Abstract
Aim
Chemical debridement is a fundamental step during Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) surgery. Antiseptic solutions are commonly used, but evidence on the optimal antiseptic, concentration, and irrigation time is lacking. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the anti-biofilm capacity of povidone iodine, H202, acetic acid and Bactisure™ after different exposure times, as well as their combinations.
Method
Surgical steel discs inoculated with methicillin susceptible (MSSA) and resistant S. aureus (MRSA), P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis were exposed to the following antiseptic solutions: 0.3% (PI0.3) and 10% povidone iodine (PI10), H202, 3% Acetic acid (AA3) and Bactisure™. Combinations included AA3, H202, and PI10 in various orders. Exposure time for the antiseptics solutions was 1, 3 and 5 minutes, while combinations had a 9-minute total exposure, 3 minutes per antiseptic sequentially. All experiments were performed in triplicate and with a sterile saline control. nThe reduction in colony-forming units (CFU) was measured after sonication, and biofilm structure was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy.
Results
PI showed the highest antibiofilm activity. PI0.3 eradicated bacteria on the discs after 3 and 5 minutes of exposure, but only achieved a 77.1% reduction after 1 minute. After PI10 treatment, we did not recover any bacteria regardless of exposure time. H202, AA3, and Bactisure™ reached a significantly lower bacterial decrease at all exposure times compared to PI0.3 and PI10. AA3 was less effective against MSSA and S. epidermidis. H202 showed less activity against MRSA than PI0.3, PI10, and Bactisure™. Combinations of antiseptics starting with AA3 showed the best results in terms of CFU reduction and cell viability.
Conclusions
We propose a sequential combination of AA3 + H202 + PI10 with an exposure time of 9 minutes for the chemical debridement in PJI surgery. First, AA3 performs debridement and disruption of the biofilm. Then, H202 has a bactericidal effect and increases the porosity of the cell wall, and PI10 has a final bactericidal effect. If combinations are unavailable, PI is a cost-effective alternative.
