TIBIAL INTERFERENCE SCREW POSITION IN SOFT TISSUE ACL GRAFT FIXATION, BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract

Introduction Concentric interference screw placement has been proposed as having potentially better biological graft integration than eccentric interference screw placement during soft tissue ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a wedge shaped concentric screw was at least equivalent to an eccentric screw in stiffness, yield load, ultimate load and mode of failure.

Methods Seven matched pairs of human cadaveric tendon in porcine tibia with titanium wedge shaped screws were randomly allocated to either the eccentric or concentric groups. Bone tunnels were drilled 45° to the long axis of the tibia, akin to standard ACL reconstruction. Tendon diameter was matched to tunnel diameter and a screw one millimetre larger than tunnel diameter was inserted. An Instrom machine was used to pull in the line of the tendon. Tendons were inspected after construct disassembly.

Results The concentric screw configuration showed significantly higher stiffness (p< 0.0085), yield load (p< 0.0135) and ultimate load (p< 0.0075). The mode of failure in the eccentric screw position was slippage at the screw tendon interface in all cases. In the concentric group 88% of cases had a breakage in the tendon and 13% of cases had slippage at the tendon bone interface. However, it was observed during construct disassembly that there was more macroscopic damage to the tendon substance in the concentric group. Failure was mostly by tendon breakage, which reflects the strongest fixation possible with the tendon being the weakest link in the system.

Conclusions Concentric interference screw fixation of soft tissue graft offers superior fixation in single pullout mode when compared to eccentric interference screw fixation.