to contribute to the effective synergistic lubrication even under high load of 9.8 N in reciprocating test.
As described above, the effectiveness of synergistic lubrication for PVA hydrogel specimens is shown for improvement of tribological behaviors of artificial cartilage as a superior mechanism to natural cartilage. These results indicate the possibility of artificial hydrogel cartilage for longer durability in joint prostheses for clinical application.
