THE AXIAL PATELLAR TENDON ANGLE–A SIMPLE NEW MEASUREMENT IN PATELLAR INSTABILITY

Abstract

Introduction: Patello-femoral instability (PFI) and pain may be caused by anatomical abnormality. Many radiographic measurements have been used to describe the shape and position of the patella and femoral trochlea. Some are difficult to apply when dysplasia is present.

This paper describes a simple new MRI measurement of the axial patellar tendon angle (APTA), and compares this angle in patients with and without patello-femoral instability.

Method: Axial MRI images of the knee of 20 patients with PFI and 20 normal knees (isolated acute ACL rupture) were used for measurement. The angle between the patellar tendon and the posterior femoral condylar line was assessed at three levels from the proximal tendon to its insertion.

Results: In normal knees, the APTA is 11 degrees of lateral tilt at all levels from the proximal tendon to its distal insertion. In PFI knees, the APTA is 32 degrees at the proximal tendon, 27 degrees at the joint line and 22 degrees at the distal insertion. The difference is significant (p< 0.001) at all levels.

Discussion: Measurement of the APTA is reproducible and is easier than many other indices of patello-femoral anatomy. In PFI, the APTA is increased by 21 degrees at the proximal tendon and by 11 degrees at its distal insertion.

In PFI, the patella is commonly tilted laterally. This is matched by the orientation of the patellar tendon. The increased tilt of the tendon is only partially corrected at its distal insertion with an abnormal angle of tibial attachment. When performing distal realignment procedures, angular correction as well as displacement may be appropriate.