Abstract
Background: Misplaced pedicle screws are associated with significant complications during posterior spinal instrumentation.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of triggered electromyographic stimulation in predicting the appropriate placement of pedicle screws.
Study Design: Prospective clinical trial.
Patient Sample: Fifteen consecutive patients (3 males; 12 females).
Outcome Measures: Not applicable.
Materials and Methods: All patients underwent posterior thoracolumbar spine fusion. Surgery was performed for spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, degenerative scoliosis and fractures. All patients received continuous electromyographic monitoring during surgery. During insertion of pedicle screws the integrity of the medial pedicle cortex was tested by stimulating each screw head with a monopolar pedicle probe stimulator and recording the compound muscle action potentials. A threshold of 7 mA and below was considered indicative of pedicle breach. Intraoperative screw placement was verified with the use of image intensifier. Finally, all patients following surgery underwent plain radiographs and CT scan of the operated region to evaluate the position of the pedicle screws.
Results: One hundred and fourteen pedicle screws were inserted from T7 to S1 in all patients. There were no myogenic responses at the threshold tested. No screw had to be repositioned intraoperatively. There were no new neurologic deficits recorded following surgery. Review of the radiographs and CT scans obtained following surgery revealed no medial pedicle cortex breach. There were two screws that violated the lateral pedicle cortex, without any subsequent complications for the patients.
Conclusions: Our study suggests that the absence of myogenic responses following stimulation at a threshold of 7 mA and below during pedicle screw placement, is a strong indicator that no medial pedicle cortex breach has occurred.
Correspondence should be addressed to Ms Larissa Welti, Scientific Secretary, EFORT Central Office, Technoparkstrasse 1, CH-8005 Zürich, Switzerland
