Abstract
Introduction: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is one of the main causes of hip osteoarthritis. Femoral retroversion has been reported as a cause of FAI and it is well established that a retroverted femur produces hip pain and alterations in the external and internal rotation balance. However, no studies of femoral retroversion in patients with FAI have been reported. Furthermore, since the lack of internal rotation is a common feature in patients with FAI, it could be possible that femoral version abnormalities are present in these patients. The purpose of this study is to describe the femoral version in a group of patients with FAI and to assess its relation in the development of hip osteoarthritis.
Methods: The history, x-rays and hip CT scans of 142 patients with FAI were reviewed. All patients presented persistent hip pain and were evaluated clinically between January 2006 and July 2008. We defined FAI when at least one of the following features were present:
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an abnormal alpha angle (> 49°) measured on the elongated femoral neck x-ray,
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a positive cross-over sign or pro-trusio acetabuli in the AP pelvis x-ray,
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the presence of diminished anteversion in the femur (< 10°) or a retroverted femur (< 0°) in the CT scan, associated with a positive hip impingement test and lack of internal rotation at 90 degrees of flexion.
We documented the type of FAI, the presence of acetabular dysplasia, coxa valga, coxa vara and the femoral version measured on the CT scan. The degree of osteoarthritis of the hip using the Tönnis classification was documented as well.
Results: Two hundred and sixty-five FAI hips from 142 patients (73 females and 69 males) were analyzed. The average age was 36.7 years. The mean femoral version was 11.4 ° (−14.1° to 47°). We found 43 hips (16.6%) of the femora were retroverted and 133 hips (50%) had either diminished anteversion (< 10°) or were retroverted. In 12 hips (0.05%) the only cause of FAI was the presence of a diminished anteversion or retroverted femur. The statistical analysis using the generalized estimating equations method including the right and left hips, shown that among these six predictors, both femoral retroversion (p=0.046) and coxa vara (p< 0.001) were statistically significant for the presence of osteoarthritis.
Conclusion: The presence of a retroverted femur seems to be a cofactor in the development of hip osteoarthritis in patients with FAI. The orthopedic surgeons should be aware of the high frequency of femoral retroversion when evaluating patients with hip impingement, in order to make the right diagnosis and treatment. It might be possible that this association between FAI and femoral retroversion is due to a common hip disease during skeletal maturation (i.e. SCFE) leading to two anatomical alterations at the proximal femur: reduced head-neck offset and retroverted femur.
Correspondence should be addressed to: EFORT Central Office, Technoparkstrasse 1, CH – 8005 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: office@efort.org
