EFFECTS OF SCREW POSITION ON CONSTRUCT STIFFNESS, BONE STRAIN AND PLATE STRAIN IN FRACTURE FIXATION WITH LOCKING PLATE

Abstract

Biomechanical stability is important for fracture healing. With standard plate and screw constructs, longer plates with screws well spaced, near and far from the fracture site, are biomechanically superior. Newer locked plates have been shown to be superior to conventional plating for difficult fractures. The ideal screw configuration for fixation with locked plates has yet to be addressed. This study investigates the effects of screw position on construct stiffness as well as strain in both the plate and bone during fixation of a diaphyseal comminuted fracture using a locking plate with bicortical fixation.

A composite cylinder (Sawbones) was machined to produce two models:

1. (a) comminuted model (4mm gap) and

2. (b) whole model (no gap) to simulate the remodelling phase.

Five strain gauges were mounted to the bone models and one between the center holes of the locking plate. Four different configurations of screw number and position were evaluated using a twelve-hole locking plate (Smith & Nephew Perilock). Plate holes were numbered on each side of the gap from one to six. Screw configuration 654321, 621, 654 and 321 were tested in four-point bending on an MTS 858 Mini-Bionix. Force (N) and displacement (mm) as well as strain readings were recorded at 10 Hz.

Plate strain in the gap model did not vary significantly for the different configurations. Construct stiffness of the 654 model (all screws far from gap) showed a 30% decrease in stiffness as compared to other screw configurations (p< 0.001). In the whole bone model, the maximal bone strain was outside the farthest screw from the center of the plate (stress shielding) and bone strain at the fracture site in 654 was significantly higher than in 621 (p< 0.001).

Results showed that three screw fixation produced similar construct stiffness to a six screw construct when well spaced. Three screws placed far from the fracture gap (654) as compared to three screws evenly spaced (621) showed decreased stability in the comminuted model but resulted in increased bone strain at the fracture site in the whole bone model. All configurations produced similar plate strain.