THE USE OF ORTHOGONAL PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS IN DETERMINING THE POSITION OF THORACIC PEDICLE SCREWS: ARE THEY RELIABLE?

Abstract

Study Design: A radiographic study using disarticulated cadaver thoracic vertebrae.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of orthogonal X-rays in detecting thoracic pedicle screw position by different groups of observers.

Summary of Background Data: Pedicle screws are increasingly being used for internal fixation of the thoracic spine. Surgeons and radiologists are often required to make decisions on the pedicle screw position by plain antero-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs.

Materials and Methods: 23 disarticulated fresh adult thoracic vertebrae were used in this study. Pedicle screws were inserted completely within the pedicle; or deliberately violating the lateral or medial cortex of the pedicle. AP and lateral radiographs of each vertebrae were assessed by 2 spine surgeons, 2 spine trainees, and 2 musculoskeletal radiologists in a sequence of AP alone, and AP + lateral views. They were supposed to cataogorize the pedicular screw as ‘out laterally’/‘inside the pedicle’/‘out medially’ or ‘unsure’. Their assessments were compared to the actual position of the screws determined by the axial views.

Results: For each screw position, trend was found towards slightly better accuracy with availability of AP & lateral views in combination. From either AP alone or AP + lateral views, significantly higher accuracy was found in detecting screws “out laterally” than “inside pedicle” (p< 0.01), or “out medially”(p< 0.05), respectively. Nearly 30% of screws that were deliberately placed through the medial pedicle wall were not correctly identified. In addition, surgeons have highest accuracy from either AP alone, or AP + lateral views, followed by the spine trainees and radiologists. Radiologists provided more “unsure” answers than surgeons or trainees.

Conclusions: Screws that perforated the lateral cortex were the easiest, and those that were wholly within the pedicle were the most difficult to identify correctly. The use of plain radiographs to detect thoracic pedicle screws placed through the critical medial cortex is unreliable. The positions of thoracic pedicle screws appear to be more accurately detected by AP + lateral, however, the major contribution was from AP views. Surgeon experience continues to be vitally important in the safe placement of thoracic pedicle screws.

Key points:

1. Screws that perforated the lateral cortex were the easiest, and those that were wholly within the pedicle were the most difficult to identify correctly.

2. The use of plain radiographs to detect thoracic pedicle screws placed through the critical medial cortex is unreliable.

3. AP + lateral views provides higher accuracy in determining the screw position, while, the major contribution comes from AP views.

4. Surgeon experience, in the use of tactile skills and anatomical knowledge continue to be vitally important in the safe placement of thoracic pedicle screws.