Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study assesses the prevalence of major and minor discordance between hip and spine T scores using Radiofrequency Echographic Multi-spectrometry (REMS). REMS is a novel technology that uses ultrasound and radiofrequency analysis to measure bone density and bone fragility at the hip and lumbar spine. The objective was to compare the results with the existing literature on Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) the current “gold standard” for bone densitometry. REMS and DEXA have been shown to have similar diagnostic accuracy, however, REMS has less human input when carrying out the scan, therefore the rates of discordance might be expected to be lower than for DEXA. Discordance poses a risk of misclassification of patients’ bone health status, causing diagnostic ambiguity and potentially sub-optimal management decisions. Reduction of discordance rates therefore has the potential to significantly improve treatment and patient outcomes.
Methods
Results from 1,855 patients who underwent REMS investigations between 2018 and 2022 were available. Minor discordance is defined as a difference of one World Health Organisation (WHO) diagnostic classification (Normal / Osteopenia or Osteopenia / Osteoporosis). Major discordance is defined as a difference of two WHO diagnostic classifications (Normal / Osteoporosis). The results were compared with reported DEXA discordance rates.
Results
1,732 individuals had both hip and spine T scores available for analysis. There were 267 cases of discordance. No instances of major discordance were observed. The minor discordance rate was 15.4%. 6.5% of the REMS scans with minor discordance showed > 1.0 standard deviation (SD) difference between the T scores of the hip and spine. 19.4% had differences of between 0.6 SD and 1.0 SD while 73.9% had ≤ 0.5 SD or less. In 24.5% of the cases of REMS discordance the hip T scores were greater than the spine and in 75.5% of cases the spine T score was greater than the hip.
Conclusions
The current analysis is the largest of its kind. It demonstrates that REMS has an overall lower rate of discordance than reported DEXA rates. Major discordance rates with DEXA range from 2–17%, but REMS avoids many of the positioning problems and post-processing errors inherent in DEXA scanning, which might account for the absence of major discordance. Rates of minor discordance in DEXA scans range between 38–51%. The REMS minor discordance rate being much lower than these rates suggests that it has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy considerably. Most REMS discordance results showed ≤ 0.5 SD variance between the T scores of the two sites, indicating close correlation in the bone densitometry analysis. Most studies of DEXA discordant results confirm that spinal T scores are more often higher than at the hip. The REMS results concur with this observation. Considering the comparable accuracy rates that have been shown between REMS and DEXA, with its much lower discordance rate, REMS can potentially improve current medical practice and enhance patient care.
Declaration of Interest
(b) declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported:I declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research project.
