Objective: The presentation of mid-term results of porous tantalum TMT cup in congenital high hip dislocation.

Materials and Methods: Between November 1997 and December 2000, we performed 27 total hip replacements in 22 women patiens suffering from high congenital hip dislocation according Xartofilakidis classification. The acetabular component was implanted at the true acetabular bed with restoration of the centre of hip rotation. Clinical and radiological observation took place in regular intervals for an average time of 10.2 years (8.5–12 years).

Results: The average Harris Hip Score improved from 48.3 preoperatively (range 15–65) to 89.5 at the latest follow-up (56–100). Oxford hip score declined from 49.5 preoperatively to 21.2 at the first year and to 15.2 at five years examination. The absolute acetabular component’s migration was evaluated by EBRA method in the first 2 years and was at average 0.85 mm at the first year and 1.05 mm at the second year. An incident of gross initial migration was observed. No acetabular revision was performed and there was no case of mechanical loosening.

Conclusion: The acetabular TMT component is highly adhesive and porous with a modulus of elasticity close to subchondral bone. It promotes initial stability, induces bone penetration and integration and offers a more “physiologig” load transfer. It also offers adequate polyethylene thickness, even in the smallest sizes, due to its manufacturing. The recent results from its use in high hip dislocation are excellent and justify the further study of longevity and probably the superiority of this material.

Introduction: Radiolucency in the DeLee and Charnley zone 1 of the acetabulum in the early post operative period is a strong predictor of long-term failure of the cemented acetabulum. There is a wide variety in the acetabular anatomy of patients presenting for total hip replacement. Zone 1 radiolucency is an indicator of the failure of penetration of cement into the relatively hard cortical bone encountered in zone 1. Cement penetration is achieved by adequate preparation, achieving containment and effective pressurisation.

Aim: To use pre operative radiological measurements to predict the risk of radiolucency around the cemented acetabular component post operation.

Hypotheses:

Dysplastic acetabuli are associated with a higher incidence of zone 1 radiolucency.

Materials and Methods: A cohort of 300 patients undergoing cemented THR in our institution was identified. Radiographs performed on the patients pre operatively, post operatively, at first follow up (6 weeks to 3months) and follow up at 1 year were analysed. The following measurements of the native acetabulum were performed: Tonnis grade of osteoarthritis, Crowe grade of dysplasia, acetabular index of depth to width, ACM angle, peak to edge distance, acetabular index of weight bearing zone, centre-edge angle of Widberg, acetabular angle of Sharp, cross over sign and posterior wall sign to assess retroversion, acetabular inclination and anteversion angle. Post operative films were then assessed for the presence of zone 1 keyholes, incidence and degree of radiolucency, cup inclination and anteversion.

Results: Patients with an acetabulum outside the normal range were more likely to have a post operative radiolucency. Radiolucency tended to progress with time. Zone 1 keyholes appeared to terminate this progression. Retroverted and steeply inclined acetabuli demonstrated a higher incidence of radiolucency. A large change in version from the native to prosthetic acetabulum was associated with an increased risk of radiolucency.

Conclusion: Thorough pre operative radiological assessment of the acetabular anatomy allows us to predict patients at high risk of post operative radiolucency. Patients with unsuitable anatomy may be more appropriate for an alternative method of fixation or require different techniques of acetabular preparation or augmentation in order to reduce their risk of loosening of the acetabular component in the long term.

Introduction: Revision rate after THA in the younger age groups is still unacceptable high and might up to 20% after 10 years. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate risk factors for later revision in patients younger than 50 years at surgery based on the NARA database (Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association).

Materials and Methods: 14,610 primary THA from Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, operated from 1995 to 2007, were included. 49.4% was males, the diagnosis was idiopathic osteoarthrosis (OA) in 46%, childhood disease in 26%, inflammatory arthritis (IA) in 12%, non-traumatic osteonecrosis in 9% and fracture in 6%. 49% of the THA’s were uncemented, 27% cemented, 14% hybrid, and 8% were inverse hybrid THA’s. Cox multiple regression, adjusted for diagnose, age, gender, calendar year and surgical approach, was used to calculate prosthesis survival with any revision as end-point. RR= relative risk (CI= confidence interval).

Results: The overall 10-year survival was 83%. There was no difference between gender (RR=0.94 (0.82–1.07)). IA had a 37% reduced risk of revision compared with OA (RR=0.67 (0.54–0.84)), whereas there was no difference between childhood disease and primary osteoarthrosis. Overall, cemented, uncemented and reverse hybrid THA had a better survival than hybrid THA. Hybrid THA had 24% increased risk compared with cemented (RR=1.24 (1.04–1.49)). There were no difference between cementless and cemented (RR=1.07 (0.92–1.26)). Interestingly, the inverse THA had lower revision rate than cemented THA in men (RR=0.50 (0.25–0.99)). The risk for revision due to aseptic loosening was lowest in cementless THA and reduced to RR=0.55 (0.44–0.69) compared with cemented THA.

Discussion: and Conclusion: Choice of prosthetic concept for younger patients is still of debate. The present study including only patients younger than 50 years of age, showed that overall cemented, uncemented and reverse hybrid THA, had better survival than traditional hybrid. The risk for revision due to aseptic loosening was higher in cemented than cementless THA.

Introduction: Angular and torsional deviations of femur are usually combined with Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (CDH) and increase the complications of hip arthroplasty. The aim of this study is to evaluate surgical and reconstructive options for the treatment of CDH.

Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the results and complications of 55 primary cementless total hip arthroplasties, all of whom had Crowe type-IV developmental dysplasia of the hip. The arthroplasty was performed in combination with a subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy and with placement of the acetabular component at the level of the anatomic hip center. The patients were evaluated at a mean of 8,1 years postoperatively.

Results: From 1984, more than 2000 cases of arthroplasty have been performed in dysplastic hip, 565 cases had a previous femoral osteotomy; 128 cases needed correction of femoral side deformity; 64 had a greater trochanteric osteotomy. In 9 cases rotational abnormality and shortening were controlled with plate and distal femur osteotomy. 55 cases were treated by a shortening subtrochanteric osteotomy. Only non-cemented stems were used. 4 failures occurred for the incorrect fixation of the metaphysis. The fixation can be obtained only by prosthetic press-fit, but it is preferable to use metal wires. There was no sciatic injury; indeed shortening osteotomy provides an easy control of deformity and lengthening, with a maximum of 4 cm. One case was reviewed for heterotopic calcification (grade 4). One infection of the soft tissue was medically cured. There were two revisions for polyethylene failure at 8 and 12 years postoperative.

Discussion: The anatomic abnormalities associated with CDH and previous femoral osteotomy increase the complexity of hip arthroplasty. We had best results with the femoral shortening subtrochanteric osteotomy where a rapid consolidation was obtained. Moreover, the functional result was better for the management of the insertion of the muscle tendons in particular the mediogluteus and also for the relatively correct positioning in favour of the reciprocal relationship of the pelvic-trochanter. The detachment of the greater trochanter associated with a metaphyseal proximal shortening, remains an effective technique for the treatment of malformations that are difficult to treat, but there is a high risk of pseudarthrosis of greater trochanter.

Conclusion: Femoral shortening subtrochanteric osteotomy preserves the proximal femoral anatomy, avoids the problems associated with reattachment of the greater trochanter, and facilitating a cementless femoral reconstruction in relatively young patients.

Aim: The evaluation of the middle term behaviour of the Wagner-type stems in dysplastic femurs and the presentation of the technical and surgical differences with the implantation of a Wagner stem.

Materials and Methods: Between 1997 and 2008 we implanted 64 Wagner stems in 58 patients. Average age at the time of implantation was 64 years. 52 patients was operated because of DDH, and 12 had had previous osteotomy. All patients were prospectively evaluated radiographically and clinically at annual intervals. Functional outcome was assessed with Harris Hip Score and Oxford Score.

Results: Mean follow-up of these series was 4 years (11-1)One stem was revised because of fracture of the lesser trochander and two more patients were re-operated for open reduction. With the re-operation as end-point and 95% Confidence Interval survivorship rate was 98, 5%. There were no progressive radiolucent lines. Stem migration was at an average 2mm (1–6) during the first two years and remained stable thereafter. There was no deep infection in these series. After the second year a dense zone is evident in all Gruen zones at the implant –bone interface with a width of 2–3 mm.

Discussion: Dysplasia of the proximal femur may pose significant technical problems during THA due to the distortion of the geometry and the narrowing of the femoral canal. The sort, conical Wagner type stems can offer a very good alternative is such patients. They allow control of the anteversion and they are able get a good press-fit despite the metaphyseal/diaphyseal mismatch and the femoral bowing.

Conclusions: Wagner type stems are a reliable alternative when performing THA in patients with dysplastic femurs

Background: According to the mid-term results obtained from the previous registry-based studies, survival of cementless stems for aseptic loosening in younger patients with primary osteoarthritis has been better than the survival of cemented stems. However, it has not been clear if the endurance against aseptic loosening of cementless cups is comparable to that of cemented cups. The aim of the present study was to analyze population-based long-term survival rates of the cemented and cementless total hip replacements in patients under the age of fifty-five years with primary osteoarthritis in Finland.

Patients and Methods: Between 1980 and 2006, a total of 7310 primary total hip replacements performed for primary osteoarthritis in patients under the age of fifty-five years were entered in the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry. 4,032 of them fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were subjected to analysis. The implants included were classified in one of the three following groups: implants with a cementless, straight, proximally circumferentially porous-coated stem and a porous-coated press-fit cup (cementless group #1); implants with a cementless, anatomic, proximally circumferentially porous-coated and/ or hydroxyapatite-coated stem with a porous-coated and/or hydroxyapatite-coated press-fit cup (cementless group #2); and a cemented stem combined with a cemented all-polyethylene cup (the cemented group).

Results: Cementless total hip replacements, as well as cementless stems and cups analyzed separately, had a significantly reduced risk of revision for aseptic loosening compared with cemented hip replacements. The 15-year survivorship of cementless stem groups for aseptic loosening was higher than that of cemented stems (89% and 90% vs. 72%). The 15-year survivorship of cementless press-fit porous-coated cups for aseptic loosening was higher than that of cemented cups (80% vs. 71%). When revision for any reason was the end point in survival analyses, however, there were no significant differences among the groups.

Conclusions: Both cementless stems and cementless cups have better resistance to aseptic loosening than cemented implants in long term follow-up in younger patients. Even if liner-exchange revisions are taken into account, the long-term survival of cementless total hip replacements is comparable to that of cemented implants.

Background: the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the functional and clinical results of the developmental high dislocated hips after subtrochanteric transverse shortening osteotomy fixed axially and rotationally by cementless femoral stem and the asetabular component placed into the anatomical place.

Methods: in a retrospective study, we evaluated the results and complications of twenty-four consecutive primary cementless total hip arthroplasty in eighteen patients (sixteen female and two male) all of whom had Crowe IV (Hartofilakidis type III) high dislocations. The arthroplasty was performed in combination with a subtrochanteric transverse shortening osteotomy and Zweymüller femoral stem(SL plus) without any fixation instruments for the osteotomy site and with placement of the acetabular component at the level of anatomic hip center. All of the patients were evaluated at a mean of 4 years postoperatively.

Results: the mean Harris Hip score increased from 17.25 points preoperatively to 84.87 points at the time of final follow up (p< 0.01). Seven of the twenty four hips had an early or late complications and/or reoperations. None of the subtrochanteric osteotomies were followed by non-union and no other complications concerning the femoral site is seen. There was one instance of isolated loosening of asetabuler component. Two hips dislocated postoperatively which were treated by closed reduction and bracing for 12 weeks. One siatic neurapraxic injury was identified which resolved within 6 months’ time. Intraoperative femoral cracks were seen in three hips. One of them on the proximal part (trochanteric site) and the other two on the distal femur. All were fixed by cerclage and cables without any further pain and complications.

Conclusions: subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy and cementless total hip arthoplasty for the treatment of developmental dysplasia and dislocations of the hip were associated with high rates of successful fixation of the femoral component and the asetabulum. The osteotomy site has a healing potential within the eight weeks’ time without any complications. The mean Harris hip score was 84.87 points. The complication rate is higher than that associated with primary total hip arthroplasty for the degenerative arthritis.

There are a variety of patient and surgical factors shown to increase post-operative complication risk for a total hip arthroplasty (THA). While many studies have linked patient and surgical factors to unsuccessful outcomes post total hip arthroplasty (THA), no study has attempted to correlate the infiuence of these factors to the positioning of the acetabular cup. The purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between patient and surgical factors and the anatomical position of the acetabular component.

Data for 2063 patients from 2004–2008 who underwent a primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), revision THA, or Birmingham Hip Resurfacing procedure was compiled. The post- op anteroposterior pelvis (AP) and the cross table lateral digital radiographs for each patient were measured to determine cup inclination and version. Acceptable angle ranges were defined as 30–45° for abduction, and 5–25° for version. Correlations between variables and cup abduction and version angles were determined with SPSS™ statistical software.

There were 1954(95%) qualifying patients. There were 1218(62%) acetabular cups that fell within the 30–45° optimal abduction range, and 1576(87%) cups in the 5–25° optimal version range. There were 921(47%) patients that had both inclination and version angles that fell within the optimal range. Regression analysis showed that surgical approach (p> 0.001), high/low volume surgeon (p< 0.001), and obesity (BMI > 30, p=0.01) were independent predictors for abduction and version combined analysis. Both surgical approach (p< 0.001) and BMI (p=0.018) were independent predictors in the individual analysis of both abduction and version. High/low volume surgeon was significant for the independent analysis of abduction (p=0.013). In the combined analysis, low volume surgeons showed a 2 fold increase (95% C.I. 1.5–2.8) in risk for cup malpositioning compared to high volume surgeons. The MIS surgical approach showed a 6 fold increase (95% C.I. 3.5–10.7) in risk for cup malpositioning compared to the posterolateral approach. Obesity (BMI> 30) showed a 1.3 fold increase (95% C.I. 1.1–1.7) in risk for cup malpositioning compared to all other body mass index groups.

Posterolateral surgical approach was superior to MIS surgical approaches for independent and combined abduction and version analysis. High volume surgeons had greater accuracy for cup positioning, specifically for achieving optimal cup abduction angle. Compared to all other body mass index categories, patients that were obese (BMI> 30) displayed a greater risk for cup malpositioning for independent and combined abduction and version analysis. Further statistical analyses on patient and surgical variables and their infiuence on cup position at a lower volume medical center would provide a valuable data comparison.

Introduction: As a consequence of the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide, an increasing proportion of diabetic THR patients may be expected in coming years. Diabetes research on postoperative complications among arthroplasty patients is limited. We evaluated the extent to which diabetes affect the revision rate due to aseptic loosening, deep infection and dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Material and Methods: We used the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Registry (DHR) to identify all primary THR patients operated on during the period from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2005. The presence of diabetes among THA patients was identified by using The Danish National Registry of Patients and The Danish National Drug Prescription Database. We used Poisson regression analyses, to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes, both crude and adjusted for potentially confounding factors.

Results: We identified 57 575 first primary THR patients in DHR, of which 3 278 (5.7%) were with diabetes and 54 297 (94.3%) without diabetes. An adjusted RR for revision due to deep infection of 1.45 (CI: 1.00–2.09) was found for THA diabetic patients compared to patients without diabetes. The RR was particularly high for THA patients with diabetes less than five years (RR was 1.71 (CI: 1.24–32.34), with the presence of diabetes related comorbidites prior THA (RR was 2.35 (CI: 1.39–3.98) and diabetes related complications (RR was 1.88 (CI: 1.17–3.03).

Conclusion. The patient and the surgeon should be aware of the relative increased risk of revision due to deep infection following THA as compared with the risk in THA patients without diabetes.

Aims: Limb length discrepancy is a recognised complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Cementless THAs are increasingly being used, but in order to achieve rotational and axial stability larger implants may be required than originally templated for. This could potentially result in greater limb length discrepancy. Our objective was to determine if limb length discrepancy exists to a greater degree in cementless THA.

Methods: 166 consecutive patients undergoing elective THA between June 2007 and May 2008 were included in this retrospective study. Post-operative, digital radiographs (PACS, Centricity^®) were examined for each of these patients to determine limb length. Limb length discrepancy was calculated as the difference between the perpendicular distance between the inter-teardrop line and the most prominent points on the lesser trochanter of each limb. Magnification was determined from the measured radiographic diameter of the prosthetic heads and their actual diameters.

Results: Of the 166 patients included in this study 128 had cementless THA and 38 had cemented. The average magnification was calculated as 30%. Limb length discrepancy was found post-operatively in 93% of cases. In 65% of patients the operated limb was longer (by 0 – 29 mm) and in 28% it was shorter (by 0 – 23 mm). The mean limb length discrepancy, corrected for magnification, was 6.21 mm for cemented THA and 6.22 mm for cementless THA. A student’s T-test demonstrated no significant difference in limb length discrepancy between these operations (p = 0.996).

Conclusions: The incidence of limb length discrepancy after THA is high. However, no significant differences were demonstrated between cemented and cementless THAs in our series. Accurate and careful pre-operative templating is important in THA to minimise the risk of clinically significant limb length discrepancy.

Introduction: In total hip arthroplasty, the angle of acetabular component is a critical factor for the postoperative dislocation and the longevity of prostheses. The angle is principally determined in relation to anterior pelvic plane. It is reported that the pelvis tends to tilt posteriorly along with aging. Furthermore, the pelvic tilt might change after THA. The changes might be infiuenced by the hip condition and lumbar lordosis. We measured the pelvic tilt and the lumbar lordosis, and evaluated the effects of contralateral hip and lumbar lordosis on pelvic tilt after THA.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-one unilateral patients and 30 bilateral patients were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis was dysplastic osteoarthritis in all patients. In unilateral patients, the hip was affected in one side and the other hip was normal or acetabular dysplasia without symptoms. In bilateral patients, THAs in both hips were done within two months.

Pelvic inclination angle (PIA) and lumbar lordotic angle (LLA) were measured on the standing lateral X-rays before operation and 1-month, 6-month and 1-year post-operation. The effects of patient age, BMI, ROM of the hip, preoperative PIA and LLA on the changes of PIA were statistically investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. We divided the patients into three groups with regard to pre-operative PIA (anterior group: PIA < 0, intermediate group: 0 < PIA < 10, posterior group: PIA > 10) and with regard to pre-operative LLA (insufficient group: LLA < 20, moderate group: 20 < LLA < 40, severe group: LLA > 40).

Results: Overall, significant factor was only preoperative PIA. In bilateral cases, preoperative PIA and patient age affected the changes of PIA after THA. In patients with severe lordosis, preoperative PIA and LLA were significant factors. PIA increased in anterior tilt group and PIA did not change in intermediate group, while PIA gradually decreased in posterior group. In insufficient lordosis group, PIA remarkably increased after THA compared with that in severe group.

Discussion: Pelvic tilt after THA has been reported without considering the conditions of contralateral hip and lumbar spine. By categorizing patients with regard to the conditions of hips and lumbar spine, we can prospect the tendency of the direction of PIA changes. These results indicated that pre-operative PIA was related the changes of PIA in bilateral group. PIA slightly increased in all bilateral patients, PIA tended to close each other in unilateral patients. Further investigation is necessary to prospect the estimated PIA value after THA.

Introduction: The presence of low levels of vitamin D in osteoarthritic patients has been reported as a substantial problem. We are not aware of any previous studies that have assessed the function of osteoarthritic patients undergoing joint replacement who are vitamin D deficient. This may be an important factor infiuencing preoperative function and postoperative outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate whether low vitamin D levels are associated with functional deterioration in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip undergoing total hip arthroplasty.

Methods: We measured plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels in 62 consecutive Caucasian patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they were vitamin D sufficient or deficient. The groups were matched for age, gender and ASA grade.

Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our cohort of patients was comparable to recent population-based studies performed in the UK. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had lower preoperative Harris hip scores (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.018) and were significantly less likely to attain an excellent outcome from total hip arthroplasty (Chi-square test, p = 0.038). Vitamin D levels were found to positively correlate with both preoperative and postoperative Harris hip scores.

Discussion: Our results warrant further study of vitamin D deficiency in patients undergoing joint replacement as it is a risk factor for suboptimal outcome which is relatively simple and cheap to correct.

Aim: To evaluate the possible increase to surgical/operating room capacity by increasing the percentage of uncemented total hip replacement

Introduction: Globally there is growing demand for increased efficiency and productivity from medical care. In hip arthroplasty there has been increased interest in the use of uncemented components with several studies and registry data showing them to perform well clinically 1, 2. One concern with their increased use has been increased costs 3. We have examined the issue of operative timing and discuss the possible role these components may have in increasing theatre utilisation times and so offsetting their cost.

Methods: This was a prospective, cohort study of every hip replacement performed in a dedicated arthroplasty unit within a district general hospital over one year. All care of patients was standardised using pathways, including all surgeons using a posterior approach with posterior repair. This allowed us to determine the relative effect of prosthesis type on quality, safety and efficiency. Demographic, anaesthetic, operative and timing details on all cases performed were collected prospectively and independently of the surgical team. Patients were reviewed at six weeks and one year post op. All readmissions to any hospital were noted and any further surgery recorded.

Results: There were 1248 cases performed in one year. Of these 194 were uncemented (both components) and 286 cemented total hip replacements. Patient demographics were similar (mean age 70.9 years, range 28–92). Both hip types showed no difference in quality or safety factors as assessed by hip scores, patient mobilisation times, complication rates or revision rates. The only difference was in the surgical times. These were (in minutes):

– Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum

(*p< 0.0005)

Conclusions: Our data demonstrates an average time saving of 17 minutes per case performed. If, over the next year, we converted to all uncemented hips we would release 136 hours of operative time, giving an opportunity to get 100 more cases done. This represents a 20% increase in productivity with no compromise to safety or quality.

Introduction: Since 2000 all total hip replacements have been subjected to a continuous quality control. We report an increasing rate of postoperative fractures around uncemented femoral components after minimal or no trauma.

Methods: Four to 6 weeks after the THR all patient files and radiographs are evaluated and demographic data, complications and radiographic position of the implant registered. Surgery was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and full weight bearing was allowed. If a fracture occurred during the first postoperative weeks a further analysis of the case was performed.

Results: During the 9 years 3.295 primary total hip replacements were performed. In the period the use of uncemented THR increased from 41% to 99%. Totally 69 fractures in 2.408 uncemented THR’s (2.9%) were registered, and 28 of these were of the proksimal split fracture type occurring without any previous trauma. The fractures occurred after a few days up to 4 weeks after surgery and were characterised by a vertical femoral fracture from the calcar to the medial femoral region 5 to 7 cm below the lesser trochanter. All cases were seen in women, but were not correlated to age, BMI or previous femoral neck fracture. In most cases treatment was internal fixation with a trochanteric grip and cables and insertion of a new uncemented femoral component.

Conclusion: The increased use of uncemented femoral components implies a substantial risk of subtrochanteric femoral fracture. The cause of these fractures is unknown, but probably multifactorial. It could be due to a mismatch between the instruments and the prosthesis, to undiagnosed weakness of the bone, or to the vigorous mobilisation made possible by the effective modern treatment of postoperative pain.

Objective: Hospital volume is a known indicator for orthopaedic adverse events in patients undergoing total hip replacement. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of hospital volume on the length of stay, re-admissions and complications of THR on a population-based level in Finland.

Methods: Using the information from the Hospital Discharge Registry and that of four other National databases, 28,218 THRs performed for primary osteoarthritis were identified for the period covering 1998 to 2005. Hospitals were classified into four groups according to the number of primary and revision hip and knee replacements performed on an annual basis over the whole study period: 1–100 (Group 1), 101–300 (Group 2), 301–600 (Group 3) and 601 or over (Group 4). Logistic regression analysis and generalized linear models were used to study the effect of hospital volume on the length of stay, unscheduled re-admissions, re-operations, dislocations and infections.

Results: The lengths of both the surgical treatment period and the uninterrupted institutional care were shorter for the very high volume hospitals (Group 4) than for the low volume hospitals (Group 1) (p< 0.0001). The odds ratio for dislocations (0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.91) was significantly lower in the high volume hospitals (Group 3), than in the low volume hospitals (Group 1, the reference group).

Conclusion: Specialization of hip replacements by high volume hospitals should reduce costs by significantly shortening length of stay, and may reduce the dislocation rate.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the incidence of requirement for shoe raises for a leg length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip replacement (THR). We also assessed the patient satisfaction with, and continued use of shoe raises for symptomatic LLD after THR.

Methods: We searched the orthotics records at our institution to identify all patients who had required a shoe raise for symptomatic LLD after primary unilateral total hip replacement between January 2003 and October 2008. 75 patients were identified. 72 were still alive. In the same period 4270 primary hip replacements were carried out at the institution. A questionnaire was sent out to all living patients. Patient details (including satisfaction) and operative details were recorded. Pre-operative and post-operative radiological measurements of leg length discrepancy (LLD) were performed.

Results: The incidence of requirement of a shoe raise for LLD after THR at our institution was 1.8%. 68% were women. 84% of questionnaires were returned. 31% had stopped using their shoe raise completely. Two-thirds of patients found the raise improved their symptoms of a LLD. Symptoms causing dissatisfaction with the shoe raise included new or worsening back pain, limp, uneven walking, self awareness, need to adjust trouser length, pain in other hip, discomfort while walking, and difficulty buying shoes. Patient overall satisfaction with their THR was poor in the patients who were dissatisfied with the shoe raise, but was good in those who found the raise useful.

Conclusion: About 2% of patients may require a shoe raise for symptomatic LLD after THR. Of these 65% will find the shoe raise helpful. Patient with a LLD after a THR that is not helped by a shoe raise are very dissatisfied. It is important that surgeons should take great care to avoid causing a LLD after THR as it can be a cause of very low patient satisfaction.

Introduction: The standard length of hospital stay after total hip arthroplasty (THA) can be as short as 4 days. However, the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) extends beyond this period of hospitalization. A pooled analysis of the RECORD1 and RECORD2 studies evaluated the efficacy, safety, and timing of events with rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of VTE after THA.

Methods: Patients (N=7,050) were randomized to receive oral rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily starting postoperatively (for 31–39 days) or subcutaneous enoxaparin 40 mg once daily starting preoperatively (for 31–39 days in RECORD1, and 10–14 days followed by placebo in RECORD2). The primary efficacy endpoint was the composite of symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality. The safety endpoints were treatment-emergent major bleeding, major bleeding including surgical-site bleeding, major bleeding plus clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding, and any bleeding. The primary efficacy endpoint was assessed during treatment. The incidence and timing of the safety endpoints were assessed after the first dose of study medication and up to 2 days after the last dose.

Results: Rivaroxaban significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality compared with enoxaparin regimens (0.44% vs 1.01%, respectively; p=0.006), with no significant differences in major bleeding (0.2% vs 0.09%; p=0.219) or the composite of major plus CRNM bleeding (3.23% vs 2.61%; p=0.141). Of the symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality events, 73% and 86% occurred after day 4 with the rivaroxaban and enoxaparin regimens, respectively. For the composite of major plus CRNM bleeding, 48% and 33% of events occurred after day 4 with the rivaroxaban and enoxaparin regimens, respectively.

Conclusion: Rivaroxaban significantly reduced symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality after THA compared with the enoxaparin regimens, with no significant difference in bleeding events. Major plus CRNM bleeding was more likely to occur earlier than day 4, whereas the majority of symptomatic venous thromboembolic events occurred after day 4. These results highlight the relevance of extended duration of thromboprophylaxis after THA as most VTE events occur post-discharge.

While hidden blood loss has been shown to occur in hip fractures the timing and cause have not yet been demonstrated. This study investigated the degree of pre-operative blood loss within the first 24hrs after intertrochanteric hip fracture.

188 patients with extracapsular hip fractures had their full blood count taken on admission and after 24 hours. The haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) were noted at each time. Fractures were grouped as undisplaced or displaced. Those who were operated on prior to the 24hr blood sample were excluded. All patients with intracapsular or sub-trochanteric fractures were excluded, as were any who received a blood transfusion prior to their 24hr blood sample being taken. The tests for differences between blood samples and the existence of displacement were performed using paired and independent Student’s t-test. The level of significance was set at P< 0.05. All data was analysed using SPSS statistical software version 11.

The overall fall in the Hb within 24hr was significant (1.6 g/dl, P< 0.001), as was the fall in the haematocrit (0.05, P< 0.05). Displaced fractures had a significantly lower Hb at 24hrs than undisplaced (10.6g/dl vs 11.8 g/dl, P=0.001). The fall in Hb was significantly greater in displaced fractures compared to undisplaced (1.7g/dl vs 1.2g/dl, P< 0.05). Changes in the Hct mirrored those of the Hb.

This study identified a significant blood loss that occurs within the first 24hrs after an intertrochanteric hip fracture, prior to theatre. The cause is unlikely to be secondary to dehydration as the Hct fell with the Hb. Thus the most likely cause is the trauma itself. The admission Hb is possibly an inaccurate measure of the true value and patients may be more shocked than first thought. A more liberal resuscitation policy may be warranted.

Introduction: Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common injury and often presents with a typical injury pattern. Historic literature has shown that the accuracy of diagnosis of ACL ruptures is poor at the initial medical consultation despite the history of injury strongly suggesting an ACL injury. The aims of this study were to determine: if the accuracy of diagnosis of ACL ruptures at initial presentation has improved over the last decade; grade of medical staff at initial and subsequent consultations; the mechanism of injury; and the subsequent delay in diagnosis and definitive treatment.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty two consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between January 2005 and January 2009 were analysed using prospective collected data. The mean age of the patients was 29 years (12–57). Sixteen patients were excluded due to chronic ACL injury (15).

Results: One hundred and sixteen patients (117 ACL ruptures) were included in the analysis. A typical injury pattern was documented in 87 (75%) of cases. The most common sporting activities associated with an ACL injury were football (35.3%), skiing (21.6%), rugby (10.3%) and other (32.8%). The vast majority of patients (68.1%) sought medical attention within 1 week from time of injury. The diagnosis of an ACL rupture was made in 33 cases (28%) at the initial medical consultation. The diagnosis was made in 13 (11%) of cases with the use of MRI and 6 (5%) cases at arthroscopy. The most common diagnoses made in cases of failed ACL rupture diagnosis were medial meniscal tear (10.3%), medial collateral ligament injury (7.8%) and none (33.6%). The mean time to diagnosis was 21 weeks (0–192) and the mean time to ACL reconstruction was 44 weeks (1–240).

Conclusions: Despite a typical mechanism of injury leading to ACL rupture the rate of initial diagnosis remains poor. This often leads to an unnecessary delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

Introduction: The debridement of deep cartilage defects is one of the most frequently used Methods: in arthroscopic surgery.

This randomized study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of simple mechanical debridement and the 52°C-controlled bipolar chondroplasty.

Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients (28 male, 32 female, average age 43.3 years, range 20 to 50 years) who were suffering from a grade III cartilage defect of the medial femoral condyle were included. Exclusion criteria were revision arthroscopy, injury or osteoarthritis (grade II or higher).

After randomization, 30 patients underwent simple debridement of the cartilage defects, which was performed with a mechanical shaver (MSD = mechanical shaver debridement). The remaining patients underwent thermal chondroplasty, which was performed with a temperature-controlled bipolar device with a constant thermo-application of 51°C (RFC = Radio-Frequency-based Chondroplasty).

The patients were evaluated by the Knee-injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOSS) preoperatively and at time of follow-up. Activity levels were measured by the Tegner score (activity level before onset of the symptoms and at time of follow-up). Follow-up was undertaken 4 years after the arthroscopy.

Results: No significant differences between the preoperative findings for the two groups were observed.

One patient from the MSD group had died, and one female patient in the RFC group was lost to follow-up. A total of 18 patients had undergone revision operations due to persistent knee problems: in the MSD group, there were 8 endoprostheses, 4 osteotomies, and 2 revision arthroscopies; in the RFC group there was 1 one replacement, 2 osteotomies, and 1 revision arthroscopy with subtotal medial meniscectomy. The proportion of revisions was significantly higher in the MSD group (p=0.006). These patients were excluded from the evaluation.

The remaining 40 patients from both groups benefited from the operation. The preoperative KOOS was 11.3 points in the MSD group and 15.5 points in the RFC group (p=0.279). Patients from the MSD group had a KOOS of 53.2 at the time of follow-up. In the RFC group the KOOS (71.8) was significantly higher (p< 0.001).

Patients from both groups had to accept a decrease in their level of physical activity. However, patients from the RFC group had a significantly improved (p=0.005) Tegner activity score in comparison to the patients from the MSP group.

The radiographic and MRI findings in the MSD group were also worse than in RFC patients.

Conclusion: RFC is a potential method for the treatment of deep cartilage defects. The 4-year outcome is better than after MSD. Long-term results are still lacking.

Background: Total hip replacement (THR) is one of the commonest operations in orthopaedic practice.

Literature review showed that 20–70% of patients who underwent THR needed 1–3 units of blood. Although safer than ever, allogeneic transfusion is still associated with risks for the recipient. There has been unsettled search for ways to reduce such blood loss and transfusion.

Tranexamic acid has been popularised as an effective way to reduce blood loss and subsequent blood transfusion.

Objectives: To investigate the value of Tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and blood transfusion after THR and other clinical outcomes such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), ischaemic heart diseases and mortality.

Patients and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomised and quasi-randomised trials which used tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss in hip arthroplasty was conducted. The data was evaluated using the generic evaluation tool designed by the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group.

Results:

Blood loss

Seven studies (250 patients) were eligible for this outcome. Using Tranexamic acid reduced blood loss by an average of 155 ml (P-value < 0.00001, 95% CI (87–224), Heterogeneity I2 69 %.)

Blood transfusion

Nine studies (463 patients) were eligible for this outcome. Tranexamic acid led to a reduction in the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion (Odds Ratio of 0.35, P- value < 0.00001, 95% CI (0.22–0.55), Heterogeneity I2 25 %.)

Other outcomes

There were no significant differences in the length of stay, DVT, PE, mortality, wound haematoma or infections between the study groups.

Conclusion: The use of Tranexamic acid in THR results in significant reduction of blood loss and blood transfusion.

Objectives: To explore the potential clinical benefits of PRGF injections for the treatment of OA in a retrospective observational study and to characterize the PRGF treatment in OA patients.

Methods: A total of 62 patients with symptomatic OA (Knee OA, 41 patients; hip OA, 21 patients) were treated with a series of three weekly intra-articular injections of PRGF and studied retrospectively. ELISA assays were used to determine the levels of VEGF-A, HGF, PDGF, TGF-β1 and IGF-I in PRGF. The patients completed the WOMAC questionnaires prior to PRGF treatment at two and six months after its instauration. The primary efficacy criteria were mean change from baseline through two and six months in the WOMAC index pain and physical function scores. Change scores for the Harris hip scores were calculated for 6 months post-treatment. Age and BMI were included in the models.

results The mean age and BMI of the participants with hip and knee OA were 59 and 60 years and 27.8 and 28.5 kg/m2 respectively. In knee OA the differences between pain scores at baseline and two or six months were highly significant (−1.766, 95% CI: −1.073 to −2.458, p=0.000, and −2.320, CI: −3.838 to −0.803, p=0.011) The observed success rates for the pain sub-scale reached 37% by two months and 31.7% by six months. After two months, WOMAC physical function scores decreased significantly (−4.772, 95% CI: −6.864 to −2.681, p=0.000). The changes at six months were not statistically significant (n=41). The success rates for the physical function subscale were 31.4% by two months and 31.7% by six months (n=41). In hip OA the differences between WOMAC pain and Harris hip core scores at baseline and six months were significant. The success rate for the pain subscale and Harris hip score reached 58% and 85% by six months

PRGF resulted in a moderate enrichment in platelet number, 2.0 ± 0.5-fold increase compared to peripheral blood. The levels of the main platelet secretory growth factors were 27.28 ± 10.90 ng/cc for TGF-β1 and 15.66 ± 8.02 ng/cc for PDGF. VEGF was also secreted from platelets but was less abundant, 437± 446 pg/cc. Other GFs present in PRGF refiect mainly plasma levels; among these growth factors are IGF-I (55.53 ± 20.87 ng/cc) and the less concentrated HGF (472 ± 221 pg/cc).

Discussion: Due to the localized nature of OA, the possibility of intra-articular administration of PRGF, along with its biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity, may make this unique molecular mixture an attractive treatment for OA. PRGF may have therapeutic effects in OA joints via multiple biologic mechanisms. The results of this study will give a first impression of potential effectiveness of PRGF for the local treatment of hip and knee OA.

High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a recognised method of correction for knee joint malalignment and unicompartmental osteoarthritis. The long term results of this technique have been reported and are favourable. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI-C, MACI) has also been reported to have good results It is advised that malalignment, if present, should be corrected if ACI is to be performed. Although results have been reported for either procedure separately, the outcomes of combined HTO-ACI remain unreported.

To evaluate functional outcome in a group of patients undergoing combined HTO-ACI procedures.

Twenty three patients undergoing a combined ACI-HTO procedure were identified retrospectively from a larger trial of patients undergoing ACI for symptomatic chondral defects. The mean follow-up was 54 months (range 12 – 108) and the mean defect size was 689 mm2 (range 350 – 1200). Nine patients had ACI-C and HTO, the remainder having MACI and HTO. Pre and postoperative assessment was carried out using the Visual Analogue Score (VAS), the Bentley Functional Rating Score and the Modified Cincinnati Rating System.

The Mean VAS score improved from 7.4 pre-operatively to 2.9 post-operatively (p< 0.0001). The Bentley Functional Rating Score improved from 2.9 to 1.8 (p< 0.0001) whilst the Modified Cincinnati Rating System improved from 35.2 pre-operatively to 68.7 post-operatively (p< 0.0001). There was no significant difference between ACI-C and MACI. Two patients developed a non union at a mean of 13 months and a further two patients had a failure of the chondrocyte graft at a mean of 22.5 months.

Combining high tibial osteotomy with autologous chondrocyte implantation is an effective method of decreasing pain and increasing function at mean of 54 months follow-up. Further follow-up is required to assess the long term outcomes of these combined procedures.

Introduction: Data about sagittal orientation of the femoral component of a total knee replacement (TKR) are scarce, mainly because the definition of the femur axes on the lateral plane is not fully validated.

Methods: We analyzed 60 patients scheduled for TKR. Following axes were drawn on pre-operative long leg lateral X-rays: distal anterior cortex axis, anatomic diaphyseal axis, and three different mechanical axes from the center of the femoral head: #1 to the lowest point of the Blumensaat line, #2 to the midportion of the femoral condyles, #3 to the junction between the anterior two-third and the posterior third of the femoral condyles. The cortical axis was considered as the reference, and the angles between this reference and the other axes were recorded (more fiexion was considered positive).

Results: The mean orientation of the diaphyseal axis and the reference was +0.6°±3° (range, −1° to +3°). The mean orientation of the mechanical axis 1 was −0.8°±2.1° (range, −5° to +4°). The mean orientation of the mechanical axis 2 was −0.6°±2.1° (range, −5° to +4°). The mean orientation of the mechanical axis 3 was +0.8°±2.1° (range, −3° to +5°).

Discussion: There were few differences between the orientation of the different axes of the femur on the lateral view. The cortical axis has the lowest variance and may be the more reliable to document the femoral orientation on the lateral view. However this axis does not take into account the anteversion of the femoral neck.

Introduction: The success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is dependent on many factors. Postoperative extremity and component alignment are important determinants of outcome and longevity and malalignment results in higher failure rates. Computer-assisted (CAS) navigation devices were developed to improve implant positioning but their use increases the complexity of the surgery. The aim of this study is to assess the radiological outcome of conventional techniques versus CAS for TKA performed by an expert and other group performed by a beginner in CAS.

Methods: 90 patients patients with knee arthritis were prospective randomized into 3 groups: CAS performed by an expert, CAS performed during the learning curve and conventional technique (manual instrumentation) performed by an expert. Preoperative and postoperative clinical examinations were performed at four weeks, six months, and one year by an independent physician who was blinded to the surgical technique. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements of the anterior-posterior mechanical axis and the sagittal tibial and femoral axes were evaluated by an observer who was blinded to the surgical technique. The Knee Society Scoring System was used to asses clinical and functional outcomes. All variables were analysed for differences between the groups either by Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test.

Results: There was no differences in implant positioning between the CAS groups. The mechanical axis of the leg was significantly better in the two CAS groups (96%, within +/−3° varus/valgus) compared with the conventional Group (78%, within +/− 3° varus/valgus). The frontal and sagittal alignment of the femoral component and the frontal tibial alignment were also more precise in the CAS groups. Improvement occurred in the Knee Society scores up to one year post-operatively and was similar for the three groups. No significant difference between the groups could be found at any time point in the study, with the mean difference being 3.5 points (95% CI;18.6 to 13.6).

Conclusions: We have not shown differences in the precise positioning of implants during the learning curve in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty. Computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty gives a better correction of alignment of the leg and orientation of the components compared with the conventional technique. Potential benefits in the long-term outcome and functional improvement require further investigation.

Introduction: Navigation system might help improving the quality of implantation of a revision total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods: 30 cases of revision TKR were operated on with an image-free system, and matched to 30 cases of conventional revision TKR. Quality of implantation was analyzed in both groups on post-operative long-leg X-rays. Following items were recorded: coronal femoro-tibial angle, coronal and sagittal orientation of femoral and tibial implants. The rate of globally satisfactory implanted prostheses and the rate of prostheses implanted within the desired range for each criterion were recorded in both groups and compared with a Chi² test and an ANOVA test at a 5% level of significance.

Results: We observed a significant improvement of all radiological items by navigated cases. Limb alignment was restored in 88% of the navigated cases and 73% of the conventional cases. Similar differences were observed for the coronal and sagital orientation of the femoral and tibial implants. Overall, 78% of the implants were oriented satisfactorily for the four criteria for navigated cases, and only 58% for conventional cases.

Discussion: The navigation system enables reaching the implantation goals for implant position in the large majority of cases, with a rate similar to that obtained for primary TKA. The rate of optimally implanted prosthesis was significantly higher with navigation than with conventional technique. The navigation system is a useful aid for these often difficult operations, where the visual information is often misleading.

Intraoperative assessment of knee kinematics should help surgeons optimizing total knee replacement. The purpose of this work was to validate information delivered by an adapted navigation system in 10 healthy cadaver knees and to investigate kinematics of 10 osteoarthritic (OA) knees in patients undergoing total knee replacement. The system displayed the magnitude of axial rotation, the position of the instantaneous centre of axial rotation and the displacements of the condyles. Successive cycles from full extension to 140° of fiexion in the same knee produced a mean external rotation of 19.7±10°, which was correlated to knee fiexion (r=0,60±0.2 in healthy knees, r=0.79±0.14 in OA knees). The center of axial rotation migrated posteriorly an average of 8.2 mm in both groups. The posterior displacements were 4.0 ±5.4 mm in healthy and 5±6.3 mm in OA knees for the medial condyle, and 20.9±9.1 mm in healthy and 20.3±10 mm in OA knees for the lateral condyle. The medial condyle lifted off beyond 110° of fiexion. Results in healthy knees were consistent with those obtained using fiuoroscopy and dynamic MRI. The kinematics of healthy and of OA knees with an intact anterior cruciate ligament did not differ significantly.

Introduction: Computer assisted-surgery (CAS) brings in a great precision to the alignment of the components and the axis of the extremity in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). On the other hand, even though the MIS technique exerts a lesser aesthetic impact, favours the faster recovery of the patient and preserves the soft parts better, it can also lead to mistakes in the alignment of the implant due to the deficient visualization. Adding CAS to MIS may solve this potential complication.

Objective: To compare the alignment of the components with regard to the mechanical axis in four TKA groups (standard surgery, MIS surgery, standard surgery with CAS, and MIS with CAS).

Materials and Methods: Prospective and randomized study. 100 patients with Alhbäck degree III primary degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee and less than 10° of varus-valgus were included. The patients were randomly distributed in 4 groups of 25 patients each, and the same surgeons performed the surgery. Two CT surviews were performed on every patient, one preoperatively and one during the immediate postoperative period, including hip and ankle, where the femoral, tibial and femoro-tibial axis measurements were carried out.

Results: Mean age was 71.63 years (SD 6.68); 81 % of patients were women. Preoperative mean varus was of 7.57° (SD 1.10). No significant differences were found in the femoro-tibial alignment nor in the components with regard to the mechanical femoral axis between the four groups (Table 1). Nevertheless, significant differences in favour of the MIS-CAS technique group for the alignment of the tibial component with regard to the mechanical tibial axis were found.

Conclusions: The MIS technique allows for a well-aligned TKA implantation. Nevertheless, when CAS is coupled with this technique, the alignment of the tibial component is improved. It is possible for the association of MIS and CAS to become a true advance in TKA implantation.

Physical inactivity is a modifiable lifestyle-related risk factor considered one of the leading causes for the major noncommunicable chronic diseases and relates to approximately 250,000 deaths per year in the United States. While the benefits of physical activity (PA) are many and well-known, qualitative research defining the type and amount of PA in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients that improves health without disproportionally increasing wear and revision rates does unfortunately not exist in the literature. As the basis for future research, this systematic review therefore aimed to identify the different instruments used up to now to quantify PA in TJA patients and to determine how active these patients really are. Within the 26 studies included (n=2460 patients), motion sensors and recall questionnaires were most commonly used. The reported Results were mainly descriptive and research aims and goals varied widely between the studies. We were able to meta-analytically summarize the Results of those studies quantifying PA using pedometers and accelerometers. Patients took a weighted mean of 6,721 steps/day (95% CI: 5,744 to 7,698). Steps per day determined by accelerometers were 2.2 times more than steps assessed by pedometers. Meta-regression demonstrated that walking activity decreased by 90 steps/day (95% CI: −156 to −23) every year of patient age. These summarized Results clearly indicate that TJA patients are less active than recommended to achieve health-enhancing activity levels (currently > 10,000 steps/day), but they are more active than normally assumed in wear-simulations. Hence, such simulator Results have to be interpreted cautiously, taking into account that one million cycles correspond to less than one year in vivo. Future investigations have to evolve more standardization in the assessment and reporting of PA in TJA patients.

This is a prospective gait laboratory case matched cohort study of patients after total knee arthroplasty.

20 patients who had TKA with a good functional result and a follow-up superior to 2 years were compared with 20 “normal” knees.

The examiners were blinded to the group. A standardized gait analysis was performed, measuring gait kinematics, kinetics and force plate recordings using Motion Analysis computer software.

All patients had a single surgeon and the same brand mobile bearing platform.

The kinematics parameters were identical in both groups

However the dynamic parameters showed a statistically significant difference

At terminal swing and heel strike the operated patients had a 10-degree extension deficit in their gait analysis, despite of the fact that clinically all patients had a full extension with no quadriceps lag.

The coronal plane kinetics of TKA showed valgus moment in stance despite having radiological normal (180° +/−1°) mechanical axis. (p< 0,02)

In the axial plane, all operated patients had an external rotation moment greater than normals. (p< 0,01)

Despite good clinical ROM and quadriceps strength, the TKA demonstrated a lack of extension in early stance.

This may be due to insufficient extension gap at surgery.

The valgus resultant pattern poses a more challenging question:

Are we aiming for the wrong goals in the mechanical axis, or should we consider undercorrection?

Gait analysis of the TKA patients compared to normals demonstrates dynamic differences in relation with the surgical positioning of the implant.

Introduction: Women have gender specific shape of the distal femur. To fit these gender characteristics, gender specific femoral implants were developed for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to compare

objective and subjective functional improvement;

Materials and Methods: 30 women (60 knees) operated on successively (6 months in between) for a bilateral TKA between March 2006 and March 2008 by the same surgeon were included in this prospective study. The same surgical protocol and the same post-operative management protocol were applied for both sides. Mean age was 67±3 and mean BMI 26±4 Kg/m². At a minimum follow-up of one year, evaluation objective and subjective functional improvement, patient satisfaction and preference and cost-utility analysis were performed double blind.

Results: Knee Society knee score and Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) improvements were comparable in both groups. However, 75% of the women preferred their gender TKA (p< 0.001). 68% of the women described less crepitus or anterior knee bothering after gender TKA (p=0.003) and 64% had faster recovery with the gender implant (p< 0.001). The cost-utility analysis was favorable for the gender knee.

Discussion: No objective or subjective superiority in terms of functional improvement was shown with gender specific implants at this short-term follow-up. However significant differences in terms of patient satisfaction and preference and a favorable cost-utility analysis were observed. These results should now be confirmed at longer-follow-up. Despite comparative functional improvement, patient satisfaction and preference were higher for the side implanted with a gender specific TKA in this prospective comparative study.

Which parameters are related with a forgotten knee after TKA?

The operated knee was said forgotten when it was similar to the normal controlateral knee in all situations.

When a restriction existed, the knee was considered as not forgotten.

470 patients operated with a stabilised mobile bearing knee were examined with a minimal follow up of 5 years and answered to this question.

4 groups of parameters: patient, prosthesis, surgery and post operative care were compared to the binary answer to the forgotten knee question.

48% of the patients had a forgotten knee one year after the TKA;

The following factors had a significant negative correlation with the forgotten knee:

low SF12 psychological profile; Patellofemoral dysplasic arthritis (p = 0,01);

We found no correlation between the following factors and the forgotten knees:

gender, BMI, approach, cemented or not, patellar resurfacing; preoperative Oxford and Knee Society knee scores;

The forgotten knee is a simple objective clinical item because the answer to the question is binary and does not accept any unprecision. It is highly correlated with surgical scores and patients expectation scores (p = 0,0001).

The forgotten knee is a painless and asymptomatic knee identical to a normal knee.

Surgical factors have the highest infiuence on this parameter compared to patient or prosthetic related factors.

Introduction: We previously compared component alignment in total knee replacement using a computer-navigated technique with a conventional jig based method. Improved alignment was seen in the computer-navigated group (Beaver et al. JBJS 2004 (86B); 3: 372–7.). We also reported two-year results showing no difference in clinical outcome between the two groups (Beaver et al. JBJS 2007 (89B); 4: 477–80). We now report our five-year functional results comparing navigated and conventional total knee replacement. To our knowlege this represents the first Level 1 study comparing function in navigated and conventional total knee replacement at five years.

Methods: An original cohort of 71 patients undergoing Duracon (Stryker Orthopaedics, St. Leonards, Australia) total knee replacement without patellar resurfacing were prospectively randomised to undergo operation using computer navigation (Stryker Image Free Computer Navigation System (version 1.0; Stryker Orthopaedics))(n=35) or a jig-based method (n=36). The two groups were matched for age, gender, height, weight, BMI, ASA grade and pre-operative deformity. All operations were performed by a single surgeon. All patients underwent review in our Joint Replacement Assessment Clinic at 3, 6 and 12 months and at 2 and 5 years. Reviews were undertaken by senior physiotherpist blinded to participant status using validated outcome scoring tools (Knee Society Score, WOMAC Score and Short Form SF-36 Score). All patients underwent CT scanning of the implanted prosthesis as per Perth CT Knee Protocol to assess component alignment.

Results: After 5 years 24 patients in the navigated group and 22 patients in the conventional group were available for review. At 5 years no statistically significant difference was seen in any of the aforementioned outcome scores when comparing navigated and conventional groups. No statistically significant difference was seen between 2- and 5-year results for either group.

Due to the relatively low numbers in each group these data were compared with retrospective cohorts of navigated (n=100) and conventional (n=70) Duracon total knee replacements performed outwith this study over the same 5-year period. WITHIN the retrospective cohorts no statistically significant differences were found when comparing any of the aforementioned outcome scores. In addition, when comparing parallel scores between prospective and retrospective groups again no statistically significant differences were identified.

Conclusion: At 5-years post-operatively the functional outcome between computer navigated and conventional total knee replacement appears to be no different despite the better alignment achieved using navigation.

Introduction: Despite advances in surgical and anaesthetic techniques the mortality after hip fracture has not significantly changed in the last 40 years. Pre-operative anaemia is a risk factor for peri-operative death.

We speculate that a significant proportion of the blood loss related to hip fracture has occurred prior to surgery. Identifying patients at risk of pre-operative anaemia can facilitate appropriate medical optimisation. This study is unique in its attempt to quantify the blood loss associated with the initial hip injury.

Methods: In a retrospective study over 12 months all patients with both a diagnosis of hip fracture and an operative delay of > 48 hours were assessed. The information collected included: fracture classification, serial haemoglobins and patient comorbidities. The exclusion criteria included a pre-injury diagnosis of anaemia and gastrointestinal bleeds.

Results: 68 intracapsular and 50 extracapsular hip fracture patients had serial haemoglobins and operative delays of > 48hrs (mean 75hrs, range 48–270hrs).

The mean lowest recorded haemoglobin prior to surgery for both extracapsular and intracapsular fractures were 95.0 g/L (+/−SEM 2.2) and 108.5 g/L (+/−SEM 2.2) respectively. The difference was statistically significant (Students t-test p< 0.05).

The mean haemoglobin drop for male and female patients with extracapsular hip fractures were 15.0 g/l (range 0–40 g/l) and 19.3 g/l (range 0–49 g/l) respectively and the mean haemoglobin drop for male and female intracapsular fracture patients were 10.2 (range 0–59 g/l) and 10.5 g/l (range 0–41 g/l) respectively.

Conclusions:

Hip fracture patients have a large drop in haemoglobin that is likely to be associated with the initial trauma. Patients with extracapsular fractures demonstrate a greater haemoglobin loss than those with intracapsular fractures. This highlights the need for anaesthetic and orthopaedic staff to be vigilant to the risk of pre-operative anaemia in this cohort of frail patients.

Background: In Denmark there is every year performed 5000 total knee Arthroplasty, and the number increase fast every year. The most common indication for total knee Arthroplasty is arthrosis which constitute 80 %. Convincing studies shows that overweight and obesity are the most important reason for develop arthrosis. On the contrary the relationship between overweight and outcome are ambiguous. This study examinant whether there is association between body mass index and the clinical outcome at 1 year following primary total knee Arthroplasty.

Method and material: A total of 158 patients, 116 woman and 42 men undergoing a total knee Arthroplasty replacement from the hospital of southern Jutland Sonderborg in the period January 1. 2005 – December 31. 2006. Each patient where followed from the day of the surgery to 1 year postoperative. There were four clinical outcome measures; functional score, knee score, functional score improvement and knee score improvement. Data was collected from medical records and the database Dansk Knæalloplastik Register.

Results: In woman there were found significant negative linear relationship between body mass index and knee score improvement – 0.97 (p=0.003). The correlations coefficient for body mass index and knee score was significant (p=0.04). There were significant associations between body mass index and all four outcome measures for patients > 65 years; functional score (p= 0.006), knee score (p=0.01), functional score improvement – 1.09 (p=0.017) and knee score improvement – 1.14 (p=0.006). For the patients < 65 years there was a positively significant linear relationship between body mass index and functional score improvement 1.47 (p=0.01). In the functional score there was not found significant relationship whit body mass index in this age group (p=0.12).

Conclusion: This study shows evidence for overweight and obesity in patients undergone a total knee Arthroplasty has implications for how much the patient achieves clinical improvement after 1 year postoperative. The higher body mass index the patient has, the worse score obtained.

Publication of normal and expected outcome scores is necessary to provide a benchmark for auditing purposes following arthroplasty surgery. We have used the Oxford knee score to monitor the progress of knee replacements undertaken since 1995, the start of our review programme. 4847 Oxford assessments were analysed over an 8 year follow-up period.

The mean pre-operative Oxford knee score was 39.2, all post-operative reviews showed a significant improvement. Patients with a BMI > 40, and the under 50 age group showed early deterioration in outcome scores, returning to pre-operative levels by 5 and 7 years respectively. There was no significant difference in outcome between surgeons performing < 20 knee replacements a year and those performing > 100 / year.

The age of the patient at the time of surgery and the pre-operative body habitus have been identified as factors affecting long term outcome of total knee replacement surgery. Awareness of these factors may assist surgeons in advising patients of their expected outcomes following surgery.

Introduction: The postoperative rehabilitation after a primary knee arthroplasty may be infiuenced by a variety of factors. Nevertheless, only a few studies evaluated the effect of various factors on patients’ short-term outcome. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different factors on patients’ function six weeks after the surgery.

Patients and methods. We prospectively recruited 107 patients with osteoarthritis who underwent an uncomplicated total knee arthroplasty, using the same prosthesis and operative technique. Following variables were collected before and after the surgery: age, BMI, visual analogue pain score at rest and during activity, preoperative range of knee motion, involvement of other joints, comorbidities (Katz index), self assessed health status, admission and discharge hemoglobin levels, amount of blood transfusions and intensity of postoperative physiotherapy.

In order to quantify patients’ level of functioning, we used a timed up and go test (TUG) and the Oxford knee score that were collected before and after the surgery. To eliminate the infiuence of postoperative weakness on rehabilitation, hand grip measurements were performed as well. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine the infiuence of different peri-operative variables on the outcome measures. Adjusted R2 was measured to estimate the explanatory power of infiuence of these variables.

Results: There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative hand grip force measurements, indicating that the general strength of the patients did not deteriorate. A postoperative TUG was worse with higher preoperative TUG and higher rest pain score (adjusted R2=0.53). The amount of improvement in TUG was better only with lower rest pain score (adjusted R2=0.06). A postoperative Oxford hip score was better only with lower rest pain score (adjusted R2=0.30). The amount of improvement in the Oxford score was not infiuenced by any of the variables (adjusted R2=0.01). Only significant infiuences (p< 0.05) are mentioned.

Discussion: Most of preoperative and postoperative measured variables, including age, BMI, comorbidities, hemoglobin concentration and amount of physiotherapy had no significant effect on patient’s functional status after uncomplicated knee arthroplasty. Only the pain at rest had infiuence on the functional result. These results suggest that patient personality has a most significant effect on knee arthroplasty results, either through pain perception or otherwise.

Introduction: Blood transfusion is not uncommon in patients following joint replacement surgery. However, allogeneic transfusion is associated with potential risks ranging from immune mediated allergic reactions to transmission of blood-borne organisms. Furthermore its use has a significant economical impact on healthcare services.

Methods: A retrospective audit of the case notes and haematological records of 196 patients who underwent primary total hip (THR), resurfacing hip (BHR) or total knee replacement (TKR) was carried out. Patients were routinely cross-matched for 2 units of blood if their pre-operative haemoglobin (Hb) levels were < 12g/dL in our cohort. Patient details including age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, and ASA grade were also collected. Surgical parameters such as operation time, tourniquet time (for TKR procedures) and trigger haemoglobin levels (Hb) with timing of transfusion were noted. Statistical analysis was undertaken to identify risk factors for transfusion.

Results: Forty-seven (24%) patients were transfused in our cohort. 78.7% of these patients were appropriately transfused with a trigger Hb of < 8g/dL. Patients transfused with a trigger Hb of > 8g/dL were no different with respect to demographics, procedure type and comorbidities. The average postoperative time interval to transfusion was 2.1 days. Five patients required an intra-operative transfusion. The mean pre-operative Hb levels in transfused and non transfused patients were 12.4 g/dL and 13.5 g/dL respectively. The mean number of units transfused was 2.31. A total of 109 units of blood were used: of these 70 units were cross-matched pre-operatively.

Univariate analysis established a significant relationship between the need for postoperative transfusion and preoperative Hb levels (p< 0.0001), length of surgery (p=0.01), age (p=0.03), history of respiratory disease (p=0.028) and hypertension (p=0.01). There was no significant relationship with respect to ASA grade and procedure type. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed pre-operative Hb (p< 0.0001) and age (p=0.015) as the strongest predictors of the need for post-operative transfusion. There is a strong correlation between length of surgery and time interval to transfusion (p=0.037).

Conclusion: Utilisation rates of blood products after primary hip and knee arthroplasty procedures exceed that of what is available from pre-operative cross-matching. In our institution more than 20% of patients may have been transfused inappropriately based upon local guidelines. The decision to cross-match blood pre-operatively for elective arthroplasty procedures should be re-evaluated in light of both patient age and pre-operative Hb levels. Postoperative monitoring of Hb levels should be undertaken early in patients with a prolonged duration of surgery.

Introduction: A prospective analysis of the total blood losses (TBL) and the rate of blood transfusions was conducted for the unilateral primary TKA performed at our clinic from January 2008 to March 2009. A transfusion-sparing strategy was used, based on the use of the tourniquet, the intraoperative injection of tranexamic acid and the preoperative administration of erythropoietin for patients with hemoglobin baseline level less than 13 gr/dl. The formula of Gross and the values of Gilcher were utilized to calculate TBL and to estimate the blood volume of the patient.

No autologous blood transfusion systems were employed. The postoperative program consisted of pain control and anticoagulants. Results were compared with a historical cohort of patients operated on with the aid of cell salvage.

Materials and Methods: One hundred – five patients (mean age, 73 years) were admitted to the study group and compared to an historic group including 44 patients (mean age, 70 years).

No significant differences were found between the study arms regarding BMI (31 kg/m2), ASA score and operating time (65 minutes).

Results: Mean TBL was 1560 ml versus 1821 ml in the historic group throughout the entire 8-day period. In the study group, TBL was significantly reduced in the patients who received tranexamic acid. In both groups, one patient received homologous blood transfusion. In the historic group, 41 of the 44 patients received autologous blood transfusion from reinfusion drains (mean volume 314 ml). Finally, the mean Hb at postoperative day 8 (POD 8) was 10,95 g/dl in the study group versus 10,35 gr/dl in the historic group (p< 0.01). Costs were superior in the study group in relation to the use of erythropoietin. No complications were related to the use of the blood –sparing pharmacologic agents.

Discussion: This study confirms that recent improvements in surgical and anesthetic procedure allow for performing routine unilateral TKA with a marginal rate of blood transfusion when the procedure is achieved by an experienced team using a blood-conserving strategy. The strengths of this study include the calculation of blood loss and the homogeneity between the study arms. However the reduction of TBL related to the use of tranexamic acid was not evaluated within the setting of a randomized clinical trial. Furthermore, the results were obtained in patients having a high BMI.

Conclusion: The blood transfusion sparing plan improved quality of care by reducing the risks of transfusion and maintaining a satisfactory Hb level at POD 8

Aim: Allogenic blood transfusion rate and related factors, in a cohort of 78 consecutive primary total knee replacements without patellar substitution (TKR) between January 2007 and December 2008 in the Hospital Axarquía (Málaga; Spain).

Patients and Methods: All patients were diagnosed of primary knee osteoarthritis. Along 2007 (group I) they were admitted in the previous day to a TKR and discharged following surgeon criteria. In 2008 (group II), patients were admitted on the day surgery, underwent a cemented TKR and were discharged following an objective clinical pathway. Variables: age, sex, comorbidities, previous surgery, length of stay (LOS), Ahlbäck classification, prosthesis fixation, surgery time, pre- and postoperative Hb, blood transfusion, readmission at the first 30-days and complications in the first postoperative year. Statistical analysis were carried out by the software SPSS 11.0.

Results: Group I: Mean age 69 yrs (52–80), gender 1:2,4. 89,7% Ahlbäck 3 and 4. 44% hybrid implants. Mean surgery time 100 minutes. LOS 13,3 days (7–28). Mean preop Hb 12,9 g/dl (10–16,5) and Hb at discharge 10,27 g/dl (8,4–13,1). Transfusion rate 14,63%. There were a 25% of complications in the first year. Group II: Mean age 69,7 yrs (54–84), gender 1:1,3. 94,2% Ahlbäck 3 and 4. 8 % of hybrid implants. Mean surgery time 112 minutes. LOS 3,78 days (2–8). Mean preop Hb 13,24 g/dl (11–15,8) and Hb level at discharge 10,15 g/dl (8–13,5). Transfusion rate was 10,8%. There were a 8,1% of complications in the first year. None of complications was related with a tisular oxigenation deficit, nor there were readmissions within the first postoperative month. Transfusion rates difference were not statistically significative. Statistically associated variables were preoperative Hb level < 12,5 g/dl (p=0,001), and postoperative Hb level at 24 hr. < 9,5 g/dl (p=0,017).

Discussion: Allogenic transfusion rates reported in our country without specific blood saving measures ranged from 30% to 46%. Several strategies have been developed to reduce blood transfusions and its complications. The golden rule is the appropriateness of the transfusion, attending clinical and analytical parameters based on guidelines. Our study suggest the best strategy is an appropriate transfusion indication, thus obtaining a transfusion rate low enough to made expensive pre-operative autologous blood predonation and peri-operative blood salvage programs unnecessary. Postoperative hemoglobin level predictive blood transfusion enables a safe and saving time hospital discharge.

Conclusions: The main factors predicting the need for postoperative blood transfusion after TKA are preoperative hemoglobin levels and postoperative hemoglobin levels at 24 hr. Short time results are improved when surgeons use transfusion guidelines with less transfusional morbidity and cost-saving without compromising patients’ safe and outcomes.

Introduction: Today’s aging population has resulted in an increase in the number of major orthopaedic surgical interventions in the elderly. Total knee replacement (TKR) is one of the commonest operations in orthopaedic practice. The fourth annual report of the National Joint Registry showed that there were 60 986 TKR performed in England and Wales in 2006. The true figure is probably much higher. Literature showed that 20–70% of patients who had TKR needed 1–3 units of blood.

Although safer than ever, allogeneic transfusion is still associated with risks for the recipient (haemolysis, infection, immunosuppression, transfusion-related acute lung injury and even death).

Tranexamic acid (TA) is a synthetic antifibrinolytic agent that has been successfully used to stop bleeding after dental operation, removal of tonsils, prostate surgery, heavy menstrual bleeding, eye injuries and in patients with Haemophilia.

In this study Tranexamic acid was applied topically to the exposed tissue around the knee joint prior to the wound closure and tourniquet release. It is anticipated that this method of administration is quick, easy, associated with less systemic side effect. Also, it provides a higher concentration of the Tranexamic acid at the bleeding site.

Objectives: To find out whether Tranexamic acid can reduce blood loss and subsequent blood transfusion significantly after total knee replacement when applied topically without extra side effects.

Design: A double blind randomised controlled trial of 150 patients who underwent unilateral primary cemented total knee replacement. This number gives a 90% power to detect a 50% reduction in blood loss and 80% power to detect a reduction in blood transfusion from current local standard 30% to 10%.

Outcome Measures: Blood loss, transfusion, Length of stay, complications, Euroqol and Oxford Knee Score.

Results: The two groups were comparable in age, weight, height, BMI, Tourniquet time, and type of anaesthesia. There has been significant differences in the amount of blood loss and blood transfusion in favour of tranexamic acid (p-values are 0.001 and 0.007 respectively). Fourteen patients needed blood transfusion ranged from 2–6 units. Thirteen were in the Placebo group and only one in the Tranexamic acid. There has been no significant difference among other outcomes in particular complications rates such as DVT and pulmonary embolism.

Background: During total hip or knee replacement there is blood loss, wich often requires allogenic blood transfusions. The risks associated with this practice are well documented in the literature, and numerous strategies have been employed to conserve blood following total joint arthroplasty. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of an autologous retransfusion drain system to reduce the postoperative allogenic blood transfusion rate and the lack of adverse effects when using it.

Method: We did a retrospective study of patients operated on hip and knee primary replacements during the first six months of 2008, which had a postoperative blood salvage and retransfusion (Bellovac ABT autotransfusion system-Astra Tech, Mölndal, Swedenn-), Group A, n=220 patients, and a control group, Group B, with patients operated on hip or knee replacements during the first six months of the year before, which had standard drainage system, n=177. In first group the drain was opened inmediatly after tourniquet release and the shed blood was returned to the patient after collecting up to 500 ml and no later than six hours after surgery. The pre-operative data for cardiopathy, angiopathy, preoperative anemia or anticoagulant treatment showed no significant differences for group A and B. We standardised the transfusion criteria in order to allow an accurate comparison between the two groups. Evaluation was done with the medical history and the pre-/postoperative hemoglobin values, postoperative blood loss and postoperative need of allogenic blood transfusion.

Results: The two groups showed no significant differences relating to the demographic data or the medical history. 17 patients (7.7 %) of the retransfusion group needed allogenic blood transfusion compared with 16 patients (9 %) of the control group B (p > 0.05). The hemoglobin values of group A versus the control group showed after the donation of the salvaged blood a significant difference (p = 0,0007) but only in the subgroup of total knee replacement. Only three adverse events were observed when using the recuperator, which were not a risk for patients life and were solved with the cessation of postoperative reinfusion.

Conclusions: The use of the autotransfusion system seems to reduce the postoperative allogenic blood transfusion rate but not statistical significant. Our study therefore confirms the safety of retransfusion drains

The incidence of rotator cuff tears increases with age, thus the rotator cuff tear is often associated with osteoporotic or osteopenic bone in the proximal humerus, especially with female patients. For testing of fixation devices such as suture anchors used in rotator cuff repair often animal bones are used. They are easily to obtain, inexpensive and some have been found to be similar to human bone. But can we rely on the results drawn from these studies in our daily surgical practice?

The purpose of this study was to compare the trabecular bone mineral density, the trabecular bone volume fraction and the cortical layer thicknes in the greater tubercle in different species to evaluate their infiuence on primary stability of suture anchors under a cyclic loading protocol representing the physiologic forces placed on rotator cuff repairs in vivo. We hypothezised that maximum pullout forces as well as the modes of failure are different for a suture anchors in different humeri. The available three different types of anchor fixation design (screw: Spiralok 5mm, Super Revo 5mm, press-fit: Bioknotless RC, wedging: Ultrasorb) were tested. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the humeri was measured by a 64-slice-computed tomography system. Each anchor was tested individually until failure. The sutures were pulled at 135° to the axis of the humeral shaft, simulating the physiological pull of the supraspinatus tendon. Starting with 75 N the tensile load was gradually increased by 25 N after everey 50 cycles until failure of the anchor fixation system occurred. The ultimate failure load, the system displacement after the first pull with 75 N and the mode of failure were recorded.

The ultimate failure loads of each anchor were different in the human osteopenic, human healthy, ovine and bovine humeri. The statistical significancies for pull out forces between the anchors varied from species to species. The biomechanical testing of suture anchors for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in ovine and bovine humeri does not give reliable data that can be transferred to the human situation. The significances between the suture anchors found in ovine and bovine humeri are different from the results in human humeri. When taking the impaired bone quality of older patients into account the results from ovine and bovine humeri are even less predictable. We found a positive correlation between maximum failure load and cortical layer thickness for the Super Revo and the Ultrasorb anchor. The ultimate failure load seems to depend mainly on the cortical thickness and on the subcortical trabecular bone quality.

Purpose: The aetiology of primary omarthrosis is still unclear. Typical radiological changes are joint space narrowing and the development of caudal osteophytes. The objective of the study is the analysis of the joint space of the shoulder in four different age groups.

Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of n=342 standardized X-rays (2002–2009) (true ap, axillary). Inclusion criteria: normal adulthood group I (n=60), instability group II (n=53), calcifying tendonitis of the supraspinatus tendon group III (n=109), advanced primary omarthrosis group IV (n=120). Measurement of joint space at three levels (ap: superior, central, inferior; axillary: anterior, central, posterior). Two independent measurements. Statistical analysis SPSS 17.0: U-Test acc. Mann and Whitney. Bivariate correlation analysis (Spearman), partial correlation analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient.

Results: Mean age group I 17.84±1.54, group II 31.6±11.8, group III 48.2±8.0, group IV 66.43 ±9.74 (p=0.001). Measurement joint space: interobserver reliability excellent in the ap-projection (r=0.887–0.910) and in the axillary projection (r=0.879–0.886). Joint space group I: 4.79mm±0.84 superior ap, 4.28mm±0.75 central ap, 4.57mm±0.80 inferior ap, 6.59mm±1.44 anterior axillary, 6.12mm±1.09 central axillary and 7.03mm±1.17 posterior axillary; group II: 3.78mm±0.99 superior ap, 3.12mm±0.73 central ap, 3.38mm±0.80 inferior ap, 3.92mm±1.08 anterior axillary, 3.92mm±0.77 central axillary and 4.79mm±1.18 posterior axillary; group III: 3.43mm±1.06 superior ap, 2.87mm±0.80 central ap, 3.25mm±0.79 inferior ap, 3.95mm±0.83 anterior axillary, 3.34mm±0.84 central axillary and 4.05mm±0.84 posterior axillary; group IV: 2.00mm±1.40 superior ap, 1.47mm±1.07 central ap, 1.48mm±1.93 inferior ap, 3.01mm±2.22 anterior axillary, 1.08mm±1.12 central axillary and 1.17mm±1.04 posterior axillary. The differences between the four groups for the joint space width are all statistically significant with p< 0.001 (except the difference between group I and group II for ap-central, ap-inferior and axillary anterior).

There is a significant negative correlation (r= −0,579–0,813) between the joint space width and patients age at all measured levels in both projections (p< 0.001). This negative correlation is only little smaller (r= −0,430–0,655) but still clearly significant for all measurements, if the patients with present osteoarthritis (group III) are excluded.

Conclusion: The data of the study show a decrease of joint space width in group I–IV in all measurements. This effect is negatively correlated with age. The data suggest that the decrease in joint space with loss of cartilage cover is an age-dependant process which is independent from the presence of osteoarthritis. This is in contrast to historical findings but in concordance with recent basic studies about cartilage ageing.

Introduction: Anteromedial gonarthrosis is a common well described pattern of knee osteoarthritis with cartilage wear beginning in the anteromedial quadrant of the medial tibial plateau in the presence of an intact and functioning ACL. It is well known that mechanical factors such as limb alignment and meniscal integrity affect the progression of arthritis and there is some evidence that the morphology of the tibial plateau may be a risk factor in the development of this disease. The extension facet angle is the angle of the downslope of the anterior portion of the medial tibial plateau joint surface in relation to the middle portion on a sagittal view. If this is an important factor in the development of AMG there may be potential for disease modifying intervention.

This study investigates if there is a significant difference in this angle as measured on MRI between a study cohort with early AMG (partial thickness cartilage damage and intact ACL) and a comparator control cohort of patients (no cartilage damage and ACL rupture).

Methods: 3 Tesla MRI scans of 99 patients; 54 with partial thickness cartilage damage and 44 comparitors with no cartilage damage (acute ACL rupture) were assessed. The extension facet angle was measured (Osirix v3.6) using a validated technique on two consecutive MRI T2 sagittal slices orientated at the mid-coronal point of the medial femoral condyle. (InterClass Correlation 0.95, IntraClass Correlation 0.97, within subject variation of 1.1° and coefficiant of variation 10.7%). The mean of the two extension angle values was used. The results were tabulated and analysed (R v2.9.1).

Results: Of the 99 knees, 38 were female and 61 male; 44 left knees and 55 right. The mean extension facet angle for the partial thickness group was 12.7° (SD 3.35) and for the comparator group 8.7° (SD 3.09). There was a significant difference between these 2 groups (Mann Whitney U, p< 0.001). Although there were significantly more men than women in the comparator group, stratification analysis showed that there was no effect of gender on the mean extension facet angle.

Discussion: There is a significance difference in the extension facet angle between patients with AMG with only partial thickness cartilage loss and a comparator group. This has not been shown in a study group of this size before. Since none of the subjects had full thickness cartilage loss it is unlikely that this difference is due to bone attrition changing the angle as part of the disease process but this is an important area for further study. We believe that a higher medial tibial extension facet angle alters the mechanics within the medial compartment, placing these patients at higher risk of developing AMG. This may present an opportunity for risk factor modification, for example osteotomy.

Primary hip and knee replacements can be associated with significant blood loss. Tranexamic acid is a fibrinolytic inhibitor that has been shown to significantly reduce blood loss and transfusion requirement in hip and knee replacement, however the cost-benefit has not been widely investigated.

Our study involved 100 patients, comprising a prospective cohort of 50 consecutive primary hip and knee replacements (treatment group) and a control group of the preceding 50 patients undergoing the same surgery. All knee replacements were computer navigated. The prospective cohort all had tranexamic acid 1g intravenously at the time of surgery, repeated at 8 and 16 hours. All patients had 28 days thromboprophylaxis with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight-heparin.

The control group comprised 24 hip replacements and 26 knees versus 17 hips and 33 knees in the treatment group. Autologous transfusion drains were used in the control group knee replacements and the mean volume reinfused was 458ml. These drains were only used in the first 15 knee replacements in the treatment group as only one patient drained enough for reinfusion (100ml; p< 0.001). The mean fall in haemoglobin in the control group post surgery was 3.4g/dl versus 2.3g/dl in the treatment group (p< 0.001). Seven patients were transfused in the control group (14 units of red cells) versus two in the treatment group (5 units).

The potential cost saving per patient averaged across all joints in the treatment group is £102.51. This is a function of savings in transfusion, cessation of drains for re-infusion in knee replacement and the cost of tranexamic acid.

The only thromboembolic event was 1 deep vein thrombosis in the treatment group.

Our data shows the cost savings associated with the use of tranexamic acid in primary hip and knee surgery are considerable and supports its use to significantly reduce blood loss and transfusion requirement.

In animal experiments antioxidants like Resveratrol, Quercetin-dihydrate and Selen-L-Methionine cause a growth rate decrease in synovial tissue and furthermore an inhibition of pro-infiammatory factors. We investigated the effect of these antioxidants on synovial fibroblasts of Osteoarthritis (OA) patients compared to Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients.

Random biopsies of synovial membrane were obtained aseptically from joints of OA and RA patients. After in vitro expansion cells were cultivated until passage three, seeded in 96 well microtiterplates and treated with 0μM, 50μM, 100μM and 200μM of Resveratrol, Quercetin-dihydrate and Selen-L-Methionin. After 24 and 48 hours incubation cell proliferation assays and apoptosis FACS analysis were performed. Additionally woundhealing assays and photographic documentation of resettlement of synovial fibroblasts was accomplished.

The results of cell proliferation assays showed a highly significant reduction as well in OA and RA cells. In OA synovial fibroblasts 200μM of Resveratrol evoked a decrease of 72,3 ±1,7% (***), 200 μM of Quercetin-dihydrate induced a reduction of 16,11 ±3% (***). 200μM of Selen-L-Methionine evoked a decrease of 27,3 ±3,8% (***). In RA cultures 200 μM of Resveratrol evoked a decrease of 77,7 ±1,8% (***), 200μM of Quercetin-dehydrate induced a reduction of 20,38 ±15,3%(**), 200μM of Seleno-L-Methionine evoked a decrease of 23,3 ±4,8%(***)(n=20). The results of photographic documentation correlated with cell experiments. Analysis with untreated and treated OA and RA synovial fibroblasts for their content of apoptotic and necrotic cells by Annexin/7AAD staining displayed only few apoptotic cells. Caspase 3, a key mediator of apoptosis, was not activated in resveratrol-treated OA and RA synovial fibroblasts.

Resveratrol, Quercetin-dihydrate and Selen-L-Methionine showed a significant growth rate decrease in OA and RA synovial fibroblasts. In OA and RA the pharmacologic treatment with these antioxidants may be a therapeutic approach. Different apoptosis assays represented only few apoptotic cells. We therefore conclude that apoptosis is not the major pathway in resveratrol-treated synovial fibroblasts.

Fasciae represent a very interesting source of thin, well vascularized soft tissue, which allows gliding of the underlying tendons, especially for coverage of particular anatomical zones, such as the dorsal aspect of the hand and fingers. Some fasciae (such as the fascia temporalis free fiap) have already been used in this way as free fiaps for the coverage of the extremities. The aim of this study was to investigate the blood supply of the posterior brachial fascia (PBF), in order to precise the anatomical bases of a new free fascial fiap.

Our study was based on dissections of 18 cadaveric specimens from 10 formalin preserved corpses. Six upper limbs were used to fictively harvest this fiap

The PBF was thin; its surface was broad, easily separable of the overlying subcutaneous and underlying muscular planes in its upper two thirds. It was richly blood supplied by two main pedicles:

the posterior brachial neurocutaneous branch and

The well vascularized area was 115mm long and 54mm broad in average. These two pedicles were quite constant (respectively 17 cases and 14 cases out of the 18 specimens) and of sufficient caliber to allow microsurgical anastomoses in good conditions. A rich venous network, satellite of the arteries, was always present. An arterial by-pass between both arterial pedicles could spare venous sutures when both arterial pedicles are present and communicating within the fascial depth (13 cases out of 18). Harvesting the fiap was easy through a posteromedial approach in a patient in supine position. The donor site could always be closed and its scare was well acceptable.

The first clinical case is presented in a patient suffering from recurrent tendinous adhesions at the dorsum of the hand after a close trauma with extensive hematoma, after failure of 2 previous tenolyses. After a third tenolysis, the free PBF fiap was performed. The fascia was covered with a free skin graft at day 6. The coverage was nice and the outcome of the tenolysis at 6 month was -15/80 (active motion) and +20/100 (passive motion).

Objective: The clinical significance of biochemical bone markers in the diagnosis and severity of Osteoarthritis remains still unknown. The relationship between biochemical bone turnover markers and commonly recognizable radiographic features of knee and hip osteoarthritis remains unclear.

Purpose: We evaluated the serum levels of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL), Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (b-ALP), Osteocalcin and Osteoprotegerin in two groups of patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the Knee or Hip respectively, aiming to correlate these results with the radiographically assessed severity of the disease and the patients’ age. The results between the two groups were also compared.

Patients-Methods: Between March 2007 and February 2009, a total of 175 patients suffering from Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis were enrolled in the study. Following proper radiographic evaluation, the osteoarthritic changes of patients were graded by 3 orthopaedic surgeons according to the system of Kellgren and Lawrence; at the same time the serum levels of biochemical markers were determined.

Results: Osteoprotegerin was found to be positively correlated with age in both the Knee (r=0.376, p=0.000) and Hip (r=0.425, p=0.001) group, whether Osteocalcin was significantly correlated with the age in the group of Knee Osteoarthritis(r=0.218, p=0.02). No other significant correlation was noted between the serum level of markers and age of patients in both groups. There was not significant difference in the mean serum level of biochemical markers among patients belonging to each of the four different levels of severity of hip and knee OA. There was no significant impact of the type of Osteoarthritis, to the serum level of all biochemical markers.

Conclusions: Based on our results, it seems that none of the serum biochemical markers studied can be used (either independently or in combination with the others) as surrogates for radiographic imaging in Hip and Knee osteoarthritis.

Introduction: Chondral injuries of the knee are commonly seen at arthroscopy, yet there is no consensus on the most appropriate treatment method. However, untreated cartilage injury predisposes to osteoarthritis contributing to pain and disability. For cell-based cartilage repair strategies, an ex vivo expansion phase is required to obtain sufficient cells for therapeutic intervention. Although recent reports demonstrated the central role of oxygen in the function and differentiation of chondrocytes, little is known of the effect of physiological low oxygen concentrations during the expansion of the cells and whether this alters their chondrogenic capacity.

Methods: Articular mouse chondrocytes were prepared from the distal femoral condyles of adult mice and chondrocytes were liberated by collagenase type II treatment. Cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 media in monolayer under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (5% O2). Chondrogenic potential was subsequently assessed by plating the cells under micromass conditions and glycosaminoglycan deposition was determined by alcian blue staining. Having determined that oxygen tension infiuences murine chondrocyte expansion and differentiation, similar studies were conducted using adult human chondrocytes taken from knee arthroplasty off-cuts, and Aggrecan (ACAN) gene expression was analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR.

Results: Cellular morphology of cells from mouse articular cartilage was improved in hypoxic culture, with a markedly more fibroblastic appearance seen after greater than 2 passages in normoxic conditions. Micromass cultures maintained in hypoxic conditions demonstrated stronger staining with alcian blue, indicating stronger expression of cartilage-associated glycosaminoglycans. Expansions of human chondrocytes under hypoxic conditions led to an ~ 2-fold increase in the expression of ACAN in comparison to cells in normoxic conditions. Differentiation of passage 2 chondrocytes under hypoxic conditions also improved the expression of ACAN when compared to culturing under normoxia. Ten day hypoxic cultures exhibited an ~ 5-fold increase in ACAN expression in comparison to normoxic cultures. Interestingly, ACAN expression normoxic-cultured cells could be increased by > 4-fold by transfer to hypoxic conditions.

Conclusions: In vivo, the chondrocytes are adapted to an avascular hypoxic environment. Accordingly, applying 5% O2 in the expansion phase in the course of cell-based cartilage repair strategies may more closely mimic the normal chondrocyte microenvironment and may result in a repair tissue with higher quality by increasing the content of glycosaminoglycans.

Osteoarthritis is a complex joint disease in which all involved tissues play an important role in its onset and progression. It has been suggested that osteoarthritis is likely to be a systemic disease involving stromal cell differentiation and lipid metabolism while altered lipid metabolism has been implicated as a critical player in its pathogenesis.

As excessive accumulation of free cholesterol is toxic for the cells, the accumulation of lipids in chondrocytes may signify a causal relationship to development and/or progression of osteoarthritis; therefore we investigated the expression of genes regulating reverse cholesterol transport, as ABCA1, ApoA1, LXRa, LXR_, in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. We also investigated the effect of an LXR agonist on ABCA1 and ApoA1 expression and, for the first time, on cholesterol effiux and lipid accumulation in osteoarthritic chondrocytes.

Articular cartilage samples were obtained from femoral condyles and tibial plateaus of patients with primary OA undergoing knee replacement surgery while normal cartilage was obtained from eight individuals undergoing fracture repair surgery, with no history of joint disease. Total cellular RNA was extracted from all samples and ABCA1, ApoA1, and LXRα and LXRβ mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis respectively.

The effect of the synthetic LXR agonist TO-901317 was studied after treatment of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and subsequent investigation of ABCA1 and ApoA1 mRNA expression levels. Cholesterol effiux was evaluated in osteoarthritic chondrocytes radiolabeled with [1,2(n)-3H] cholesterol after LXR treatment, while intracellular lipid accumulation was studied after Oil-red-O staining.

ApoA1 and ABCA1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in osteoarthritic cartilage compared to normal (p< 0.01 and p< 0.001 respectively). In addition, the two subtypes of the LXR, namely LXRα and LXRβ, mRNA levels were also found to be significantly lower in osteoarthritic cartilage (p< 0.05 and p< 0.01 respectively). The differential expression pattern of the cholesterol effiux genes between normal and osteoarthritic cartilage remained the same at the protein level as well. Treatment of osteoarthritic chondrocytes with the LXR agonist TO-901317 significantly increased ApoA1 and ABCA1 expression levels, as well as cholesterol effiux. Additionally, osteoarthritic chondrocytes presented intracellular lipids deposits, while no deposits were found after treatment with TO-901317.

Our findings suggest that impaired expression of genes regulating cholesterol effiux may be a critical player in osteoarthritis, while the ability of the LXR agonist to facilitate cholesterol effiux suggests that it may be a target for therapeutic intervention in osteoarthritis.

Minimizing tip-apex distance has been shown to reduce clinical failure of sliding hip screws used to fix peritro-chanteric fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine if such a relationship exists for the position of the lag screw in the femoral head using a cephalomedullary device.

Methods: Thirty intact synthetic femur specimens (Model #3406, Pacific Research Laboratories, Vashon, WA) were potted into cement blocks distally for testing on an Instron 8874 (Instron, Canton, MA). A long cephalomedullary nail (Long Gamma 3 Nail, Stryker, Mahwah, NJ) was inserted into each of the femurs. An unstable four-part fracture was created, anatomically reduced, and repaired using one of 5 lag screw placements in the femoral head:

Superior (N=6),

Mechanical tests were repeated for axial, lateral and torsional stiffness. All specimens were radiographed in the anterioposterior and lateral planes and tip-apex (TAD) distance was calculated. A calcar referenced tip-apex distance (CalTAD) was also calculated.

ANOVA was used to compare means of the five treatment groups. Linear regression analysis was used to compare axial, lateral and torsional stiffness (dependant variables) to both TAD and CalTAD (independent variables).

Results: ANOVA testing proved that the mean axial (p< 0.01) and torsional stiffness (p< 0.01) between the 5 groups was significantly different, but lateral stiffness was not statistically different (p=0.494). Post hoc analysis showed that the inferior lag screw position provided significantly higher mean axial stiffness (568.14±66.9N/ mm) than superior (428.0±45.6N/mm; p< 0.01), anterior (443.2±45.4N/mm; p=0.02) and posterior (456.7±69.3N/ mm; p=0.04) lag screw positions. There was no significant difference in mean axial stiffness between inferior (568.14±66.9N/mm) and central (525.4±81.7N/mm) lag screw positions (p=0.77). Post hoc analysis revealed significantly less mean torsional stiffness for the superior lag screw position compared to other lag screw positions (p< 0.01 all 4 pairings). There were no significant correlations between TAD and axial (r=−0.33, p=0.08), lateral (r=−0.22, p=0.24) or torsional (r=0.08, p=0.69) stiffness. There were significant correlations between CalTAD and axial (r=−0.66, p< 0.01), lateral (r=−0.38, p=0.04) and torsional (r=−0.38, p=0.04) stiffness.

Discussion: Our results suggest that placement of the lag screw inferiorly in the femoral head when using a cephalomedullary nail to treat an unstable peritrochanteric fracture results in the stiffest construct in axial and torsional biomechanical testing. A simple radiographic measurement, CalTAD, provides an intraoperative method of determining optimal cephalomedullary nail lag screw position to achieve greatest construct stiffness.

Background and Aims: Plate fixation of acute mid-shaft clavicle fractures is becoming increasingly popular. However limb and life threatening complications such as injury to the subclavian vessels have been reported. One possible solution to reduce the risk of this complication is the use of unicortical screw fixation.

The aim of this study was to compare biomechanical properties of pre-contoured plate fixation using different screw fixation modes in a mid-shaft clavicle fracture model.

Methods: Fourth generation biomechanical clavicle sawbones with a mid-shaft osteotomy were plated in one of three modes: nonlocking bicortical, locking bicortical and locking unicortical mode. The specimens were then tested to failure in four-point bending and pull-off tests.

Results: Failure due to fracture through the sawbone was more common in nonlocking bicortical mode while plate bending was more common in the locking bicortical group. The ultimate load at failure was significantly lower in the locking bicortical group compared to the nonlocking bicortical group, however there was no significant difference between the locking unicortical group and nonlocking bicortical group.

In the pull-off tests 100% of nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical plates failed by fracture of the sawbone. 100% of the locking unicortical plates failed by plate and screw pull-off from the sawbone. The load at failure was highest for the locking unicortical plate but this was not significantly different to the other groups.

Conclusion: This study shows that specimens fixed with locking unicortical screw fixation withstood comparable or superior loads in four-point bending and pull-off test when compared to nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical screw fixation. In addition both locking screws and unicortical screws appear to provide a protective effect against periprosthetic sawbone fracture. Locking unicortical screw fixation of pre-contoured plates may be a viable alternative in the fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures.

Introduction: The rotational fiexibility of the occipito-atlanto-axial complex is infiuenced by several ligaments, capsules and the alarian ligament (AL). For the development of a biomechanical model simulating dens fractures and stabilization techniques, we investigate the rotational range of motion of the atlantodental joint reducing sequentially the infiuence of capsules and additional ligaments in two different groups (segments C0–C2 and segments C1–C2). The torque affecting the dens axis was analyzed.

Methods: 7 fresh C0–C2 + 7 fresh C1–C2 cadaver segments with the integrity of all ligaments and joint capsules were mounted on a custom made rotational testing device (RTD) of a universal mechanical testing machine (UTM). Pure axial torque with a rotational speed of 5°/s was applied clockwise and counter-clockwise. To acquire the physiological range of motion (ROM) between C1 and C2, a maximal axial torque of ±1.5Nm was applied. Consecutively, all the ligaments which do not attach to the odontoid were transected and the ligaments which attach to or contact with the odontoid were preserved. The previously recorded rotation was applied to the specimens with the RTD. The torque between C1 and C2 was recorded.

Results: The group C0–C2 had a mean unidirectional ROM of 23.45° at 0.3Nm and of 32.87° at 1.5Nm respectively. The group C1–C2 had a larger ROM of 27.41° at 0.3Nm and of 35.47° at 1.5Nm. After resection of ligaments the torque in Group C0–C2 was reduced by 38% (0.3 Nm) and 61% (1.5Nm) respectively. The group C1–C2 showed a higher reduction of the transmitted torque: 90% (0.3Nm) and 80% (1.5Nm) respectively.

Discussion: Evaluating the direct torque forces on the atlantodental joint, we sequentially cut the ligamentous junction of the C1–C2 complex. ROM measurements at 0.3 Nm correlate well to previous data. Measurements in the group with cut AL (C1–C2) had an increased ROM. Comparing the reduction of the transmitted torque between the two groups, 90% (0.3Nm) and 80% (1.5Nm) in group C1–C2 in contrast to only 38% (0.3Nm) and 61% (1.5Nm) in group C0–C2, the rotationally stabilizing meaning of the AL in the occipito-atlantodental complex is punctuated. Higher torques (1.5Nm) increased the reduction of the transmitted torque in group C0–C2 between the measurements with intact and with cut ligaments. We hypothesize that the torque acting on the atlantodental joint is dominated by the AL at smaller angles and has to be considered in the evaluation of upper cervical models. In higher angles the torque is predominately determined by the capsules. Transferring the data to a model simulating the torque on the dens, a clear distinction has to be made based upon the region of the ROM. For larger angles at the borders of the ROM, the infiuence of the facet joint capsules cannot be neglected.

To date, no technique has proved to be reliable and reproducible in order to precisely calculate radiological lower limb parameters.

EOS^® system allows from two bi-dimensional orthogonal radiographies in standing position to obtain a tridimensional reconstruction. A computerized system achieves the parameters calculation.

The aim of the study was first to evaluate the inter and intraobserver reproducibility of the EOS^® system, secondly to compare EOS^® measures with X-ray orthoroentgenograms.

Twenty-five patients about to receive total hip arthroplasty were included (fifty lower limbs). Two independent performers have carried out twice the measures either on standard X-rays and using three-dimensional reconstructions (femoral parameters (length, offset, collo-diaphy-seal angle, neck length, and head diameter), tibiae length, limb length, HKA, HKS). The reproducibility was estimated by intraclass correlation coefficients.

The inter and intraobserver reproducibility of the EOS^® measures have been respectively of 0.881 and 0.916 and more specifically of 0,997 and 0,997 for femoral length, of 0.996 and 0.997 for tibiae, of 0.999 and 0.999 for limb length, of 0.893 and 0.890 for HKS, of 0.993 and 0.994 for HKA, of 0.892 and 0.914 for femoral offset, of 0.765 and 0.850 for collo-diaphyseal angle.

The inter and intraobserver reproducibility using orthoroentgenograms reached 0.854 and 0.902.

Our results show the EOS^® is a tool allowing reproducible measures. Furthermore 3D EOS^® reconstructions offer better reproducible measures for all parameters that the orthoroentgenograms.

Its use prior to the decision of surgery and during surgery planning for lower limb arthroplasty is for us essential for adjusting surgical procedure accordingly.

Introduction: Femoral neck fractures are common and percutaneous insertion of three cannulated screws is an accepted method of surgical treatment. The accuracy of surgical performance is highly correlated with the cut-out percentages of the screws. The conventional technique relies heavily on fiuoroscopy and could lead to inappropriate implant placement. Further, multiple guidewire passes might prolong the operation time and weaken the cancellous bone. A computer-assisted planning and navigation system based on 2D-fiuoroscopy has been developed for guidewire insertion in order to perform insertion of a guidewire to perform screw insertion. The image acquisition process was supported by a radiation-saving procedure called “Zero-dose C-arm navigation”. The purpose of this experimental study was to compare this technique with conventional C-arm fiuoroscopy with respect to the number of fiuoroscopic images, the number of drilling attempts and operation time. We used two operative settings, with sawbones and with cadavers. For the sawbone study, we also compared the femoral neck and head perforation and the neck-width coverage (the relative area of the femoral neck held by screws).

Methods: Three cannulated hip screws were inserted into 12 femoral sawbones simulating femoral neck fractures and into 6 cadaveric femurs guided by the computer-based navigation. We compared them to the conventional fiuoroscopic technique also using 12 femoral sawbones and 6 cadaveric femurs.

Results: The computer-assisted technique significantly reduced the amount of intraoperative fiuoroscopy (sawbone study: P< 0.001; cadaver study: P< 0.001) and the number of guidewire passes (sawbone study: P< 0.05; cadaver study: P< 0.05) in the sawbone and the cadaver setting. Operation time was significantly longer (sawbone study: P< 0.001; cadaver study: P< 0.05) in the navigation assisted group also in both settings. In the sawbone study, there was no significant difference in the femoral neck and head perforation, whereas the relative neck area held by the screws was significantly (P< 0.05) larger than that in the conventional group.

Discussion: The addition of computer-assisted planning and surgical guidance supported by “Zero-dose C-arm navigation” may be useful for the fixation of femoral neck fractures by cannulated screws as it reduces the amount of intraoperative fiuoroscopy, requires fewer drill tracks and achieves a better neck coverage. Further studies with the goal of reducing the operation time by improving the learning curve are indispensable before integrating this navigation system into the clinical workfiow.

Introduction: Rabbits are a well-established animal model for orthopaedic research

and the tibia is commonly used for investigations of fracture repair with different implant materials

Therefore, a new method for the direct measurement of forces in the rabbit tibia was developed. The aim of this study was to determine maximal forces during weight bearing in the rabbit for future implementation into FEM-simulation.

Animals and Methods: An external ring fixation was attached to the left tibiae of 5 rabbits and an ostectomy followed. Force sensors were included into the collateral rods to incur the emerging forces completely. On each side, a measurement amplifier was applied to transfer the collected data telemetrically. During the study, the animals were weighted and x-rays were taken regularly. Measurements started 8 days postoperatively and were repeated 8 times until day 50 post-op. The rabbits were placed in a run and animated to move while the forces were registered. Force peaks were filtered from the collected data of each measurement as absolute values and relative to the animals’ weight (force-weight ratio/FWR).

Results: All included animals tolerated the external fixa-tion well and no clinical intolerances occurred. Beginning of callus formation was detected radiographically about 3 weeks post-op and all fixations could be removed 12–14 weeks after application without any permanent detriments. The maximal force amounted to 6950 g and 172 % FWR in animal 4 during the first recording. Means of the 5 maximal values for each measurement were located between 55 % FWR and 152 % FWR for the first measurement, converged to approx. 80 % FWR during the second recording 3 days later and descended to 20–40 % FWR until the end of the experiment.

Discussion: Aim of this study was to determine maximal forces during weight bearing in a rabbit model. Our model for in-vivo monitoring of these forces was practicable and provided profound data. The highest values occurred during the first or second recording. That coincides with the radiographic detection of callus after 3 weeks. Therefore, reliable measurements have to be carried out during the first 2 weeks postoperatively. Detected values show that the rabbit tibia is strained with up to 170 % of the body weight, which is the compressive force an implant in a weight bearing bone has to be able to bear. Future research will focus on the in-vivo monitoring of bending and torsion forces and the implementation of these data into FEM-simulation.

Introduction: During hip stem revisions osteotomies allow to remove well-fixed components. Once removal has been done, cerclage wires should secure the osteotomy and support primary stability of the new stem. Stability is important for a bony ingrowth and therefore the longevity of a cementless revision stem.

Tension wires seem to dominate revision surgery and studies only refer to the advantages of cable wires in general. This in-vitro study analyzed the infiuence of both, tension and cable wires on primary stability of cementless revision stems. We aimed to examine the effectivity of wiring a femoral osteotomy, differences achieved with each method, and whether one wire has advantages regarding the fixation concepts of revision stems (meta- and diaphyseal).

Methods: We studied a Ti-tension- and a CoCrWNi-cable-wire. The Helios-stem stood for the meta- and the Wagner-SL-stem for the diaphyseal fixation concept. Each stem was implanted into 3 synthetic femurs and a standardized extended proximal femoral osteotomy was performed. Spatial movements of bones and stems at several sites were explored under axial torques using a high-resolution measuring device. Movement graphs subjected to the sites defined relative movements RM = ΔαZ/TZ [mdeg/Nm]. The osteotomies were locked consecutively with both wires and all compounds were measured again. Wiring was done by a proximal figure 8 and a diaphyseal circular loop.

Results: Compared to the unlocked osteotomy the tension as well as the cable wires caused a changed RM for the stems (p=0.03). Both wires affect an increased stability within the proximal main fixation area of the Helios. Even for the Wagner-SL, usually fixating diaphyseally, a proximal fixation was reached with both wires. A significantly better stabilization could be observed for the Helios using cable wires (p=0.04). The overall RM reached with tension and cable wires was 16.6 and 11.1 mdeg/Nm. The Wagner-SL^® showed no difference in stability between tension and cable wire treatment (p=0.29).

Discussion: Both, the tension and the cable wires support the revision stems in bridging the artificial defect of an extended proximal femoral osteotomy. Especially for the proximal fixating stem, RMs could largely be reduced, while cable wires seem to be advantageous. Preventing a circular constriction leading to an osseous malnutrition, the use of cable wires, however, should be impeded with regard to diaphyseal fixating stems and proximal osteotomies. Comparable results with both wires were reached and none of the wires showed any advantage in this situation. In conclusion, the wires should be chosen depending on the fixation concept of the revision stem.

For the treatment of the fractures of the proximal extremity of the femur two predominant systems exist: the intramedular nail and the sliding screw plate.

The variables at the moment, to be considered, are the weight, age and type of fracture. The principal aims are: To develop models of finite elements of both types of implants and of two types of fracture (stable and unstable), and to integrate the models of finite elements of the implants in the model of fractured femur, to obtain the mechanical behavior of both types of implants and them to fit to the model of finite elements.

The analyzed models have been the gamma-3 nail (Stryker, USA) and the PerCutaneus Compression Plate (PCCP), (Gotfried, Israel). The real geometry has been created in the program SolidWorks 11.0 to be treated later in the program of calculation by means of finite elements Ansys.

The assembly with nail is more rigid (11.51 mm) that with plate (11.95 mm) on having had a few minor displacements. The tensions that appear in the nail (446 MPa) are major that those of the plate (132.93 MPa), in the unstable fractures.

In the unstable fractures, the intramedular nail is more rigid than the system of plate. The tensions to which the nail meets submitted are superior to those of break for what the nail would not be capable of supporting the first cycles of load. It is for it, that the system to using in these cases would be the sliding screw plate.

Introduction: One of the most frequently seen complications of structural allograft recontructions are either delayed or nonunion. The effect of the periosteum on union of autoclaved segmental bone grafts were investigated in rabbits.

Method: Segmental bone defects, 10 milimeters long, in the middle of the left radius were created in 16 adult rabbits. The resected bones, autoclaved 15 minutes at 120 C and reimplanted and fixed with intramedullary Kirchner wires. In group one, 8 rabbits’ graft-host bone junctions were covered with periosteal fiap and in group two, graft-host bone junctions were deperiostized. The plain X-rays were taken at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The rabbits were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks. Specimens were also examined histologically.

Results: Both radiological and histological results were evaluated. In group one, the results revealed more callus and healing than group two, and they were found statistically significant.

Discussion: Periosteal fiaps are easy to perform and enhances the healing of the graft-host junctions. The periosteal fiap technique is effective on the healing of graft-host bone junctions and this technique will worth applying to structural allografts.

Introduction: Standard treatment for distal tibia fractures is the fixation with locking compression plates. Locking plate fixation has revolutionized fracture treatment in the last decade and may be ideally suited for a bridging plate osteosynthesis. This technique allows some controlled axial fracture motion, what essential for secondary bone healing is. A disadvantage of the locking plate technique seems to be an unsymmetrical micro motion along the fracture gap. The micromotion at the far cortex side is much larger than at the near cortex side (near the plate). It is supposed to be that the fracture movement on the near cortex is too small.

To increase the motion at the near cortex side a new kind of screws has been developed. In this study we examined the micromotion using normal locking head screws versus the new dynamic locking head screws.

Materials and Methods: A simplified fracture model was created by connecting 2 plastic cylinders (POM C, EModul: 3.1GPa) with a standard 11-holes Locking Compression Plate (Synthes). The fracturegap (between the two cylinders) amounted 3mm. Three kinds of fracture models were constructed: The model of a transverse fracture, an oblique fracture and a spiral fracture. An axial load from 0N up to 200N was applied with a testing machine (Zwick). The motion of the fracture model was measured in three dimensions using the optical measurement system PONTOS 5M (GOM, Braunschweig, Germany). The accuracy of the optical measurement system was about 5 micrometers.

Results: A total of 72 measurements were compared. Using the new screw, axial stiffness was decreased for 16% and micromotion was up to 200 μm higher in comparison to the old screw.

Discussion: Using the new dynamic locking head screw it’s possible to increase interfragmentary motion up to 200μm on the near cortex side (plate side).

Background: Despite aggressive debridement, thorough irrigation, systemic antibiotics, and staged treatment, many open fractures still become infected. A graft that can promote bone regeneration and prevent infection could decrease complications. Polyurethane (PUR) scaffolds have previously been shown in separate studies to be nontoxic, osteoconductive, can promote bone growth by delivering BMP, and prevent infection by the sustained release of an antibiotic. This scaffold can deliver both BMP and vancomycin simultaneously; the purpose of this study is to determine if the co-delivery of the antibiotic inhibits bone formation.

Methods: Using an established critical size defect rat femur model, the amount of bone formation created by PUR scaffolds containing low and high doses of rhBMP-2 (2.4 μg and 22.4 μg respectively) and 0.8 mg vancomycin (8% of graft by weight) were compared to scaffolds that contained rhBMP-2 without antibiotics. After 4 weeks, the femurs were harvested and bone growth was assessed using microCT.

Results: There was no significant difference in bone growth between the groups that had the high dose of rhBMP-2. Surprisingly, the scaffolds that had the low dose of rhBMP-2 and vancomycin promoted more bone formation than scaffolds that had rhBMP-2 and no antibiotics.

Conclusions: The addition and co-delivery of vancomycin to the scaffolds did not inhibit bone growth. The addition of vancomycin to the PUR scaffolds may have altered the release kinetics of the rhBMP-2; this may explain the increase of bone formation in this group. This study demonstrates that incorporation of a therapeutic and a clinically-relevant level of vancomycin does not inhibit bone formation. These results suggest that a dual delivery bone graft has potential to reducing complications associated with open fractures.

Introduction: The results of treating chondral lesions with microfracture have been well documented. The lesion heals by fibrocartilage and the functional results tend to deteriorate through time.

Hypothesis: The use of steroids an platelet rich plasma (PRP) as coadjuvants to microfracture for the treatment of full thickness chondral lesions improve the results of this marrow stimulating technique.

Purpose: To macroscopically, histologically and molecularly evaluate the repair tissue generated after treating full thickness chondral lesions with microfracture and local steroids or PRP in an animal model.

Materials: Experimental in-vivo study in 40 femoral condyles (FC) from New Zealand rabbits. Chondral lesions were induced in all the samples and divided into 4 groups:

Group 1: control, lesion left untreated.

Animals were sacrificed after 3 months and the samples were evaluated macroscopically, histologically (H and E, Toluidine Blue) and molecularly (RT-PCR for Col1 and Col2). The results were analyzed with ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (p< 0.05).

Results: Macroscopy: the control group had no healing tissue. In all the other groups there was a variable presence of a fibrocartilaginous tissue without significant differences among groups.

Histology: all the groups had the presence of fibrocartilage.

Molecular analysis: all the groups had a significantly poorer Col2/Col1 relation when compared to normal hyaline cartilage, without significant difference among groups.

Conclusions: The local use of betamethasone and PRP as coadjuvants to microfracture does not improve the macroscopical, histological and molecular results of the treatment of full thickness chondral lesions.

Introduction: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) reportedly enhances restoration of strength at fracture healing sites. However, evaluation of strength by mechanical testing was limited to only one direction, with either bending or torsion. Quantitative micro computed tomography (μCT) scans allow us to calculate strength-related parameters such as cross-sectional moment (CSM) and cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI). Previous studies have performed 2-dimensional (2D) analyses, and 3-dimensional (3D) evaluations have not been described. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate the effects of LIPUS on osteotomy healing using 3D analyses of CSM and CSMI.

Materials and Methods: Bilateral, transverse, mid-tibial osteotomies with a 2-mm gap were performed in 42 rabbits. LIPUS was continued for both the treatment group (n=7/group/time point) and the control group (n=7/ group/time point), for 20 min, six times/week, for 4, 6, or 8 weeks. The control group also received a sham inactive transducer under the same condition as the LIPUS group. After the tibia was scanned by μCT, region of interest (ROI) was set at the center of the osteotomy gap with a width of 1 mm. Center of gravity for the ROI and the XYZ coordinate was calculated. An optional line (I) can be drawn in this coordinate. The angle of the Z axis (𝛉) was measured, and also the degree of angle of the X axis (φ) was measured. The 3D CSM [I (φ, 𝛉)] around this line was calculated using the following equation: I (φ, 𝛉) = ∫ r²dV (mm5), where r is the distance of a voxel to the center of gravity (mm) and dV is the area of a voxel (mm3). The axial CSM was defined as CSMx: I (0, 90), CSMy: I (90, 90), whereas the polar CSM was also defined as CSMp: I (any, 0). 3D CSMI weighted by density distribution was calculated using the following equation: I’ (φ, 𝛉) = ∫ r²dm = ∫ ρr²dV (mg.mm²), ρ is the measured volumetric callus mineral density. Likewise CSMIx, CSMIy and CSMIp were calculated. These data of the μCT evaluations were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test (p< 0.05).

Results: When 3D CSMs at the same time point were compared, values for the LIPUS groups were significantly higher than those for control groups for CSMx at 6 weeks and CSMp at 8 weeks. As for comparison of 3D CSMIs at the same time point, values for the LIPUS groups were significantly higher than those of the control groups for CSMIx, CSMIy, and CSMIp at 6 and 8 weeks.

Discussion: Bone healing by 3D CSM and CSMI has not been described before. Our results demonstrate that these bone strength parameters improved with LIPUS during the early phases. However, whether the late phase of callus formation is infiuenced remains unclear.

Introduction: Surgery may cause a metabolic response leading to a diabetic state characterised by hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Metabolic stress may be worsened by the practice of Nulla Per Os (NPO).

Hip fracture patients are often subjected to fasting for extended periods. We hypothesise that a pre operative high carbohydrate drink permitted prior to surgery would mitigate the post operative diabetic state.

Methods: Ethical and Anaesthetic approval were obtained. 40 patients with hip fractures were enrolled over 4 months at Mayo General Hospital and were randomized to two groups. 20 were enrolled into Group A: control traditional NPO and Group B: Carbohydrate group. Data collection: Glucose and insulin serum levels were recorded regularly at: preadmission, post op and post op days 1 & 5; and weeks 2,3 & 6. Drink protocol: 800mls before midnight and 400mls on the morning of surgery. Exclusion criteria included diabetics and pregnancy. Hospital length of stay (HLOS), morbidity and readmissions were noted.

Result: Average age Group A: X Group B:Y. Hyperglycaemia post operatively noted in 70% of Group A vs 30% in Group B. Hyperinsulinaemia postoperatively noted in 75% of Group A vs 28% Group B. Group A and B had similar HLOS and post operative morbidity. However, we noted a higher readmission rate 45% in Group A.

Conclusion: Preoperative Carbohydrate loading significantly decreases post operative hyperglycemia and hyper insulinamia. This may show that converting a patient from fasted to a fed state prior to the insult of surgery prevents the patient entering a diabetic state and avoiding morbidity associated with same.

Non union of long bone remains a dreadful complication.

The introduction of new strategies for orthopaedic surgeons to control and modulate bone healing using growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been shown to induce bone formation and union in long bone defects and non unions.

A recombinant form of BMP (BMP-2) is FDA approved to promote fracture healing in tibial non unions.

The study aim was the assessment of the safety and efficacy of a single dose of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (INDUCTOS^®) combined with bank bone on the rate of bone formation and union in long bone defects and non unions.

Since October 2005, 44 patients (28 men, 16 women) with a median age of 41.81 (range: 14–78) received a single dose of BMP-2 (INDUCTOS^®) in an extensive segmental long bone defects (mean score: 31.7 cc +/− 63.2; range: 5–261) in combination with bone bank graft (chips or cancellous bone blocs), without any adjunct of autologous bone or bone marrow. The series included 12 femur, 24 tibia, 5 radius/ulna, 3 humerus. All fractures were stabilised using external or internal fixation (mostly Ilizarov). All cases are available for complete follow-up.

Assessment of fusion was performed using digital radiographs at postoperative time, at 10 to 15 days and 1, 2, 3 month and every month till healing. Outcomes of the defects were evaluated using the Imagika^® software.

Clinical stabilisation of the diaphyseal non unions, restoration of the limb length and axis, solid bone fusion were observed in all but two patients within a median time of 6.1 +/− 3.0 months (range: 2.5–15.0).

We observed that BMP-2 induced bone formation across the defect; radiographs showed rapid ossification, with bone graft densification and margin’s shadings.

With no need for donor sites, BMP restored the continuity and stability of critical-size defects faster than what we had observed in our former practice using large amounts of autograft combined with bank bone when necessary. We believe that this procedure provide faster healing, give more comfort and less sequel to patients.

Introduction: Monobutyrin (MB) has been shown to be a potent angiogenic factor for adipose tissue. It is one of the many compounds secreted from adipocytes adding to the knowledge that adipose tissue is not merely a storage unit but has an endocrine function. Adipocytes and osteoblasts share a common precursor. In osteoporosis the proportion of fat in bone increases. As both are present at a fracture site the addition of MB may enhance fracture healing by stimulating angiogenesis.

Method: 138 Sprague Dawley rodents were ovarect-omised at 12 weeks of age. After a further 24 weeks each animal underwent a right closed femoral fracture stabilized with a retrograde k-wire using a standard model (Walsh et al. 1997). Animals were randomised into control (empty or substrate only) or MB of varying concentrations (2.5μg, 7.5μg, 25μg, 75μg). A percutaneous injection of 0.2mls of each of the above was then injected into the fracture site. Animals were culled at 1, 3 and 6 week time points post surgery. The right and left femurs were dissected out and analyzed using radiographic, mechanical testing, micro computed tomography and histology endpoints. Statistical analysis was perfomed with SPSS for windows.

Results: All animals recovered well from the procedure and no adverse reactions were noted following the addition of MB. A progression to union was seen with time in all groups. Mechanical testing did not result in a statistical difference between groups, however the trend showed improved healing in the 7.5μg Monobutyrin group. Radiographic grading again showed no statistical difference however, interestingly micro CT data showed an increasing trend in both trabecular number and bone surface area to volume with increasing concentrations of MB.

The histology results implied a potential acceleration in the early stage of fracture healing in the high dose (75 μg) MB group. However progression to union following this initial early phase acceleration was delayed as callus volume increased rather than union according to micro CT and histological data.

Discussion: The ability to augment fracture healing has significant clinical implications considering the “greying of society”. This study investigated the possibility of improving fracture healing by incorporating the angiogenic factor, Monobutyrin in an estrogen deficient animal model. Although the results do not conclusively demonstrate an improvement in fracture healing, they do imply that MB does affect the early phase of fracture healing in the estrogen deficient model. This study is limited in that the effects of MB on fracture healing in a non-estrogen deficient model was not considered. The ideal release kinetics for Monobutyrin as well as other factors remains unknown.

Introduction: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) can enhance bone regeneration and callus healing during fracture repair. However, whether a certain phase of the healing process in fracture repair in particular is infiuenced by LIPUS treatment remains unclear. In this investigation, the effect of LIPUS on callus remodeling in a gap healing model was evaluated by bone morphometric analyses using 3-dimensional (3D) quantitative micro computed tomography (μCT) at the healing site, providing information on the temporal sequence of mineralized remodeling events that characterize the gap healing.

Materials and Methods: The rabbit osteotomy model with 2-mm gap for the right tibia was immobilized with four pins fixed to an external fixator with double side bars. LIPUS was continued for both the treatment group (n=7/group/time point) and the control group (n=7/group/time point), for 20 min, six times/week, for 4, 6, or 8 weeks. The control group also received a sham inactive transducer under exactly the same condition as the LIPUS group. After the harvested tibia was scanned by μCT, region of interest was set at the callus healing area. It defined as a center of the osteotomy gap with a width of 1 mm. Morphometric parameters used for evaluation were mineralized callus volume (BV, cm³) and volumetric bone mineral density of mineralized tissue comprising the callus (mBMD, mBMD = BMC/ BV, mgHA/cm³). The whole ROI was measured and was subdivided into three zones. The periosteal callus zone (External), the medullary callus zone (Endosteal) and the remaining zone was the cortical gap zone (Intercortical). For each zone, BV and mBMD were measured. Data of the μCT evaluations were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Statistically significant difference was set at p < 0.05.

Results: In the LIPUS groups, BV for the Endosteal zone was significantly lower for the 8-week group than for the 4-week group. Comparing results at the same time point, the LIPUS group at 8 weeks was significantly higher than that of the control group in the Intercortical zone. As for mBMD, in the LIPUS group, the 8-week group was significantly higher than the 4-week group for Total, External, Internal, and Endosteal zones, respectively. Comparing results at the same time point, mBMD was significantly higher for the LIPUS group at 8 weeks than for the control group in both External and Intercortical zones.

Discussion: The most striking finding in our study was that LIPUS accelerated bone formation in the Intercortical zone and callus resorption in the Endosteal zone. This suggests that LIPUS could shorten the time required for remodeling. However, the results of this study do not clarify whether an early phase in callus formation in particular is infiuenced by LIPUS.

Introduction: Hip arthroplasty can present surgeons with difficult bone loss. Impacted allografting is a well-established way of initally securing implant stability. However subsequent bone integration and fusion can be prolonged. Also concerns relate on maintaining bone volume of allograft during integration.

Intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is bone anabolic and improves fracture healing. As adjuvant in implant surgery PTH has only recently been introduced experimentally predominantly showing improved implant integration within empty peri-implant bone defects.

Given the desire to improve the graft incorporation process, the purpose of our study is to examine whether PTH improves early implant integration by accelerating healing of peri-implant bone allograft. We test the hypothesis that systemic intermittent administration of PTH increases new bone formation in allograft inserted in a gap with impacted morselized bone allograft around an experimental orthopaedic implant. We hypothesize that parathyroid hormone will improve new bone formation in allograft and preserve allograft.

Methods: An unpaired canine study was carried out following approval of our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. In 20 skeletally mature dogs cylindrical titanium alloy porous coated implants (6x10mm) were inserted in a 2.5 mm circumferential gap in the extraarticular cancellous bone site of the proximal humeri. Cancellous bone was milled on fine setting and impacted in the gap. Test animal were postoperatively randomised to daily treatment of placebo or parathyroid hormon rhPTH (1–34)(teriparatide)(Bachem) 5 μg / kg s.c. After 4 weeks observation time specimen blocks were harvested, sectioned and evaluated by unbiased stereological histomor-phometry (newCast, Visiopharm, Horsholm, Denmark). The endpoints were bone-to-implant contact and tissue density in an outer gap region of 1500 μm and an inner gap region reaching the implant. Since data were not normally distributed a non-parametric analysis two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test was applied with p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Data are accordingly presented as median and interquartile ranges.

Results: Two implants in the PTH group were excluded. In the peri-centric region new bone improved significantly (outer region: PTH 21.1 (12.9–16.3) / control 15.2 (13.9–16.2), inner region: PTH 19.8 (15.8–21.5)/control 14.0 (12.9–16.3)). There were no significant differences in the amount of allograft. At the implant interface new bone for PTH was 11.5 (8.1–14.0), as for control 10.5 (7.2–14.8). Old bone for PTH was 1.5 (0.8–2.0), and old bone 1.4 (0.8–1.7). Bone tissue showed no significant differences.

Conclusion: Parathyroid hormone shows promise in significant inducing bone formation in impacted morselized allograft around implant without resorbing it significantly retaining graft volume.

Aims: To discover how the management of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in the young patient (17–25) has changed, if at all, over the past six years.

Methods: The same postal questionnaire was used in 2003 and 2009, sent out to 164 members of British Elbow and Shoulder Society. Questions were asked about the initial reduction, investigation undertaken, timing of any surgery, preferred stabilization procedure, arthroscopic or open, detail of surgical technique, period of immobilization and rehabilitation programme instigated in first-time and recurrent traumatic dislocators.

Summary of Results: The response rate were 92% (n=151) – 2009, 83% (n=131) – 2003 The most likely management of a young traumatic shoulder dislocation in the UK would be:

Reduction under sedation in A& E by the A& E doctor (80% of respondents).

Conclusions: There has been a remarkable change in practice compared to the previous survey. A significant proportion of Orthopaedic Surgeons would consider stabilisation in young first time dislocators instead of conservative management. Arthroscopic stabilisation is now the preferred technique compared to open stabilisation whenever possible. Surgeons are using more investigations prior to listing the patient for surgery namely the MR arthrogram. There is also an increased use of bio-degradable anchors as compared to metallic bone anchors in 2003.

Aim: The assessment of shoulder mobility is essential for clinical follow-up of shoulder treatment. Only a few high sophisticated instruments for objective measurements of shoulder mobility are available. The interobserver dependency of conventional goniometer measurements is high. In the 1990s an isokinetic measuring system of BIODEX Inc. was introduced, which is a very complex but valid instrument. Since 2008 a new user-friendly system (DynaPort ShoulderTest-System) is available. Aim of this study is the validation of this measuring instrument with the BIODEX-System.

Methods: The DynaPort ShoulderTest-System is a small, light-weighted three-dimensional gyroscope that is fixed on the distal upper patient arm, recording abduction, fiexion and rotation. For direct comparison we fixed the DynaPort on the lever arm of the BIODEX-system. The accuracy of measurement was determined at different positions, angles and distances from the center of rotation as well as different motion speeds in the radius between 0° – 180° in steps of 20°. All measurements were repeated ten times and observed with a digital water level. As satisfactory accuracy we defined a difference between both systems below 5°. The statistical analysis was performed with a linear regression model.

Results: The evaluation showed very high accuracy of measurements. The maximum average deviation was 0,5°. Below 60° the DynaPort was underestimating comparing the BIODEX system, whereas in higher positions higher data was measured. At higher angles the differences between both got higher. The distance to the center of rotation as well as the position of the Dyna-Port on the lever arm and different motion speeds infiuenced the results. The highest significant matches were measured at highest distance from the center of rotation (1,8° vs. 3,1°, p < 0,05) and a highest motion speed (2,1° at 60°/s, vs. 3,1° at 30°/s, p < 0,05).

Conclusion: In summary the results showed a high correlation and good reproducibility of measurements. All deviations were inside the tolerance interval of 5 °. These laboratory trials are promising for the validation of this system in shoulder patients. The challenge for both systems will be the changing of the center of rotation in the shoulder joint at elevations higher than 90°.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the arthroscopic findings and treatment of chronic shoulder pain after minimally displaced greater tuberosity (GT) fractures.

Material and Methods: Arthroscopy was performed in 12 patients (8m, 4f; mean age of 36 years) with more than 6 months of shoulder pain after sustaining a minimally displaced GT fracture (inferior to 5 mms). 4 cases were associated with anterior shoulder dislocation.

Results: Varied pathologic findings, some of them unsuspected, were observed in all cases, both at subacromial and glenohumeral level:

5 cases of subacromial impingement secondary to protrusion of the proximal portion of the GT; 2 of them associated with Pasta lesion

All lesions were arthroscopically treated: GT tuber-oplasty, repair of Pasta lesions, suture fixation of GT fragments. After minimum follow-up of one year, Constant and Simple Shoulder Test scores were significantly improved.

Conclusions: Arthroscopy proved to be very useful to assess the varied etiologic factors for chronic shoulder pain in undisplaced GT fractures. Arthroscopic techniques are effective in managing GT malunions and tendinous and bony Pasta lesions.

Purpose: This study was performed to assess the incidence of generalized ligament laxity in patients undergoing revision shoulder stabilization.

Methods and Results: Prospective data was collected for 21 patients undergoing revision shoulder stabilization and 43 patients with clavicle fractures as a control group, between 2004 and 2009 under the care of orthopaedic surgeons at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh including demographic details, type of primary stabilization and causes of failure.

Clinical examination was used to assess the ligament laxity using the Beighton score. Laxity is scored on a 0–9 scale. Scores of 4 or above are indicative of generalized ligament laxity. Brighton criteria is used to diagnose Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS) and use signs and symptoms along with Beighton score. The most common primary procedure for shoulder instability was open stabilization in 15 patients (75%).

The most common cause of failure was trauma in 14 patients (67%). The mean age was 29 years with a range from 22–58 years. There were 16 males and 5 females. The average Beighton score for patients undergoing revision shoulder stabilization was 2.8 with a range from 0–7. 13 patients (61%) in this group had a Beighton score of 4 or more as compared to 12 patients (27%) in the control group. This difference was statistically significant with a P value of 0.018. 11 patients (52%) fulfilled the Brighton criteria for BJHS.

Conclusion: We found that there is a high incidence (61%) of generalized ligament laxity in patients undergoing revision shoulder stabilization. Trauma is a common (67%) cause of failure in these patients. Patients with generalized ligament laxity should be made aware about the high failure rate after shoulder stabilization at their primary surgery and appropriate advice about rehabilitation should be given.

Traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation and sub-luxation are common injuries. But few studies have compared arthroscopic and open stabilization of the shoulder at long-term follow up. The purpose of our study is to show whether an arthroscopic approach to repair Bankart lesion can obtain the same results at long follow up as an open procedure. We analyzed 110 non-randomized consecutive shoulders in 110 patients who underwent a surgical repair of recurrent anterior shoulder instability between 1990 and 1999. Eighty-two patients were available at long term follow up (74,5% retrieval rate). In particular, 49 patients (59.8%) (group A) were treated with arthroscopic transglenoid suture (modified Caspari) between 1990 and 1995 (mean 15,7 year FU), whereas, 33 patients (40.2%) (group B) were treated with open repair between 1995 and 1999 (mean 12,7 year FU). We evaluated the patients in terms of failure rates, Rowe and UCLA scores. The failure cases in the forty-nine patients treated with arthroscopic suture were 13, six dislocations and seven subluxations. The group A had also a Rowe score: function 24.2+8.2, stability 42.4+13.9, range of movement 18.6+3.8, total score 85.0+22.46. The UCLA score was: pain 8.8+1.7, function 8.6+2.1, muscle power 9.2+1.6, total score 26.4+4.8. Of the thirty-three patients treated with open repair, three had at least one post-op dislocations and four felt sometimes subluxations. The Rowe score in group B was: function 23.6+9.7, stability 41.2+14.9, range of movement 18.3+3.9, total score 83.2+24.4. Moreover the UCLA score was: pain 8.8+1.9, function 8.8+1.9, muscle power 9.2+1.2, total score 26.9+4.2. We showed that both techniques were fairly good in treatment of shoulder instability. In our series no significant difference was observed in redislocation rate and in Rowe and UCLA scores between the two groups. The recurrence rate (subluxations and dislocations) was high in both groups: the arthroscopic group had 26.5% and the open one had 21.2%. Our recurrence rate following open repair was higher than in many studies, while the rate after arthroscopic transglenoid procedure was almost equivalent. We hypothesize that one of the reasons for these higher recurrence rates may be the long term follow up. Another cause could be our decision to include subluxation as a failure value, even if there is no agreement about. In fact we believe it to be an important disability factor in sport as in life activities. After surgery, most of the patients returned to their preinjuried activities. But at long term follow up almost all patients have stopped high level sport activity. Moreover, at this long term follow up, some patients told us a feeling of muscle weakness in the last years. In conclusion patients had good impressions about their shoulders thanks to surgery, but also because of lower functional demand.

Introduction: Primary operative stabilisation of Grade III injuries of the acromio-clavicular (AC) joint remains controversial, with recent literature providing support for conservative management. The aim of this research was to compare the clinical and radiological outcome of operative and non-operative treatment of this injury.

Materials and Methods: 56 patients (51 men, 5 women, aged 18 – 78 years) with an acromio-clavicular dislocation Tossy III were recruited into the study. 28 were managed surgically with a hook plate, and 28 were treated non-operatively with a sling until they were pain-free after a few days. The mean follow-up time was 23 months (8 – 31 months). At follow-up the patients were either examined clinically and radiologically or they were surveyed by phone. Clinical results were expressed in the Constant score and the subjective satisfaction of each patient was recorded.

Results: Eleven patients were lost to follow-up. Five patients were operated at their home hospital after initial treatment at our clinic, and four non-surgical patients were later treated with a modified Weaver-Dunn procedure.

Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 were examined clinically and radiologically and 11 were surveyed by telephone. The clinical outcome showed a mean Constant score of 87 in the operative group and 96 in the non-operative group. 30 of 36 patients were highly satisfied or satisfied (19 in the operative group, 11 in the non-operative group), 5 were mostly satisfied (operative group), 1 was unsatisfied (operative group). Radiologically, all of the operated patients showed changes of the AC-joint including widening of the joint, redislocation of the distal clavicle, and degenerative changes. In the non-operative group, three patients showed a decreasing clavicular elevation.

Conclusion: Clinical outcomes were comparable between operative and non-operative treatment of AC-dislocations grade III. Some conservatively treated patients did, however, require a secondary stabilisation. The hook plate was observed to cause additional local injury to the AC-joint, and must be removed after recovery to prevent rotator cuff damage. This procedure incurs high risk of loss of reduction. In our opinion, it is disputable to operate twice on the AC-joint to achieve similar results as those obtained with conservative treatment. We prefer a secondary anatomical reconstruction in cases of failed conservative treatment.

Introduction: Clinical outcome scores such as the DASH shoulder score suffer from subjectivity, a ceiling effect and pain dominance masking functional changes which shall be assessable to address rising patient demands and improve the clinical validation of modern therapeutic improvements. Lab based motion analysis may provide such data but it is too costly, time consuming and complex for routine clinical follow-up. Inertia sensor based motion analysis (IMA) can produce objective movement parameters while being fast, cheap and easy to operate.

In this study, a simple and clinical feasible inertia sensor based motion analysis (IMA) shoulder test is defined and tested for its

reliability,

Methods: An inertia sensor (41x63x24mm, 39g) comprising 3D accelerometers (±5g) and 3D gyroscopes (±300°/sec) was taped onto the humerus in a standardised position. Healthy subjects (n=100, 40.6 ±15.7yrs) and 50 patients (55.6 ±12.7yrs, m/f 17/33) with confirmed unilateral shoulder pathology (39 subacromial impingement, 11 other) were measured. Two motion tasks (hand-behind-head, hand-to-back) were performed on both shoulders. Using automated algorithms, a simple motion parameter was calculated by adding the peak-to-peak angular rates per axis. The relative asymmetry between both shoulder sides was scored (healthy control within subject). Patients were also assessed using the DASH score and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST).

Results: The test produced high intra- (r2=0.90) and inter-observer reliability (r2=0.83). Asymmetry was > 3 times higher in patients (36.3%) than healthy controls (9.6%, p< 0.001). Using a threshold (> 16% asymmetry) healthy and pathological subjects could be distinguished with high diagnostic sensitivity (98.0%) and specificity (81.0%). The non-affected shoulders of the patient group did not differ from the shoulder of the healthy group (p=0.18). Sub-group analysis comparing the 30 best performing healthy to the 10 highest asymmetry pathological shoulders also revealed sign. lower range of motion, shorter motion path and longer cycle times (p< 0.01). Visual signal analysis exposed specific motion patterns (e.g. healthy: overshooting at point of task achievement, pathological: drift or tremble at rest position). IMA asymmetry was only weakly correlated with DASH or SST (r2< 0.25).

Discussion: The IMA shoulder test and asymmetry score showed high reliability and diagnostic power meeting or exceeding common clinical scores. The fast assessment (t< 60s) of a simple motion tasks makes it suitable for routine clinical follow-up to supplement classic scores. Weak correlations with DASH and SST show that the test adds an objective functional dimension to outcome assessment.

Background: Aim of this study was to evaluate and compare clinical and radiological outcome of distal femur fracture stabilization using retrograde nailing or LISS plating.

Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study from 2003–2008 we analyzed 115 patients with distal femur fractures who had been treated by retrograde i.m. nailing (60 patients) or LISS plating (55 patients). Mean age was 55 years in the two cohort groups. Mechanism of injury was high energy impact in 57 % (SCN 53 %; LISS 76 %) and low energy injury in 43 % of all evaluated patients (SCN 47 %; LISS 33 %). Fractures were classified according to AO classification: There were 52 type A fractures (SCN 31; LISS 21) and 63 type C fractures (SCN 28; LISS 35). Interestingly severe articular fractures (type C2 and C3) were found much more often in LISS group (15 patients; 27 %) compared to 5 patients (8 %) in the SCN group.

Results: Fracture healing within 3 months was observed in type A fractures in over 90 % of the cases (SCN 29 patients, 89 %; LISS 20 patients, 95 %). A distinct diffrence was found in type C fractures. Whereas still nearly 90 % consolidation was evaluated in the SCN group (25 patients; 89 %), LISS plate group showed only 41 % (14 patients). Nonunion was found in type A fractures in only one patient per group (SCN and LISS 3 %) and in 2 patients in type C fractures treated with SCN (7 %). As expected 35 % (11 patients) nonunions were found in type C fractures treated with LISS. Both, the nail and the LISS group required additional bone grafting for successful healing (SCN 2; LISS 8). Functional outcome using the KOOS score demonstrated in type A fractures a score of 263 in the nail and 260 in the LISS plate group, and in type C fractures 257 in the nail and 218 in the LISS group. Loosening of screws without disturbing fracture healing (SCN 12 %; LISS 2 %). Deep infection (SCN 2 %; LISS 7 %), axis deviation of more than 10 degrees in the coronal or sagittal plane in 5 % in the nail and 12 % in the plate group were treated.

Conclusion: Both, retrograde i.m. nailing and LISS plating are adequate treatment options for distal femur fractures. No differences in outcome between implants regarding fracture healing, nonunion, and infection were found in type A fractures. A distinct difference occurred in type C fractures. According to high rate of severe articular and open fractures a high rate of nonunions and infections was found in the LISS group. Locked plating can be utilized for all distal femur fractures including complex type C fractures, periprosthetic fractures and osteoporotic fractures. I.m. nailing provides favorable intramedullary stability and can be successfully implanted in bilateral or multisegmental fractures of the distal femur as well as in extraarticular and type C1 to C2 fractures.

Objectives: Fresh osteochondral allografts are well-established treatment for patients who have posttraumatic osteochondral defects over 3cm in diameter and 1cm in depth of the knee. The objective of our study was to investigate the long-term outcome of these grafts and how long they may delay need for arthroplasty in patients with mal-united tibial plateau fractures.

Method: A prospective cohort study of patients who had received fresh osteochondral allografts of the tibial plateau was conducted. 118 patients were identified and survivor ship analysis was performed using conversion to total knee arthroplasty as the end point for graft failure. The Modified Hospital for Knee Surgery Scoring System (MHKSS) was used to clinically assess each patient who had more than five years of follow up. Radiographs were assessed for mechanical axis as well as using the Tonis grade for degenerative change.

Results: 29 of 118 (25%) experienced graft failure and underwent conversion to total knee arthroplasty, at a mean of 12 years (range 3–23) after the index procedure. The remaining 52 patients with a successful graft, and follow up over five years, had a mean MHKSS score of 83 (range 49–100) with a mean follow up of 11.7 years (range 5–34). Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis of all 118 patients showed that graft survivorship was 94% at 5 years (std err 2.7), 83% at 10 years (std err 4.6), 62% at 15 years (std err 7.4) and 45% at 20 years (std err 8.5). Factors that predicted a successful graft were, using a meniscal allograft in conjunction with the osteochondral graft, and a lateral tibial plateau defect. The age at the time of surgery was no different between the patients that had a successful graft or those that failed.

Conclusion: Fresh osteochondral allografting works well in providing long term treatments for patients with tibial plateau damage. The concurrent use of meniscal allografts is also recommended.

Background: Complex fractures of the tibial plateau can be difficult to characterize on plain radiographs and two-dimensional computed tomography scans. We tested the hypothesis that three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions improve the reliability of tibial plateau fracture characterization and classification.

Methods: Forty-five consecutive intra-articular fractures of the tibial plateau were evaluated by six independent observers for the presence of six fracture characteristics that are not specifically included in currently used classification schemes:

posteromedial shear fracture;

In addition, fractures were classified according to the AO/OTA Comprehensive Classification of Fractures, the Schatzker classification system and the Hohl and Moore system. Two rounds of evaluation were performed and then compared. First, a combination of plain radiographs and two-dimensional computed tomography scans (2D) were evaluated, and then, four weeks later, a combination of radiographs, two-dimensional computed tomography scans, and three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography scans (3D) were assessed.

Results: Interobserver agreement improved for all classification systems after the addition of three-dimensional reconstructions (AO/OTA κ2D = 0.536 versus κ3D = 0.545; Schatzker κ2D = 0.545 versus κ3D = 0.596; Hohl and Moore κ2D = 0.668 versus κ3D = 0.746).

Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions also improved the average intraobserver reliability for all fracture characteristics, from κ2D = 0.624 (substantial agreement) to κ3D = 0.687 (substantial agreement). The addition of three-dimensional images had limited infiuence on the average interobserver reliability for the recognition of specific fracture characteristics (κ2D = 0.488 versus κ3D = 0.485, both moderate agreement). Three-dimensional computed tomography images improved interobserver reliability for the recognition of coronal plane fractures from fair (κ2D = 0.398) to moderate (κ3D = 0.418) but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: Three-dimensional computed tomography is helpful for;

individual orthopaedic surgeons for preoperative planning (improves intraobserver reliability for the recognition of fracture characteristics), and for

The aim of this study was to compare the primary fixation stability and initial fixation stiffness of two commonly used fixation techniques, the tension band wiring technique and interfragmentary screw fixation, with an innovative mini-screw fragment fixation system in a model of transverse fracture of the patella. It was hypothesized that the biomechanical performance of the fragment fixation system would not significantly differ from the loading characteristics of the two established methods currently investigated.

Materials and Methods: A standardized transverse patella fracture was induced in ninety-six calf patella and three different fixation methods, including the mod-ified tension band wiring technique, interfragmentary screw fixation, and the mini-screw fragment fixation system, were used for fragment fixation. Specimens were mounted to a loading rig which was integrated within a material testing machine. In each fixation group, eight specimens were loaded to failure at varying simulated knee angles of either 0° or 45°. Another eight specimens were submitted to polycyclic loading consisting of 30 cycles between 20 N and 300 N at a simulated knee angle of either 0° or 45°. The residual displacement between the first and the last cycle was recorded. Differences in the biomechanical performance between the three fixation groups were evaluated.

Results: With monocyclic loading, no significant differences between the three groups were observed in the parameters maximum load to failure and linear fixation stiffness. Specimens loaded at 45° showed significantly lower maximum failure loads and linear stiffness when compared with 0° knee angle. With polycyclic loading, no significant differences in the residual displacement were observed between the groups at 0° loading angle, while at 45°, residual displacement was significantly higher with tension band fixation when compared with interfragmentary screw fixation or the fragment fixation system.

Conclusion: This study confirmed that the biomechanical performance of the fragment fixation system was comparable to interfragmentary screw fixation and superior to the tension band wiring technique. As the fragment fixation system combines the advantages of providing interfragmentary compression with percutaneous pin insertion after closed reduction, we believe the fragment fixation system to be an adequate alternative in the osteosynthesis of transverse patella fractures.

Background: Tibial plateau fractures are common injuries which often produce major disability. Open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures has a significant complication rate and numerous recent reports have a tendency to avoid open plating in favour of a variety of limited surgical approaches and percutaneous techniques usually in association with external fixation.

Patients and Methods: The technique of closed manipulation, indirect reduction and percutaneous screw fixation was attempted in 29 displaced tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker types I – IV) in 29 patients. Closed, indirect reduction was successful in only 25 fractures (86.2%); and the remaining four cases were excluded from the study. Patients` age ranged from 19 – 62 years (average 41 y.). Of the 25 fractures, 4 (16%) were open; type I or II Gustilo Anderson classification. Additional mini incision to raise a depressed articular fragment and to apply a bone graft was needed in 12 fractures (48%). Post operative cast or brace was applied for 3–5 weeks. Full weight bearing was started 8–12 weeks postoperatively.

Results: Anatomical reduction was achieved in 20 fractures (80%), and the remaining 5 (20%) were showing grade I residual step or gap formation. Bone healing was achieved in all cases (100 %); and occurred in 8 – 12 weeks (average 9.4 w.) Patients were followed for 24 – 37 months with an average of 30 months. According to the HSS knee score; there were 9 excellent (36%), 13 good (52%), and 3 fair (12%) final end results. According to the Iowa Knee Score there were 14 excellent (56%), 9 good (36%), and 2 fair (8%) final end results. Of these 25 patients, 76% (19 patients) were satisfied; and 24% (6 patients) were not satisfied by the final end result. There were no cases of loss of reduction, wound infection, or cases with poor final clinical outcome.

Conclusion: Indirect technique of reduction combined with percutaneous screw fixation could effectively reduce most displaced unicondylar tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker types I – IV) and is associated with good final outcome, with few reported complications.

This multi-center randomized prospective trial examined fixation for distal femoral fractures by standardizing the surgical approach as minimally invasive. Fifty three patients at six Canadian trauma centers were randomized via the Lead Centre (Halifax Infirmary, Dal-housie University, Halifax, CANADA) into 2 groups of 28 LISS and 25 DCS respectively. The AO C3 group was excluded from randomization. In the LISS group, three fractures went on to non-union and two fractures were complicated by early loss of fixation. A further LISS patient had removal of all metalwork when removal of individual prominent screws proved impossible due to cold-welding. In the DCS group, one fracture was complicated by non-union.

The difference between the two groups proved very statistically significant. (P< 0.05)

In this trial, the LISS proved more technically demanding and a higher re-operation rate was evident. At the Lead Centre, the LISS has been abandoned in favor of the DCS or LCP Condylar Plate performed via a minimally invasive approach.

Background: Tibial shaft fractures are the commonest cause of compartment syndromes. Intramedullary nails have been the more accepted treatment. Raised pressures after nailing don’t mean a compartment syndrome, but are an important factor to consider in the decision of treatment.

Methods: A clinical study was performed including 80 cases diagnosed of tibial shaft fractures treated with reamed intramedullary nails. Measurement method for compartment pressures was the slit catheter. Pressures were calculated before and just after surgery. Delta P values were calculated too. Patients with overpressures but no clinical suspicion of compartment syndrome were monitored during 24 hours. Patients diagnosed of compartment syndrome were treated by fasciotomy.

Descriptive and statistical study was performed with a ninety-five percent confidence intervals and significant difference p< 0,05.

Results: A statistical significant raising pressure was observed after surgery. Delta-P values showed a decrease after nailing only in the anterior compartment, but it was not significative (p ≥ 0,05). 4 cases were necessary for monitoring during 24 hours. 11 patients were diagnosed of compartment syndrome after surgery, with absolute pressures that showed values over 30 mm Hg, and delta P less than 40 mmHg.

Conclusions: Reamed intramedullary nails can increase compartment pressures in tibial shaft fractures. Delta P value can infiuence decisions for performing a fasciotomy. Diagnosis of a compartment syndrome must be based on clinical findings. If any doubt is present, we recommend pressure measurement, with a cut off value for fasciotomy of delta P ≤ 40 mm Hg. Delaying deffinitive treatment is suggested until pressure values were secure.

Introduction: Treatment of defected pseudoarthrosis tibia remains controversial due to bone loss with/without infection arises from previous interventions. In the present study we evaluated the results of acute shortening and distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of tibia pseudoarthrosis with bone loss.

Material and Methods: Eleven patients were treated with acute shortening and distraction osteogenesis. Mean age and bone loss was 27.5 years (range 10–44) and 8.9 cm (range 3.5–12) respectively. 7 of eleven patients is infected pseudoarthrosis. Enfected patients were type 4A according to Chierny-Mader classification. The 4 of infected patients were treated with two staged procedure. In the first stage antibiotic (teicoplanin) impregnated polymethylmetacrilate beads were placed to the space occurred as a result of excision of sclerotic bone segment and fixation was performed by external fixator or braces. Second stage composed of acute compression (shortening) and distraction osteogenesis. Other 3 infected and noninfected patients were treated with resection, acute shortening and distraction osteogenesis in one stage. In six cases docking site were grafted with autografts. Defects greater than 4 cm were gradually shortened 2mm/day in addition to acute shortening. Limb length inequality was solved with lengthening from proximal tibial corticotomy and achieving union of both sites about the same time.

Results: Mean follow up, external fixator time and external fixator index was 48.3 months (21–80), 8.9 months (6–13) and 1,3 month/cm respectively. results were evaluated according to Paley’s bone and functional evaluation scoring. Eleven patient revealed excellent results with regard to bone evaluation and 10 patient revealed excellent and 1 patient revealed good results in terms of functional evaluation. In one patient fracture at the pseudoartrosis site occurred due to new trauma after removal of the fixator which was treated with circular external fixator. In the another patient, the lengthening regenerate side was low quality bone which need intra-medullary fixation and grafted with autograft.

Conclusion: Acute shortening and distraction osteogenesis is a safe and successful procedure in the treatment of defected tibia pseudoarthrosis and is alternative to other treatments. Acute shortening and distraction osteogenesis was found to be successful and safe with regard to functional results in the treatment of defected tibia pseudoarthrosis. Besides we suggest it as an alternative due to lower rate of complications and less external fix-ator time compared to other Methods:

Introduction: Compartment syndrome is one of the most devastating complications in orthopaedic trauma cases. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the intra-compartmental pressure changes rise and stay above the dangerous limits during percutaneous bridge plating of tibial shaft fractures necessitating fascial release or not.

Patients and Methods: Between January 2007 and April 2009 17 isolated tibial fractures of the 17 patients were treated with percutaneous bridge plating technique by a single orthopaedic trauma surgeon. During the operation before, during and after the plating leg compartmental pressures were measured by using invasive blood pressure monitor. Demographic, trauma and fracture related data were also recorded. Analyses were performed by using SPSS 13.

Findings: Mean age was 32 (19–55) years. Mean of ISS was 14 (10–27). Plating was performed at a mean of 3,3 (1–6) days after the trauma. Means of difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and leg anterior compartment pressures just before the plate insertion were 42 and 25,5 (16–32) mmHg respectively. During plating compartmental pressures rose to a mean of 51,5 mmHg (p=0,001) and dropped to 50 mmHg 10 minutes after implantation. Mean delta P was – 7 mmHg for the leg antertior compartment ten minutes after plating. No correlation was found between the blood pressure differences; ISS; age; type of anesthesia and delta P (r< 0,1 and p> 0,05). Although there is a trend of having decreased delta P with earlier surgery difference was not significant (r=0,18; p=0,058).

Conclusion: Anterolateral percutaneous bridge plating of tibial shaft fractures significantly increases intracom-partmental pressures. Physician should carefully judge the risk of compartment syndrome in each patient separately and should not hesitate to perform percutaneous fascial release intraoperatively.

Introduction: Tibial plafond fractures constitute one of the most challenging injuries in orthopaedic surgery. Complications are common and clinical outcomes are generally poor. New guidelines for the management of these fractures and modern implants look forward to improving these results.

Material and Methods: 40 tibial plafond fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation between January 2006 and December 2008 were included prospectively. Fractures were classified according to the AO classification. A CT scan was required in17 intraarticular fractures. Definitive surgery was delayed until soft tissue injury had been healed. Eleven patients underwent provisional external fixation. Mean time to surgery was of 7.5 days (range, 0 to 40 days). 27 fractures were treated by anteromedial plating, 12 with anterolateral plating and in one case two plates were required. Bone grafting was used in 8 cases. Plain radiographs were used to determine axial alignment and time to healing. Reduction of the articular surface was considered anatomical when there was less of 1mm of displacement. The Ankle Osteoarthritis Score (AOS) was analysed for pain and disability. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 12.0 for Windows.

Results: According to the AO classification there were 22 Type A fractures, 9 Type B and 9 Type C. There were 7 open fractures (3 Type I, 3 Type II, 1 Type IIIA). Mean time to healing was of 18.1 weeks (8 to 32). Mean AOS score was of 41.2 points. There were 33 excellent and good results. There were 11 secondary losses of reduction and 5 non-union.

Clinical results were correlated with the quality of the reduction and with secondary displacement (p=1 and p=0.69 respectively). Anatomic reduction was more frequent in Type A (81.8%) and B (88.9%) fractures than in Type C (77.8%). There were not statistically significant differences in the quality of the reduction (p=0.88) or in the appearance of secondary displacement (p=0.46) between anteromedial or anterolateral plating. There were 6 infections (4 following anteromedial plating and 2 after anterolateral plating which was not statistically significant p=0.88). 13 patients developed soft tissue complications. Five requiring soft tissue fiaps.

Conclusion: Anteromedial and anterolateral plating of the distal tibia provide good clinical and radiological results. Infection rate is similar with both approaches. Appropriate timing of surgery can minimize soft tissue complications.

A prospective study on the management of 23 patients with complex high energy tibial fractures was carried out to assess the outcome following the use of different external fixators. They were all followed up clinically and radio logically till fracture union.

The average age 42 years (range 13–77 years) 17 male & 6 females. Fourteen were closed and 9 open. Eight were falls from height, 9 RTAs, one crush injury and one assault. All of the open fractures were grade 3. Six patients had proximal tibial fractures (one Schatzker Type-II, one Type-IV, two Type-V and two Type-VI) They united at an average of 20 weeks (range 10–40 weeks). Seven were Shaft fractures average duration to union 30 weeks (range 8–104 weeks), and eight were Pilon fractures (Two Ruedi & Allgower Type-II & Six Type-III) they united at an average duration of 13 weeks (range 7–20 weeks)

All patients achieved clinical and radiological union at a mean duration of 22 weeks. Sheffield Ring fixator [SRF] was used primarily in 11 patients, none failed. Two had initial monolateral fixators which were converted to SRF. Two were managed with Illizarov frames and three with hybrid fixators. Seven patients had an initial monolateral fixator, two failed and were converted to a Sheffield fixator, 2 planned conversion to an intramedullary nail, one developed a delayed union and was converted to a Sheffield fixator, only two continued till union. Nine patients developed pin tract infection needing Antibiotics, three of them developed Osteomyelitis, Four had failure of fixation needing a second operation.

Two developed malunion, one managed with total knee replacement, another required Ankle fusion. The average SF 12 score for the Sheffield group PCS was 52.1 and MCS of 51.7. For the Monolateral fixator group PCS was 47.2 and MCS of 48.1. For the Hybrid fixator group PCS of 34.7 and MCS of 42.7 and for the Ilizarov group PCS was 39.85 and MCS was 55.05.

In this cohort of complicated High energy Tibial fractures, those managed with Circular Frames especially SCF augmented with interfragmantary screws proved to be most successful with a very lower failure rate and better patient satisfaction.

Several factors such as nutritional deficiencies, use of antiepileptic drugs can lead alterations in the hematologic status of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This issue may increase the risk of peroperative hematologic complications in these children. We aimed to evaluate the preoperative routine hematologic tests of CP patients to clarify such peroperative risks.

Hemoglobin (HGB), hemotocrit (HTC), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHB), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count (PLT), phrothrombine time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and plasma fibrinogen concentration (FIB) of 62 consecutive CP patients (28 girls, 34 boys) whose mean age was 8.8 years (2–16) were retrospectively compared with the ones of 130 consecutive patients (64 girls, 66 boys) whose mean age was 9.2 (2–16) years and who did not have any skeletal, cranial, thoracic, abdominal or major soft tissue injury, plus any other infectious, metabolic, hematologic or malign tumoral disorder. None of the patients had any other surgical intervention within the last 12 months and all patients underwent an orthopaedic intervention under general anesthesia.

CP and control groups were similar concerning age (P=0.512) and gender (P=0.598). We observed similar mean values between CP and control groups, regarding HGB (P=0.147), HTC (P=0.189), RBC (P=0.598), MCV (P=0.541), MCHB (P=0.389), MCHC (P=0.450), RDW (P=0.072), WBC (P=0.262), PLT (P=0.634), PT (P=0.060), APTT (P=0.254) and FIB (P=0.722). In the CP group, we found no difference between GMFCS I and II level and GMFCS III and IV level patients regarding HGB (P=0.061), HTC (P=0.050), RBC (P=0.598), MCV (P=0.541), MCHB (P=0.389), MCHC (P=0.450), RDW (P=0.072), WBC (P=0.568), PLT (P=0.453), PT (P=0.414), APTT (P=0.203) and FIB (P=0.722).

We can conclude that, CP patients, treated in the Orthopaedics clinics, have similar preoperative routine hematologic tests, with the ones of other orthopaedic patients. Therefore, CP patients, undergoing orthopaedic interventions, carry similar peroperative hematologic risks like other orthopaedic patients. Besides, walking ability of CP patients does not infiuence the preoperative routine hematologic tests.

Background: Ilizarov and Taylor Spatial Fixators are commonly used in the management of complex fractures and in the management of fracture non-union at our institute. We aim to review 15 years of circular frame use by a single surgeon to assess the incidence of successful treatment of fractures and fracture non-unions.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the case notes, theatre lists, and radiology records of all patients who had been treated with a circular fixator over the past 15 years. We identified 134 procedures in 114 patients where a circular fixator was used for fracture stabilisation or treatment of non-union of fracture. We documented the length of time each frame was in-situ and the outcome of treatment.

Results: We identified 60 fractures in 54 patients and 74 fracture non-unions in 73 patients. Of the fracture non-unions 20 were known to be infected and 74 were considered sterile. Average length of time with a fixator in -situ was 243 days for the fracture group, 301 days for the sterile non-union group, and 343 days for the infected non-union group. 50 of 60 (83.3%) fractures united satisfactorily and four mal-united. Five fractures developed sterile non-union and one developed infected non-union. Of 54 sterile non-unions 42 united (77.8%), five with significant mal-union. Three were thought to have united but re-fractured after removal of frame. Eight failed to unite and one patient died of unrelated cause with fixator in-situ. Of 20 infected non-unions, fourteen united (70%), three with significant mal-union. One non-union was thought to have healed but re-fractured when the fixator was removed. Four remained infected and failed to unite and one failed due to soft tissue complications not associated with the fixator.

Conclusions: Circular External Fixators are an appropriate method of treatment for complex fractures and fractures that have failed to unite when treated with alternative fixation devices.

Introduction: Goal of study to demonstrate that treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound [LIPUS] results in greater increases in bone density and greater reductions in bone gap area as compared to sham control in tibia fractures with delayed union (no progression of healing for at least four months).

Methods: Two primary effectiveness variables, change of bone density and gap area during treatment, were selected as surrogates for bone healing. Abbreviated treatment period was maximum that sham treatment could be administered ethically. Both variables measured by blinded central reviewers from CT-scans taken before/after termination of treatment. All adverse events recorded, evaluated. Treatment duration was 16wks. Patients instructed to apply device once daily for 20 minutes. Control devices were visually identical but did not transmit ultrasound waves. Neither patients nor physicians could recognize shams.

Results: 101 patients enrolled (51 LIPUS, 50 sham), mean age 42.6 (active) versus 45.1 years (sham). Based on log-transformed data, mean improvement in bone density was 1.34 (90% CI 1.14 to 1.57) times greater for patients randomized to LIPUS compared to sham (p=0.002). A mean reduction in bone gap area also favored LIPUS treatment (p=0.014).

Conclusion: Double-blind, intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated statistically significant superior effectiveness for LIPUS device compared to sham in terms of both endpoints over 16wks of treatment. Estimated increase in bone density among patients randomized to LIPUS treatment was 34% greater than among patients randomized to sham. A significantly greater mean reduction in bone gap area after LIPUS treatment was also shown. Evaluation of adverse events showed that ultrasound therapy is safe.

Introduction: diaphyseal bone defect is one of the most difficult challenge in Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Surgery. One of the techniques for reconstruction of bone defect described by Masquelet is a two-stage procedure: induction of a membrane around a ciment spacer and autologous cancellous bone graft with external fixator. The aim of the study is to evaluate a modified technique with intramedullary nailing for tibial bone defect.

Materials and Methods: between 2001 and 2006, 13 patients presented important tibial bone defect. On radiological examination, the mean size was 18,5 cm³ (12–30 cm³). Initially, there were 12 opened fractures (1 Gustilo 1, 2 Gustilo II, 9 fractures Gustilo III), and one osteomyelitis following a compartment syndrome. The mean age of the patients at the procedure was 41 years old (18–74). Our modified technique was as follows:

several debridment and stabilization of bone fragments with a temporary external fixator

10 patients had hyperbare oxygenotherapy. All patients were evaluated radiographically and by physical examination. using SF-36 questionnary.

Results: There was no amputation but 4 complications. There were 3 deep infections: one just between the 2 stages and one 2 years after the second stage: both were treated by nail exchange and adapted intra-venous anti-biotherapy. The third one was the complete bone graft resorption because of an infection just after the second stage (the only failure of the method). The fourth complication is the nonunion 13 months after the second stage: nails has broken and has been changed. Bone healing was obtained in 12 patients at mean follow-up was 32 months (12–69). They were able to walk 4,3 months after bone grafting. 8 patients answered to the SF-36 questionnary: overall function was limited with a mean score of 99.8.

Discussion: and conclusion: Our modified technique gave satisfactory results at medium term. Nailing, comparing to external fixator, offers a better stabilization of bone fragments, better control of axis and length of lower limb, and an easier access for plastic surgery and nurse care. Others bone reconstruction treatment like ilizarov bone transport, free vascularized fibula fiap or allograft are still possible if failure. However, the rate of deep infections are quite high (4/13) may be questionable. Sacrifice of intramedullary blood supply and the difficulties to confirm union on radiological exams are still problematics.

Introduction: Aim of this study is to evaluate the results of the treatment using the technique of dual cortical graft.

Material and Methods: Twenty-one patients (13 boys, 8 girls, age 3–8 years) were treated in period 1996–2008 in our institution. In seventeen patients, dual cortical graft harvested from tibia of parents was used for reconstruction of pseudarthrosis. NF type I was the cause of pseudarthrosis in 13 patients. After resection of the hamartomatous fibrous tissue, sclerotic bone ends and periosteum and reduction of angulations, the cortical grafts are placed on lateral and medial side of the tibia and are fixed thru the tibia proximally and distally with conventional screws. Cast immobilization follows for 9–12 weeks. In concomitant fibular pseudarthrosis, intra-medullary fixation and cancelous bone grafting treat the pseudarthrosis. In 11 patients, this technique represented the 1st surgical procedure, whereas in 6 cases (including 2 failed vascularised fibular transfers), 1–15 previous surgical procedures were used in treatment. Further surgical procedures followed for correction of the leg length discrepancy and deformity of the ankle.

Results: The fusion of non-union was achieved in 16 patients. 12 patients reached skeletal maturity (59%) whereas 4 patients (24%) did not finished the growth and are still in treatment. 10 patients use the protection brace and intramedullar nail was used in 2 patients to prevent refracture. One patient refused further treatment and amputation followed in another institution. Concerning functional outcome, 14 patients walk unlimited, 2 patients walk more then 1 hour and 1 patient walks less then 1 hour. 13 patients did not use the walking aid, 2 patients use 1 cane a 2 patients the crutches. The complication rate of this method is similar to the other methods, mainly due to the refractures. Only in one patient, the pseudarthrosis primarily fused after single procedure. In 3 patients, second procedure was necessary. In remaining 12 patients, 3–6 further surgical procedures were used for the healing of pseudarthrosis due the delayed-union of grafts or refracture of the tibia. In these cases, cancelous bone grafting and various techniques of fixation were used to achieve the union.

Discussion: and conclusion: The results of the dual cortical grafting technique are comparable to other effective methods like Ilizarov method and the method is useful also after previous failed procedures. The complication rate is similar to other methods. The prevention of the refracture by bracing or rodding is recommended in all patients. This surgical procedure should be delayed until 4 years of age.

Significance: The method of dual cortical grafting represents still effective method of treatment of CPT.

Background: Feet and lower limb deformities compromise function of children to meet there growing abilities and peer demands. Ilizarov is a known tool in the correction of lower limb deformities.

Purpose: to evaluate the functional outcome of Ilizarov correction of lower limb deformities, and to compare the functional outcome of correction of feet deformity versus other lower limb segments deformity.

Subjects and Methods: 94 Ilizarov corrections of lower limb deformed segments (in 63 children) were performed, of them 43 were feet, 33 were tibial and 18 were femoral deformities. Etiology of deformity was congenital in 72, acquired in 18, and developmental in 4. Functional ability of walking distance, cope with peers, single leg stance, hopping on affected leg, and climbing stairs before and after deformity correction were assessed.

Results: Mean follow was 55.1 ± 30.9 months, mean age at time of operation was 11.1 ± 5.3. At last follow up the corrected deformities of lower limb had a significant increase to full walking distance from 37, to 76 lower extremities (p=0.000). Coping with peers increased from 40, to 68 (p=0.000) extremities. The single stance on the affected extremity increased from 30, to 78(p=0.000). The hopping on affected limb increased from 18, to 41(p= 0.000), climbing stairs increased from 79 and 94(p=0.000) extremities.

Although disability before correction was significantly more pronounced among feet deformities as regards single stance (p=0.001), and hopping on one leg (p=0.023). The improvement to full walking distance, coping with peers, single stance, hoping and climbing stairs was significantly higher among corrected feet (p=0.000), (p=0.000), (p=0.000), (p=0.000), (p=0.000) compared to other corrected lower limb deformities.

Conclusion: Deformity of feet is significantly more disabling functionally than other lower limb deformities. Ilizarov foot correction is significantly more functionally rewarding than Ilizarov correction of other lower limb deformities.

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is frequently associated with internal rotation contractures of the shoulder as a result of muscle imbalance due to muscle fattening and/or fibrosis which favour the internal rotation of the shoulder. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection in the subscapularis (SC) muscle could weaken the SC and thereby restore muscle balance. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of intra muscular injection of BTX-A in the SC on the passive external rotation and the need for external rotation surgery in NBPP patients after BTX-A injection.

A prospective comparative study was performed with 93 patients with progressive internal rotation contractures. Al patients underwent an MRI to determine the percentage of the humeral head anterior to the glenoid (PHHA) and glenoid version. Patients younger than 48 months old and with a minimum deformity (PHHA> =35%) or moderate deformity (PHHA< 35%) were included. Patients with a severe deformity or complete posterior dislocation were excluded. Fifteen consecutive patients were injected with BTX-A (2 U/kg body weight, botox^®) at two sites of the SC of the affected shoulder immediately after the MRI under general anesthesia. Seventy eight patients were included as a control group before the new BTX-A treatment was introduced. The passive external rotation was measured pre-MRI and at follow-up. The indication for external rotation surgery was determined after the MRI was performed.

No adverse events were observed. Pre-MRI, the mean passive external rotation in adduction in the BTX-A group was −5° (SE 8°) and in the control group 3° (SE 3°). In the BTX-A group, the mean passive external rotation in adduction increased with 53° (95% CI 31°–74°, p< 0.001) compared to the control group. After stratification the beneficial effect of BTX-A was observed in patients with a minimum deformity (54°, 95% CI 37°–71°, p< 0.001), but this was not significant in patients with a moderate deformity (47°, 95% CI −20°−115°, p=0.13) compared to the control group. The patients in the BTX-A group were less frequently indicated for external rotation surgery compared the control group (27% vs. 89%, p< 0.001). The maximum effect of BTX-A injection was observed at a mean follow-up of 3 months (SE 1). The control group was followed for a mean of 7 months (SE 0.4) to observe the natural history of internal rotation contractures. The groups were comparable regarding type of lesion, primary treatment, age, PHHA, glenoid version and passive external rotation pre-MRI (p 0.09–0.74).

BTX-A injections in the SC of NBPP patients reduce internal rotation contractures. This effect was mainly observed in patients with a minimum glenohumeral deformity. Restoration of muscle balance could prevent further glenohumeral deformation and could prevent external rotation surgery.

Background: Blount’s original paper in 1937 described a case series of 28 patients with “Tibia Vara”. Since then various authors have attempted to describe in more detail the tibial and femoral deformities seen in this disease. It is still a poorly understood condition. This study describes the femoral rotational deformity that can occur in Blount’s disease.

Methods: Over a 2 year period, all patients with Blount’s disease seen in the Orthopaedic department of a regional hospital in South Africa were entered into a database. They underwent a review of their notes, a clinical rotational profile of their lower limbs and a CT scan of the femoral head/neck and distal femur. From this database we performed a cross sectional study. We then compared our results both to previously published controls for hip rotation and anteversion angles and with respect to the rotational profile, to a small cohort of 32 “normal” local children.

Results: A statistically significant increase in femoral anteversion in the affected legs was noted, with on average the femurs in Blount’s disease being 26 degrees more anteverted than previously published controls. A significant decrease in external rotation were also noted.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the marked intoeing seen in many cases of Blount’s disease may be caused by internal femoral version, in addition to the well recognized internal tibial version. This study highlights the following issues:

A rotational profile should be part of the routine clinical assessment of all Blount’s cases.

Introduction: The management of deformities of the lower extremity in children with spina bifida is challenging. Surgery is fraught with high complication and recurrence rates. The Ilizarov technique has shown to be a successful tool in the management of complex lower limb deformity. There are few published series in the literature dealing specifically with Ilizarov correction of complex lower limb deformities in spina bifida. In this paper we present our experience of the Ilizarov technique for complex deformities in children with spina bifida.

Methods: From 1989 to 2006, 33 patients with spina bifida underwent 48 corrections of their lower extremity deformity using the Ilizarov technique at one of three tertiary care centres (Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland and Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK). Notes were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, deformity analysis and the extent of surgery were recorded. Complications of the surgery and outcomes were noted.

Results: Group I comprised of 12 fixed knee flexion deformities and one unstable neuropathic joint. Group II comprised 15 external tibial rotational deformities. Group III comprised 20 complex foot deformities. The mean age of the patients was 12.1 years (5.2–20.6 years). Prior to their treatment using the Ilizarov technique patients had undergone a mean of 1.6 previous surgeries (range: 0–5) on the affected limb. The mean duration of treatment in the frame was 9.3 weeks (range: 2–26 weeks). The mean follow-up is 4.0 years (range 0.3–9.0 years). Thirteen problems occurred in the 48 procedures (27.1%). Five obstacles occurred in the 48 procedures (10.4%). Thirteen complications occurred in the 48 procedures (27.1%). Further surgical procedures are either planned, or have been performed, in 8 of the 33 patients (24.2%). Following treatment, all feet were recorded to be plantigrade. All were comfortable in their respective orthoses where appropriate.

Conclusion: Through the pitfalls in treating the complex lower limb deformity in spina bifida, the Ilizarov technique offers a refreshing approach. It offers distinct advantages throughout the treatment period. It modifies both the intraoperative and postoperative environment to address the morbidity of the significant complications associated with the traditional approach to the correction of the limb deformity in the child with spina bifida.

Significance: This is a large series of complex limb reconstruction cases in spina bifida showing excellent results, an acceptable complication rate and recommendations for further use of this technique.

The objective of this study is to determine if surgical lengthening of the hamstrings and gastrocnemius/Achilles complex, affect muscle tone in patients with cerebral palsy. The question is if the dynamic component of muscle length changes after orthopedic surgery. A retrospective study was performed on ambulatory children with cerebral palsy who underwent either hamstring lengthening or gastrocnemius/Achilles tendon lengthening. A total of 135 consecutive patients with an average age of 13 years were included in the study. A single random side was selected for children with bilateral surgery and the affected limp was analyzed for those undergoing unilateral surgery. The popliteal angle was performed with a quick and slow stretch, as well as, the ankle dorsiflexion, and measured with a goniometer.

The difference between initial grab with fast stretch, and end of range (EOR) with slow stretch was used as a measure of spasticity. The Bohanon modification of the Ashworth score was also assessed. 18° popliteal angle improvement in end of range and 32° improvement in quick stretch in the hamstrings group were notice postoperatively, with change in slow stretch, quick stretch and Δml (comparison between quick and slow stretch) being significant at p< .0001. In the triceps surae group, 14° ankle dorsiflexion improvement in end of range, and 18° improvement in quick stretch were noticed postoperatively, with change in slow stretch, quick stretch and Δml at p< .0001, p< .0001, and p< .0180 respectively. Asworth scale was reduced by at least one grade in 89% of subjects in the hamstring group and 78% of subjects in the triceps surae group of the children with preoperative Asworth 3 and above. We concluded that significant decreases in spasticity were observed following tendon lengthening in children with cerebral palsy and that the orthopedic surgery can affect both static and dynamic components of muscle tightness in these children.

Introduction: Infection with Neisseria Meningitidis remains one of the most devastating illnesses in paediatrics. Affected patients can progress from a mild viral-like illness to septicaemia and death within a matter of hours. We present our clinical experience in identifying and managing the orthopaedic complications associated with meningococcal septicaemia and highlight the long-term problems of physeal growth arrest especially after limb amputation.

Methods: Between August 1997 and June 2005, 88 consecutive children aged from 1 month to 17 years were admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit with meningococcal septicaemia. These patients were retrospectively assessed for orthopaedic manifestations.

Results: During the acute phase of the disease, there were six deaths and 22 patients suffered tissue loss from amputations. Twenty digits were allowed to demarcate and were subsequently amputated. Ten lower limb amputations were performed in 6 patients, all of which developed physeal growth arrests proximal to the level of amputation. Four patients had a substantial rise in lower leg compartmental pressures but only two patients underwent fasciotomies, one of which required bilateral below knee amputations.

Conclusions: Meningococcal septicaemia is a potentially lethal paediatric disease. In the acute phase, 22 patients needed orthopaedic input to address complications related to tissue loss, vascular and ischemic problems. Limb amputations due to meningococcal septicaemia will invariably result in physeal damage and our recommendation is that patients should always be screened for this late sequela after index admission. Additionally, early compartment decompression does not appear to improve limb survival.

Introduction: Tibialis anterior tendon transfer (TATT) is a common procedure for recurrence in clubfeet treated with the Ponseti method. Fixation usually includes passing the tendon through a drill hole in the lateral cuneiform using sutures brought out through the plantar aspect of the foot. Drilling of the tunnel and passing the sutures holds potential for neurovascular damage. We performed a cadaver study to evaluate plantar nerve structures at risk during TATT.

Method: TATT was performed to the lateral cuneiform in fresh frozen adult cadaver limbs. In 3 feet, the drill hole was made perpendicular to the surface of the lateral cuneiform (group A), in 3 feet, the drill hole was perpendicular to the weight bearing surface of the foot (group B), in 3 feet, the drill was directed at 15 degrees in the frontal and sagital planes (group C) and in another 3 feet the drill was aimed at the middle of the foot (group D). The tendon sutures were pulled through the plantar aspect using two Keith needles aimed in the same direction as the drill hole. A layered dissection was performed. The distance from the drill hole to the nearest nerve or nerve branch was measured. Keith needles were passed 20 times per foot. With each pass, damage to nerve structures was noted.

Results: In group A, the drill was in proximity to the medial plantar nerve at a mean distance of 1.7mm (1–3mm). The bifurcation of the nerve trunk was found more proximally at a mean distance of 5mm (2–9mm). In group B, the drill was found to be close to the lateral plantar nerve branches at a mean distance of 0.3mm (0–1mm) with a mean distance to the bifurcation of 25.3mm (16–37mm). The drill hole in group C was at a mean distance of 1.7mm (0–3mm) to the lateral plantar nerve bifurcation and at a distance of 1mm to the lateral nerve branch in one case. In group D, the drill exited in the middle of the plantar aspect at a mean distance of 7.7mm (5–11mm) from the medial nerve branch and 13mm (10–18mm) from the bifurcation of the medial nerve and at a mean distance of 4.3mm (3–6mm) from the lateral nerve branch and 14.7mm (11–19mm) from the lateral nerve bifurcation.

Passing the Keith needles resulted in hitting a nerve structure 12 times in group A, 20 times in group B, 6 times in group C and once in group D.

Conclusion: In TATT, the drill hole should be aimed at the middle of the foot in the transverse and longitudinal planes. This results in a maximum distance to both the lateral and medial nerve. A blunt Keith needle might allow a safer passing of the sutures to avoid damage to nerves and vessels.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heterogeneous group of collagen type 1 defects. The resulting fragile bone with increased risk of fractures and deformity is the primary orthopaedic challenge. Surgical treatment is aimed at reducing the risk of fracture, correcting deformity and improving ambulatory status.

Management of the growing child with extensible intramedullary device was introduced in the 1960’s by Bailey and Dubow. Since then a number of different nails have been used. The current report presents our experience with the Fassier-Duval intramedullary nail in the first ten patients.

Materials and Method: The first ten children who had been operated between 2005 and 2008 with the Fassier-Duval (FD) nail were reviewed. The indication for surgery in all patients was to stabilise the long bones of the lower extremity to promote mobility. Correction of the axis of the long bones was obtained with wedged osteotomies. There where 7 girls and 3 boys.

Median follow-up was 2 years and 3 months (Range 1 – 4 years and 3 month).

Results: 22 FD nails were inserted in 13 operations in 10 children. 8 FD nails (4 operations) were primary FD nail insertions. The mean age at insertion was 2 years. 14 FD nails (9 operations) were exchanges of other devices. In this group the mean age at insertion of the FD nail was 6 years. In both groups mean admission was 4,5 days.

5 operations were reoperations due to complications. All of these were in femora. 5 patients had a fracture despite the nail. 3 were reoperated due to bending or perforation of the nail. 2 were treated conservatively. All 5 healed uneventfully. 1 patient was reoperated 3 times. First due to migration of the nail, secondly failure of the nail to elongate and thirdly because of a fracture with bending of the nail. There were no infections, neurological- or vascular damage.

At follow-up 6 patients were walking without any aid. 2 were mobilised with aids. 2 were mobilised in wheelchair.

No radiographic evidence of growth arrest has been noted secondary to the crossing of the epiphysealplate by the nails.

Discussion: Our result supports the reported benefits of extensible intramedullary device in children suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta. Minimizing the crippeling effects of OI is aimed at reducing the risk of fracture, correcting deformity and improving ambulatory status. There are also complications with the Fassier-Duval nail. However these are less than reported with other extensible intramedullary nails. Indeed one could in some cases argue that a bended nail or a fracture after nail insertion is a consequence of the better mobility on the way to a better quality of life.

Purpose: Congenital idiopathic clubfoot is the most common musculoskeletal birth defect developing during the fetal period, but with no known etiology. MYH 2, 3, 7, and 8 are expressed embryonically or perinatally, the period during which congenital idiopathic clubfoot develops; are all components of Type II muscle, which is consistently decreased in clubfoot patients; and are associated with several muscle contracture syndromes that have associated clubfoot deformities. In this study, we hypothesized that mutations in embryonic and perinatal myosin genes could be associated with congenital idiopathic clubfoot.

Methods: We screened the exons, splice sites, and predicted promoters of 24 bilateral congenital idiopathic clubfoot patients and 24 matched controls in MYH 1, 2, 3, and 8 via sequence-based analysis, and screened an additional 76 patients in each discovered SNP.

Results: While many SNPs were found, none proved to be significantly associated with the phenotype of congenital idiopathic clubfoot. Also, no known mutations that cause distal arthrogryposis syndromes were found in the congenital idiopathic clubfoot patients.

Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that congenital idiopathic clubfoot has a different pathophysiology than the clubfoot seen in distal arthrogryposis syndromes, and defects in myosin are most likely not directly responsible for the development of congenital clubfoot. Given the complexity of early myogenesis, many regulatory candidate genes remain that could cause defects in the hypaxial musculature that is invariably observed in congenital idiopathic clubfoot.

Significance: This study further differentiates congenital idiopathic clubfoot as distinct from other complex genetic syndromes that can present with similar deformities, and thus facilitates further research to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of congenital idiopathic clubfoot.

Introduction: Trapeziometacarpal prosthesis allows to reach faster mobility and usefull thumb than trapeziectomy. But successfull Implantation of the trapezium cup depends on the bone stock and the jig. An anatomical and biomechanical study is presented followed by a prospective clinical evaluation of the impllantation af a screwed trapezium cup to define the best way to reach the center of the trapezium.

Matériel et méthodes: Cadaver study: 11 screwed trapezium implant have been implanted on cadaver (age > 70 yo, alcool conservation). 5 implants with 5 spires and 6 implants with 3 spires have been tested. Extraction tests have been performed after Xray evaluation of the position of the implant. 2 series of test were done in the subgroup of trapezium with 3 spires. Ergonomic and dynamometric jig to implant the trapezium cup has been invented to avoid fracture during implantation.

Clinical study: 58 trapezium cup have been implanted in 6 months with evaluation of the position of the implant in the center of the trapezium.

Résultats: Best bone stock was identified on medial border of trapezium. Only 1/5 trapezium cup with 5 spires was extracted (120N). In the subgroup of trapezium with 3 spires, if only 2 spires were screwed (first serie of test) the extraction load reached 103, 24N (57–133). If 3 spires were screwed (second serie of test) the extraction load reached 89,5 N (45–137). Trapezium was stronger in male than in female No trapezium fracture have been pointed, but slight fissuration of the lateral border were observed in 4 cases after é series of test. The multicenter study allowed to validate the the operative technique of implantation: key point were reported as: optimal view on the borders of the trapezium, implantation of a pin in the center of the trapezium under Xray control and preparation of the bone with approproate jig around the well positionned pin. 2 fractures of the trapezium were observed explained by the implantation of the trapezium cup without help of the Xray control. Each time the surgeon has pinned with no fluoroscopic assistance, the pin was never in the center of the trapezium.

Discussion: The two main complication of trapezio metacarpal prosthesis remain the instability with dislocation and loosening. Such implant is not recommended if trapezium is less than 8 mm. The key point of such procedure remain the implantation of the cup in the trapezium. Bone stock is more important on medial side and implantation of the cup in the center of the bone needs fluorocopic even if the surgeon is an experimented one. 3 spires in the bone of the tested screwed cup remain efficient to reach sufficent extraction load.

Background and aims of the study: Identifying risk factors for poor outcome, is an important issue in the management of idiopathic congenital talipes equino varus foot deformity using Ponsetti Method.

Material & Methods: 198 feet of idiopathic congenital talipes equino varus foot deformity in 126 children, were treated using the Ponseti technique. They were followed up for a maximum of 36 months.

Patient prenatal, natal and family history were documented. Pre and post intervention morphologic measures were recorded. All cases had thorough clinical examination to exclude cases other than idiopathic congenital talipes equino varus, identified syndromes were excluded. Serial weekly plaster casting to correct cavus adducts and varus, followed by heel cord tenotomy if needed. Then foot abduction brace was used. results were graded as fully plantigrade(good), not fully plantigrade (fair) and relapsed (poor).

Results: The mean follow up was 19.9 + 5 months, 14 children 22 (11.1%) feet failed to show up at last follow up. Mean age at presentation was 56 + 143.6 days (1 day to 4 years). 112 children with 176 feet showed up at last follow up. 84 (75%)were males and 28 were females 12.5% had a similar condition in the family, positive consanguinity was in 35.7%. 31.2% were delivered by Caesarian section. The average number of casts was 8.2 for each foot, 14 (7.9%) had no tenotomy, all feet were corrected. 22 (12.5%) relapsed and recasted, 11 (6.2%) feet had retenotomies. In 18 (10.2%) feet (13 children) the parents refused the Ponseti management and under went open surgical releases else were. 21.4% of parents were compliant with abduction splint. In the surgical group 3 feet (16.6%) had a good result, 11 (61.1%) fair and 4 feet (22.2%) poor, 1 (5.5%) foot had residual metatarsus adducts. In the Ponseti managed group of (158 feet), 95 feet (60.1%) were good, 54 feet (34.2%) were fair and 9 feet (5.7%) poor, 21 (13.3%) feet had residual metatarsus adducts. Caesarian section (p=0.71), consanguinity (p=0.864), positive family history (p=0.12), sidedness (p=0.12) and age at presentation (p=0.52) had no bearing on results.

Conclusion: Parents’ compliance and devotion is a key factor for the successes of the technique.

Residual club foot (CTEV) is a challenging deformity which may require transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon to a more lateral position. The senior author has developed a modified SPLATT for residual forefoot supination in CTEV.

We describe the SPLATT procedure and evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes of 11 patients(14 feet) (mean follow up 6.6 years; range 5.5–8.9) (mean age 6.9 years; range 2.9–10.0). Two patients had cerebral palsy, 1 spina bifida and 1 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the remaining 7 patients were ideopathic.

Outcome measures based on patient centred assessment of function and foot appearance, by using the patient applied assessments of Chesney, Utukuri and Laaveg & Ponsetti (there is increasing recognition that doctor-centred or radiograph-based scoring systems do not tally well with patient satisfaction).

Objective assessment of outcome was provided by measurement of certain radiological parameters on the immediate pre-operative and the follow up weight-bearing radiographs (1st ray angle, talar-1st metatarsal angle, talar-2nd metatarsal angle, talo-calcaneal angle). The calcaneal line passing through the medial 1/3 of the cuboid or medial to the fourth metatarsal was also noted. The Blecks grade was recorded (pre-op 100% moderate-severe; post-op 88% mild-moderate). Parents assessed outcome based upon ‘best level of activity’, functional limitation and willingness to recommend treatment to others.

Mean Chesney score at the time of follow up was 12.3 (8 to 15); mean Utukuri score was 15.8 (10 to 24); Laaveg and Ponsetti score was 81.5 (67 to 95). The best activity level achievable was ‘unlimited’ in 4 patients, ‘football’ in 4 patients, ‘running’ in 1 and limited by an associated condition in 2 patients (1 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; 1 cerebral palsy related spastic paraparesis). All patients/parents indicated that they would undergo the same procedure again. One patient had delayed wound healing treated successfully with dressings.

The 1st ray angle pre-operatively was 61.2°(range 50–70°), post-operatively it was 62.1°(range 50–81°). The talar-1st metatarsal angle was 28.8°(range 15–44°) pre-operatively and 19.1°(range 4–34°) post-operatively. The pre and post–operative talar-2nd metatarsal angles were 22.5°(range 0–35°) and 12.3(range 0–29°) respectively, the talo-calcaneal angle was 17.5°(range 10–35°) and 13.7(range 5–20°) respectively. The pre and postoperative lateral talo-calcaneal angles were 34.5°(range 25–40°) and 30.6(range 13–45°).

The recognition that patient orientated subjective assessment is gaining in acceptance, and confirm patient satisfaction with function, cosmesis and pain levels with the SPLATT procedure. More traditional radiological outcome measures also confirm that the modified SPLATT is a safe, effective and acceptable procedure.

Aim of study: To assess ankle dorsiflexion of operated pedes equinovari congenitales in both clinical examination and gait analysis.

Introduction: Mac Kay subtalar release corrects mostly perfectly deformed feet. Operated feet show however stiffness not only in subtalar but as well as in ankle joint. The range of motion in ankle joint was not yet studied systematically at all. Gait analysis offers the possibility to follow the motion in ankle joint dynamically.

Material: Thirty six consecutively operated feet were examined by clinical as well as by gait analysis examination. All were operated by Mac Kay procedure at least one year before examination (range 1–7 years). Feet were examined in lying and stance positions. Gait analysis was based on use of Oxford foot model (8 cameras motion capture system).

Results: Dorsiflexion/plantiflexion of the foot estimated by clinical examination was compared with maximum dorsiflexion in phase of mid-stance (second rocker)/maximum plantiflexion in pre-swing phase (third rocker). Differences individually for each patients in dorsiflexion/plantiflexion were calculated. Mean of difference between dorsiflexion in clinical examination and dorsiflexion in gait analysis x = 14.3°. Mean of diference between plantiflexion in clinical examination and plantiflexion in gait analysis x= 5,4°. Using T-paired test these differences were found statistically significant (p=0,01). Normal maximum dorsiflexion of the children’ foot in gait analysis is about 20°. From this point 14 operated feet out from 36 did not fulfill this criterion. On the other hand only 4 operated feet showed in gait analysis dorsiflexion less than 10°.

Discussion: Dorsiflexion of the foot is important for smooth gait. The diference between dates from clinical examination and dates from gait lab can be explained by weight - bearing force pushing the foot into dorsiflexion during second rocker or by secondary adaptive intrinsic bending of the foot

Conclusion: Operated feet showed moderate/severe stiffnes of ankle joint. Despite of it, the gait cycle was not significantly impaired.

Juvenile bone cysts in children and adolescents are often discovered incidentally or in connection with a pathologic fracture. Although the diagnostic procedure in this type of lesion affecting the skeleton has become uniform, the treatment varies according to the principles established at different clinics. The aim of our study was to compare two Methods: applied in the treatment of juvenile bone cysts, i.e. the established method of a series of Methylprednisolone injections and a new mini-invasive method using a Tricalcium phosphate.

In both groups of patients, we performed an evaluation of the number of required surgeries, general anaesthesias and subsequent hospitalizations (including the length of hospitalization), the treatment results and the interval between surgery and complete cyst healing using Neer’s evaluation criteria. The group of patients treated with Methylprednisolone consisted of 24 patients and the group of patients treated with Tricalcium phosphate comprised 20 patients.

The outcome of the statistical analysis proves that in patients treated with Tricalcium phosphate significantly better results were obtained compared to patients where Methylprednisolone was applied. A subsequent surgery (additional application) was necessary only in two Tricalcium phosphate patients (10%) compared to nineteen Methylprednisolone patients (79%). The average length of hospitalization was 4 days in Tricalcium phosphate patients and 3.5 days in Methylprednisolone patients. Excellent and good results according to the Neer classification were documented in eighteen Tricalcium phosphate patients (19%) and in twelve Methylprednisolone patients (50%).

The treatment of juvenile bone cysts with a biocompatible resorbable synthetic filler Tricalcium phosphate helps reduce the number of surgeries necessary for complete cyst healing and produces better results in terms of Neer’s evaluation criteria of bone cyst treatment results compared to the application of Methylprednisolone into the cyst.

This work was supported by the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (NS9860-3/2008).

Introduction: Dupuytren’s contracture is a common disease in Northern Europe. Partial fasciectomy is often used to treat the whole spectrum of Dupyutren’s disease, although high recurrence rates have been reported. In our department, the majority of patients are treated by total aponeurectomy, which is defined as the complete removal of palmar tissue. It has been found out that apparently normal-looking aponeurosis can also contain an increased proportion of collagen, which may lead to recurrent disease. Consequently, the perceived advantage of total aponeurectomy over partial aponeurectomy is the potential for a lower recurrence rate as all diseased tissue is potentially removed. Against this background, we have reviewed the effectiveness of total aponeurectomy performed on 61 patients.

Patients and Methods: The group of patients available for review consisted of 51 men and ten women with a mean age of 63.0 (range 42–79 years) and with a mean period of 3.45 years (range 1.03–6.39 years) between operation and review. No patient had follow-up of less than 1 year. At follow-up evaluation hands were examined for nodules, cords and retractions of the skin. The active mobility of the joints was determined with a goniometer and the Jamar hand dynamometer was used to measure grip strength in both hands. Sensitivity was examined by means of two-point-discrimination and the DASH-score was used for the analysis of rehabilitation. Patients were also asked about common risk factors for Dupuytren’s disease.

Results: Post-operative complications including haematoma, seroma or necrosis were found in 13.8% of the patients. Recurrence of contracture occurred in 10.8% of the patients and 4.6% of the operated patients presented with a nerve lesion. Nerve irritation was found in 6.2% of the patients. The mean DASH-score was 3.85 (range 0–52.5). Family pre-disposition was an important risk factor for Dupuytren’s disease with 44.3% of patients having a positive family history.

Conclusion: We suggest that total aponeurectomy is a promising alternative to partial fasciectomy with low risk for recurrent disease and slightly increased risk for a nerve lesion.

Background: Thumb carpalmetacarpal joint (CMCJ) osteoarthritis has been treated using various combinations of resection, interposition and replacement arthroplasties. The procedure of choice for various stages of CMCJ osteoarthritis remains controversial. This study compares the short term outcomes of trapeziectomy alone and trapeziectomy with PI2 implantation.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study involving 33 patients (36 thumbs). 18 thumbs had trapeziectomy alone and 18 had trapeziectomy and PI2 implantation. Underlying indication was osteoarthritis in 35 thumbs and trauma in one thumb. Preoperative radiological assessment using the Eaton and Glickel grading for CMCJ osteoarthritis and clinical review including DASH and SF-36 score was performed at a mean follow-up of 18 months. Preoperative and postoperative pain level was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and satisfaction of the surgery using the Likert 5-point scale.

Results: There were 30 women and 3 men. The average age at follow up was 61 years (range 45 to 75). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding age, duration of symptoms, and stage of disease, preoperative pain score and handedness. The mean DASH score at follow up was 26.8 for trapeziectomy alone group and 35.4 for the PI2 arthroplasty group. Preoperative to postoperative VAS for pain showed an improvement from fair to excellent in 60% of patients in trapeziectomy alone group and 30% of the patients in the PI2 arthroplasty group. There was no significant difference in the SF-36 scores between the two groups in all health domains. 6 out of 16(38 %) patients in the PI2 group had multiple surgeries mainly due to dislocation or subluxation of the implant. The overall Likert 5-point scale scores were highest for trapeziectomy alone group with 70% very satisfied compared to 40% in the PI2 arthroplasty group.

Conclusion: The early results of pyrocarbon PI2 arthroplasty show a high complication rate compared to simple trapeziectomy. The high rates of subluxation and dislocation observed in the early cohort resulting in multiple surgeries may be attributed to steep learning curve of the surgical technique and creation of a shallow groove for the implant. This may have contributed to the low satisfaction levels observed in PI2 arthroplasty group. Simple trapeziectomy provides satisfactory outcome in more than 80% of the patients.

Introduction: Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is a solitary benign soft tissue tumor of the limb. We present our prospective experience of 106 cases, over a period of 22 years to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic radiotherapy in postoperative period. We also present a classification system to help in selecting patients for postoperative radiotherapy

Material & Methods: Between 1986 and 2008, we treated 106 patients with giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath of the hand. There were 77 females and 29 males with a mean age of 31.2 years. All patients presented with gradually progressive swelling. Pain was present in 3 cases. All patients were investigated preoperatively with plain X-rays. MRI was done in 36 cases. A preoperative diagnosis of giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath was made in 98 patients preoperatively. Rest 8 patients were diagnoses on histo- pathological examination.

We developed a classification system to identify the patients for risk of recurrence and consequently selection of patients for postoperative radiotherapy. Group 1(a) and 2(a) were identifies as low risk groups and comprised of 56 patients.

Results: None of the patient in this group received postoperative radiotherapy and no patient had recurrence among them. All other patients (50 patients) were considered to be high risk and given postoperative radiotherapy. Among them 4 had recurrence. A total recurrence rate of 3.7% was found in our study, which is favourably comparable to reported incidences of between 25% to 45%.

Conclusion: In our series, we gave radiotherapy to only high risk patients and had a recurrence rate of only 3.7%. Even in high risk group alone, to whom postoperative radiotherapy was given, recurrence rate was 8%. This indicate the role of radiotherapy as well as importance of our classification system to identify the patients for high risk of recurrence

Introduction: The open approach for releasing the A1 pulley shows high dissatisfaction rates. Percutaneous blind release is as an alternative achieving similar effectiveness and better results but the lack of visualization puts at risk the adjacent anatomy and its indicated only for the 3rd and 4th fingers. Recently, an effective percutaneous method for releasing A1 in every finger has been described assisted by the visualization with ultrasounds (US). Despite the reported safety, this US-technique poses a risk to the adjacent anatomy due the orientation of the blade. Our purposes were to develop a new percutaneous US-guided A1 release (USGAR) that lessens the risk to adjacent anatomic structures and to determine the precision, safety and efficacy of our USGAR.

Methods: To determine how to lessen the risk to adjacent structures, a descriptive study with a power-Doppler US (Logiq Book XP Pro 5–11 MHz, GE) was done in 100 fingers from 10 volunteers (3 females and 7 males; mean age 29,8 years, range 25–49 years). Measurements, on a transverse section of A1, included: lateral vascular angle (LVA), medial vascular angle (MVA), distance to lateral artery (DLA), distance to medial artery (DMA), lateral latitude (LL), medial latitude (ML), pulley thickness (PT) and synovial space width (SW).

A descriptive study was developed in 5 formaldehyde preserved cadavers, 50 fingers (3 men and 2 women, average age at time of death 60,6 years, range 52–81). US identification of topographic markings was followed by USGAR and open dissection. Measurements included real (RL) and US (UL) A1 length and distances from: markers to proximal (MP) and distal A1 edges (MD); markers to A2 (MA) and neurovascular (NV) bundles (MN); and from the surgical release to A2 (SA) and NV (SN). The length of any incomplete release (IR) and damage to adjacent structures were recorded. Mean values, Standard deviation and range were gathered. ANOVA was used to analyze differences (significant at p < 0.05).

Results: In our volunteers, we obtained the following values (degrees or mm): LVA, 20,9 +/− 14,03 (0/83,7); MVA, 23,3 +/−13,06 (0/61,5); DLA, 8,96 +/−3,08 (3,5/20,6); DMA, 7,59 +/−2,56 (3,7/16,8); LL, 2,38 +/−1,53 (−1/6,5); ML,: 2,56 +/−1,84 (0/10,8); PT, 0,79 +/−0,22 (0,2/1,5); SW, 0,33 +/−0,19 (0,1/0,9). Differences were not significant among fingers. In our group of cadavers our findings (mm) were: RL, 10,1 +/−1,36 (8/13); UL, 10,84 +/−1,38 (8/14); MP, −0,56 +/−1,3 (−5/2); MD, −0,19 +/−0,95 (−4/2); MA, 4,56 +/−1,64 (1/9); MN, 18,78 +/−4,11 (11/27); SA −1,08 +/−1,67 (−5/2); SN −13,17 +/−3,55 (−22/−6). There was a 1 mm IR in 2 fingers and minor puncture-like erosions in 6.

Conclussion: Our new method for USGAR minimizes the risk of accidental damage to adjacent anatomic structures. The method is precise, effective and safe in cadavers. This has set the bases for a clinical phase at our Institution.

Introduction: Introduction of the minimal invasive surgery as a new concept in spinal surgery necessitated the need for implants that can be applied through minimal invasive approaches. One of the great challenges was the development of anterior minimal invasive vertebral replacement implants that are mechanically fit and easily applicable. Many studies were concerned with the early results of such implants but not yet the long-term or late ones.

Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2003 we have operated 23 patients (13 males and 10 females) with traumatic thoracic or thoracolumbar fractures that were indicated for corpectomy. In addition to posterior transpedicular instrumentation, anterior thoracoscopically assisted corpectomy and reconstruction using a telescopic vertebral body replacement cage was done in all patients. Patients were operated either in one or two sittings. Preoperative complete clinical, neurological and radiological evaluation was done. Postoperatively, clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated, including postoperative neurological improvement, ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) and fusion rate. The average follow up period was 4 years.

Results: Fusion rate was 100% at the final follow up. The mean age was 52.5 years. 6 patients had preoperative neurological deficits varying from Frankel B to Frankel A that were improved postoperatively in 5 cases and not improved in one case. The average corpectomy time was 148 minutes (range 75–240 min.). The average ODI was 8.6 (range 0 – 31). Postoperative complications included wound healing problems in one patient, psoas abscess in one patient and pulmonary embolism in one patient. The average preoperative kyphosis (Cobb angle) was 22.43 that were improved to 7.28 degrees postoperatively, and it was 11.8 degrees at the final follow up. Considerable cage sinking (more than 5 mm) was detected in two cases.

Conclusion: Vertebral body replacement cage that can be thoracoscopically applied is a good solution for ventral implants in cases of thoracolumbar fractures that required corpectomy. It showed good early as well as 4 years follow up results.

Study Type: Prospective observational study

Introduction: It is commonly admitted that for any joint fracture in the human body, a perfect anatomical reduction before stabilization is the only manner to biomechanically restore a joint and avoid late complications by early mobilization allowance. But, there is no evidence of anatomical fracture reduction when using vertebroplasty or balloon kyphoplasty in case of traumatic vertebral compression fractures (VCF).

Materials & Methods: A new procedure was proposed using titanium permanent vertebral cranio-caudal expandable implants (VCCEI) in combination with PMMA cementoplasty. The procedure has consisted in two steps: first, reduce the fractured vertebral body under fluoroscopic guidance by expanding the implants and second, stabilize the vertebra in its reduced position using PMMA cement injection. The implants ability to reduce the fractured endplates was assessed within a prospective international clinical study enrolling 37 patients (Mean age: 53yo, 18F/19M). 40 VCF (34 single level and 3 double levels) were included in this series. Mean fracture age was 11 days at the time of surgery. To evaluate the anatomical restoration, a new 3D measurement method was developed using millimetric CT scans 3D reconstructions. Morphologic parameters such as vertebral kyphosis angle and endplate surface restoration were calculated and clinical parameters were monitored (VAS score monitoring, hospital stay duration).

Results: First results are showing that the VCCEI is able to reduce the fractured vertebra whatever is the type of fracture providing that it is still mobile. Both vertebral kyphosis angle reduction and endplate surface restoration were achieved: up to 92% improvement for vertebral kyphosis and up to 10,8mm height increase in the anterior part of a fractured endplate. Posterior wall displacements were negligible. Neither antepulsion nor retropulsion of broken fragments were observed. No postoperative complication was reported but minor asymptomatic cement leakages. Pain was significantly reduced at the same time and hospital stay was comparable to

Conclusion: This new procedure has demonstrated its clinical and radiological efficacy in achieving anatomical reduction of VCF as well as relieving pain. The unique design of this VCCEI allows the surgeon to apply controlled cranio-caudal forces to reduce the fractured vertebra according to the fracture type and thus optimize the way the fracture will be reduced. Providing that the technique allows for a good control of the way the reduction is performed, there is a new possibility to treat VCF as they should deserve.

Introduction: There are several complications associated with spinal cord injury. The authors propose to evaluate the complications developed during hospitalization of tetraplegic patients treated in our institution.

Materials and Methods: The clinical and imaging records of 20 tetraplegic patients operated between 1995 and 2007 were evaluated (14 men and 6 women; mean age 31.5 years; 16 submitted to surgery using anterior cervical approach, 4 using posterior approach; 8 did steroids protocol during 24h and 12 during 48h; 9 patients were operated less than 48h after trauma and 11 patients after).

Results: Mean hospitalization time was 47.4 days (men 48.9 d, women 23.4 d; anterior approach 50.25 d, posterior approach 39 d; corticosteroids during 24h 34.3 d, 55.3 d in those who did 48h; time until surgery < 48h 43.1 d, > 48h 54.5 d). 100% of patients developed respiratory tract infections.

56.3% of patients developed urinary tract infections (33% in patients doing corticosteroids during 24h, 70% in those who did 48h)

Mean duration of mechanic ventilation was 20.3 days (anterior approach 19.3 d, posterior approach 19.8 d; steroids during 24h 16.7 d, steroids during 48h 21 d; time until surgery < 48h 13.6 d, > 48h 23 d)

In 37.5% of patients a traqueostomy was performed (41.7% in patients submitted to anterior approach, 25% in posterior approach; 16.7% in patients doing steroids during 24h, 50% in those who did 48h; time until surgery < 48h 28.6%, > 48h 50%)

Discussion: This patients are associated with long hospitalization and mechanic ventilation periods. Respiratory tract infection was the most frequent complication. The surgical approach had no influence on mechanic ventilation periods. Those submitted to anterior approach had longer hospitalization periods and higher incidence of traqueostomy. Patients who did corticosteroids during 48h had higher incidence of urinary tract infections and traqueostomy, and longer mechanic ventilation periods. Those operated less than 48h after trauma had shorter hospitalization and mechanic ventilation periods and traqueostomy procedure.

Conclusion: Steroids longer than 24h, anterior cervical approach and time to surgery > 48h tend to be associated with higher complication rates

Introduction: The osteoporotic vertebral fracture is a pathology with an increasing incidence, being nowadays the most frequent osteoporotic fracture with an important sanitary cost. Parallel to these sanitary demands new surgical techniques, such as the vertebroplasty and the kyphoplasty, have been developed in order to improve the analgesic control, diminish the spinal angular deformities and improve the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study is to describe our preliminary clinical and radiological results of a new system of kyphoplasty.

Material and Methods: Retrospective study in 18 patients diagnosed of vertebral fracture A1.1 and A1.2 (AO classification) at a single level, lumbar or lower thoracic (D10-12), with an integrity of the posterior wall, treated by kyphoplasty with stent (VBS^®, Synthes). The average age of the patients was 77,6 years (range, 69 – 87 years.). The average follow-up time was 7 months (range, 6 – 8 months). Presurgical and postsurgical plain X-ray films were taken to measure the height of the front, middle and posterior props, the regional saggital angle and Cobb’s saggital angle. A vertebral re-expansion measurement was defined as pre to post surgical difference in height of the middle prop. Pre and postsurgical VAS pain and analgesic-seizure medication were monitored and the average hospital stay was determined.

Results: 10 patients type A1.1 and 8 patients type A2.2. The average hospital stay was 48h (range, 24–72 h). Pre-surgically, the regional saggital angle was 14,45° (range, 9 –22°) and, postsurgically, 9,82° (5 –17°) (p < 0,05). Cobb’s saggital angle presurgical was 13,8° (range, 6°–30°) and postsurgically 8,94°(p < 0,05). No differents in the height of the front props were found. The vertebral re-expansion was 16,23 mm (range, 16–20 mm). Pain measured by VAS was 9,1 (range, 7–10), presurgical, and 4,9 (range, 2–7) postsurgical with a statistically significant decrease (p < 0,05). Only two cases of asymptomatic cement fugue were registered and no patient reintervention was necessary.

Conclusions: The VBS^® system is a useful alternative to the conventional surgical treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures, diminishing the need for taking analgesic medication and improving the radiographic parameters and producing a in the analyzed with a low level of morbi/mortality.

Introduction: The ventral thoracoscopic spondylodesis of the thoracolumbal spine is an elegant treatment strategy in cases of incomplete vertebral burst fractures.

Materials and Methods: In the years 2002/03 29 patients with incomplete burst fractures of the thoracolumbal spine, were treated by a ventral thoracoscopic spondylodesis and were included prospectively. The individual treatment plan depended on the patient’s general condition and the vertebral stability. The data acquisition was done according the DGU guidelines of documentation preoperative, postoperative, and after 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. After 5 years a follow-up examination was performed in 21 of these patients (9 men, 12 women, average age: 46.3 years, follow-up rate: 72%). 9 patients were treated ventral only. In all of them the ventral spondylodesis was done monosegmental with autologous iliac crest. In 12 cases a dorsoventral procedure was performed, 5 patients ventral monosegmental with iliac crest, and 7 patients bisegmental with cage. Parameters of interest were the bisegmental kyphotic angle, the SF-36 score, the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the morbidity of the surgical approach.

Results: The 5-year results of the 21 patients dependent on the treatment strategy:

5 years/Reposition- Loss of Reposition- VAS- PSC (SF36)- MCS (SF36)

Only three patients complained of intermittent weak pain sensation at the region of the thoracoscopic approach (14%). During the 5 years one revision surgery was performed because of the development of an incisional hernia.

The computertomographic controls of the 14 patients who gained a monosegmental spondylodesis with an iliac crest showed in 12 cases a complete osseous consolidation (86%) after 5 years. In the other two cases the osseous consolidation was only partly visible with an area of consolidation of more than 30% (14%). In both cases a sufficient stability was existent. 4 patients (29%) had no symptoms at the site of the iliac crest removal. 8 patients (57%) reported of weak residual pain, 2 patients (14%) reported of more intense pain sensation.

Conclusions: After 5 years the ventral thoracoscopic spondylodesis of the throracolumbar spine after incomplete burst fractures prove to be a save and successful therapy strategy. There are no significant differences between the isolated ventral spondylodesis and the dorsoventral spondylodesis in respect of loss of reposition of the bisegmental angle, persisting pain sensations, and quality of life after 5 years. The ventral thoracoscopic monosegmental spondylodesis seems to be by trend superior to the bisegmental strategy in respect of the physical summary score.

Background: Vertebral artery injuries are often not diagnosed because they are asymptomatic. But there is information that up to 19% of all patients who incur trauma to the lower cervical spine have vertebral artery injuries. This incidence increase in flexion-distraction injuries. It is unclear as to the individual contribution of various force loads and resultant deformity on the etiology of these injuries.

Purpose: To evaluate the degree of vertebral artery deformation and potential injury in staged flexion-distraction deformities of the cervical spine. Study design: Thirtyfive fresh frozen cervical spine specimens underwent vertebral artery cannulization and angiography to determine the static influence of the four stages of subaxial flexion-distraction injuries as described by Allen et al. on the vertebral artery patency.

Methods: Each specimen was examined radiographically so as to exclude any preexisting cervical deformities. A cannula was inserted into the isolated cranial and caudal stumps of the vertebral arteries and perfused with contrast agent. A fluoro image intensifier recorded deformation in dye fluid passage in the four stages of flexion-distraction injuries.

Results: No significant deformation in vertebral artery flow was noted in the flexion-distraction stage I injuries within the physiological range of cervical flexion. Flexion-distraction type II and III injuries demonstrated considerable impairment to vertebral artery dye flow in proportion to the degree of vertebral deformity. Manipulating the dislocated vertebral segments into a localized lordosis further impaired vertebral vessel patency. Coexisting rupture of the vertebral radicular vessel was a constant finding in stage II and III injuries. Longitudinal stretch deformities of the vertebral artery were limited primarily to the injured vertebral segments. Stage IV injuries resulted in irreversible disruption of vertebral dye flow.

Conclusion: The static deformity of flexion-distraction stage II to IV subaxial cervical injuries results in significant objective compression of the vertebral vasculature, what seems to have consequences in treatment and establishing the diagnosis.

Objective: Effectiveness and safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty as a method of treatment for osteoporotic vertebral fractures of the thoracolumbar spine.

Materials and Methods: From January 2003 to December 2008, 102 patients (27 males and 75 females), from 56 to 82 years old (mean age 72) were treated with balloon kyphoplasty procedures for 156 osteoporotic vertebral fractures of the thoracic or lumbar spine, in a mean follow up of 24 months (6 to 45 months). The patients had progressive and painful compression fractures more than 2 months. All fractures were analyzed for improvement in sagittal alignment (Cobb angle, kyphotic angle, sagittal index, vertebral height). The patients were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Score. Radiographs were performed postoperatively, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results: The score according to pain, the patient’s ability to ambulate independently and without difficulty, and the need for medications improved significantly (P < 0.001) after kyphoplasty. Vertebral height significantly increased at all postoperative intervals, with ≥10% height increases in 88% of fractures. Morphometric height ratios for treated fractures also significantly increased. There were no severe kyphoplasty-related complications, such as neurological defects, cement leakage or narrowing of the spinal canal whereas additional fractures occurred at the adjacent vertebrae at a rate of 10%.

Conclusions: Kyphoplasty provided a safe and effective treatment for pain and disability in patients with vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis.

Aim: To compare the radiological and functional outcomes of compression type thoracolumbar vertebral fractures treated with cloth-type thoracolumbar orthosis fitted with steel plates and bed rest.

Methods: This prospective comparative study was done between July 2004 and January 2007. Twenty three patients (17 male, 6 female) with compression type (Magerl A1) thoracolumbar vertebral fractures were included. No patient had associated neurogical findings or additional injury. Eleven patients were treated with cloth-type thoracolumbar orthosis and 12 patients with only bed rest. Bed rest group cases were instructed to stand up and walk around as possible as they tolerated after pain relief just only in the house under the supervision of it’s relates. All cases were evaluated at last follow-up with SF-36 questionaire, clinical and radiological examination.

Results: There was no significant difference between two groups with regard to demographic data. Radiological parameters including anterior compression angle, local kyphosis angle, sagittal index and anterior vertebral height were measured and compared on initial admittion, on the third month and at the last visit showing no significant difference (p> 0.05). Clinical evaluation was performed via work and pain criteria described by Denis. We found no significant difference between both groups for functional criteria (p> 0.05). Mental and physical points of SF-36 questionaire were recorded and compared dispaying no difference (pmental=0.15, pphysical=0.44).

Conclusion: Magerl type A1 thoracolumbar fractures can be treated via bed rest by allowing controlled ambulation in home without bracing. This functional therapy can prevent complications due to absolute bed rest or related to bracing. However patient’s cooperation is the most important factor while choosing functional therapy.

Aim: This study was a sub group analysis of a larger study. The aim was to quantify pain relief and quality-of-life benefit from a single diagnostic SIJ (Sacro-Iliac joint) injection.

Methods: Between August 2008 and February 2009, 56 consecutive patients were retrospectively recruited with unilateral low back pain, pain mapping compatible with a sacroiliac origin, tenderness over the SIJ, no obvious source of pain in the lumbar spine and no neurological deficit. These were selected for a diagnostic SIJ injection. A structured questionnaire was completed both pre- and post-injection. Median patient age was 63. All patients were injected under fluoroscopic imaging with Triamcinolone 40mgs and 3mls of 0.5% Ropivacaine hydrochloride.

Results: 6 patients were excluded from the study on the basis of incomplete answers. 38 patients (76%) had some form of previous non-operative treatment. No patients had previous injection or surgery. 8 patients (16%) were smokers. 17 patients (34%) had a desk based job, 22 patients (44%) had a manual job, 7 patients (14%) had heavy manual job. 18 patients (36%) had sustained previous back injury including rear ended road traffic accidents. A numerical rating score was carried out for low back pain and pain in the affected and unaffected leg; both pre- and post-injection. In 27 patients (54%) significant improvement was recorded, 16 patients (32%) reported no change in their symptoms, and only 7 (14%) reported worsening. When considering the Oswestry Disability Index score, 58% improved, 18% reported no symptom change, and 24% worsened. The mean pre injection Numerical Rating Score of back pain in patients who had a previous injury to the back was 7.66 and that improved to 5.72 (P = 0.0287).

Discussion: Sacroiliac joint as a potential source of back pain has had less focus following the identification of the disc pathology by Mixter and Barr. The pain from the joint is real and needs to be addressed specifically with injection as a diagnostic measure. Blanket prescription of “low back - core stability exercises” without identification of other potential non red flag causes of back pain should be discouraged. The mechanism of sacroiliac joint syndrome following road traffic accidents occur due to one leg being on the brake pedal stabilizing one half of the pelvis, whilst the opposite hemipelvis twists forward following a rear end collision.

Conclusion: History and physical examination can enter SIJ syndrome into the differential diagnosis, but cannot make a definitive diagnosis. Fluoroscopically guided diagnostic SIJ injection is the gold standard test for making the diagnosis whilst also conferring substantial pain relieve and quality-of-life benefit. This benefit is also seen in back pain following traumatic injuries including rear end motor vehicle collisions.

Background: Although many of the contemporary fixed- and mobile bearing total knee systems have been using extensively world wide, there is limited information available regarding the incidence of osteolysis of the well functioning total knee arthroplasties. We performed this study to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes, the incidence of osteolysis, the revision rates and implant survivorship of the fixed- and mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasties at ten to seventeen years follow-up.

Methods: We compared 488 patients (894 knees) who received a fixed-bearing total knee replacement and 445 patients (816 knees) who received a mobile-bearing total knee replacement. There were 187 men and 301 women (mean age, 58.6 years) in the fixed-bearing group and 167 men and 278 women (mean age, 55.7 years) in the mobile-bearing group. The mean follow-up was 12.6 years (range, ten to seventeen years) in the fixed-bearing group and 14.1 years (range, twelve to seventeen years) in the mobile-bearing group.

Results: The mean postoperative Knee Society knee and functional scores were 92.9 points and 83.5 points, respectively in the fixed-bearing group. The mean postoperative Knee Society knee and functional scores were 90.7 points and 83.8 points, respectively. Incidence of osteolysis was 1.6% (fourteen of 894 knees) in the fixed-bearing group and it was 2.2% (eighteen of 816 knees) in the mobile-bearing group at the final review. Revision rate was 3.7% (thirty-three of 894 knees) in the fixed-bearing group and it was 2.7% (twenty-two of 816 knees) in the mobile-bearing group. Kaplan-Meier survivorship of the fixed-bearing group was 96.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.87–1.0) at 13 years follow-up and it was 97% (95% confidence interval, 0.90–1.0) of the mobile-bearing group at 14 years follow-up.

Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that the clinical and radiographic outcomes, the incidence of osteolysis, the rate of revision and the implant survivorship were similar between the fixed-bearing and mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasties.

Introduction: Many types of prosthesis are currently used for total knee arthroplasty. Controversy exists as to whether mobile-bearing or fixed-bearing implants make any difference in achieving earlier or better movement, resulting in earlier patient discharge.

Aim: The purpose of our study was to compare the post-operative recovery and early results of 4 different mobile- and fixed-bearing knee implants.

Method: Between 19/7/05 and 15/6/07 202 knees were implanted into 190 patients. Patients were randomly selected for 1 of 4 implants (2 mobile-bearing, 2 fixed-bearing). Outcomes were assessed using the American Knee Society Score (AKSS) and range-of-movement, both pre-operatively and at 1 year post-operatively. Range-of-movement was also recorded on discharge.

Results: No significant difference was shown between the individual implant groups and the actual mean pre-operative and 1 year post-operative AKSS knee or functional scores or the change in knee score. A difference was noted however in the change in functional score between the 2 mobile-bearing knees (p=0.03). No significant difference was found between the 4 individual implants or the type of bearing used (mobile- or fixed-bearing) with regards to gender, age, length of stay or range-of-movement.

Conclusion: The type of implant used does not affect the early or 12 month outcomes in relation to range-of-movement, length of stay or AKSS knee scores.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical, radiological and functional outcome results of the Scorpio PS TKA prosthesis with either a mobile (MB) or fixed bearing (FB) Pe insert. We hypothesized that the MB group would perform better over time in clinical and functional outcome as well as showing a reduction in anterior knee pain occurrence.

Methods: In a prospective, randomised, single centre, multi surgeon clinical study, a total of 100 patients were enrolled equally divided between MB and FB groups. A standard surgical protocol was used for implanting the Scorpio knee prosthesis with either an MB or FB insert. Post-op rehabilitation was standardized and unrelated to insert type. Patients were assessed pre-op and after 3–6-12–24 months post-op. RAND-36 and Knee Society Score (KSS), were assessed as well as pain measurement during functional testing (chair rise and stair climb) using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale. X-rays were assessed for implant positioning, migration, radiolucent lines and patella tilt (using a Skyline view in 30–60 and 90 degrees).

Results: Both tests groups showed a statistical significant decrease of VAS pain score over time (p < 0.01). No significant differences were seen between both groups at any time point. results did show the MB group to have less pain the first postoperative year in both chair rise test and stair climb test tests. No statistically significant differences were found in total range of motion between the two groups. Repeated measures tests showed a significant improvement over time for both groups for KSS and most RAND 35 subscores. There were no significant differences between groups at any given follow up moment. Within 8 out of 9 RAND 36 subdivisions showed the MB group to score non significantly better the first postoperative year. After one year the differences disappeared. Radiology showed stable implants with no progressive radiolucent lines in all patients. No significant differences in patellar tilting were found.

Discussion: Our hypothesis, that the MB prostheses would provide a better ROM and less anterior knee pain, was not confirmed by the results. In our study the MB group showed less decrease in ROM immediately postop. This phenomenon was also seen by Harrington et al. The MB prosthesis regained its ROM after surgery earlier than the FB implants. This difference could potentially be attributed to the implant design and its kinematics. This advantage did not persist and the FB group slowly leveled. In conclusion, our study does not show any clear advantages in terms of function, pain, ROM, general health, radiological evaluation, KSS and RAND 36 of MB compared with FB TKA at a follow-up of 2 years.

Background: Durable long-term independent results with the Low Contact Stress rotating-platform (mobile-bearing) and the Insall Burstein-II (fixed-bearing) total knee prostheses have been reported, but no studies describing either the mid-term or long-term results and comparing the two prostheses are available, to our knowledge.

Methods: Thirty-two patients who had bilateral arthritis of the knee with similar deformity and preoperative range of motion on both sides and who agreed to have one knee replaced with a mobile-bearing total knee design and the other with a fixed-bearing design were prospectively evaluated. Comparative analysis of both designs was done at a mean follow-up period of six years, minimizing patient, surgeon, and observer-related bias. Clinical and radiographic outcome, survival, and complication rates were compared.

Results: Patients with osteoarthritis had better function scores and range of motion compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, with the numbers available, no benefit of mobile-bearing over fixed-bearing designs could be demonstrated with respect to Knee Society scores, range of flexion, subject preference, or patellofemoral complication rates. Radiographs showed no difference in prosthetic alignment. Two knees with a mobile-bearing prosthesis required a reoperation: one had an early revision because of bearing dislocation and another required conversion to an arthrodesis to treat a deep infection.

Conclusions: We found no advantage of the mobile-bearing arthroplasty over the fixed-bearing arthroplasty with regard to the clinical results at mid-term follow-up. The risk of bearing subluxation and dislocation in knees with the mobile-bearing prosthesis is a cause for concern and may necessitate early revision.

Introduction: Mobile bearing TKRs may allow some axial rotation and also compensate for a slight tibiofemoral rotational mismatch. This is thought to provide better kinematics and a more natural patellar movement. This theoretical advantage has not been verified in clinical studies for the tibiofemoral kinematics. However, little is known about the patellofemoral kinematics of mobile bearing TKRs. The aim was to compare patellar kinematics among the anatomic knee, fixed bearing TKR and mobile bearing TKR.

Methods: Optical computer navigation marker arrays (Brainlab) were attached to the femur, tibia and patella of 9 whole lower extremities (5 fresh cadavers). The trial components of a fixed bearing posterior stabilised TKR (FB) (Sigma PFC, Depuy) were implanted using a tibia first technique. Then the tibia component was changed to a posterior stabilised mobile bearing tibia component (MB) (Sigma RP Stabilised). The patellae were not resurfaced. The knees were moved through a cycle of flexion and extension on a CPM machine. Medial/lateral shift and tilt was measured relative to the patella position in the natural knee at full extension always with soft tissue closure. The path of the trochlea and patellar groove of the femoral component was registered. Values are expressed as mean+/−one standard deviation. Statistical analysis: two tailed paired Student’s T-test.

Results: M/L shift: There was a tendency for the patella to track 2mm more laterally throughout the flexion range with a FB or MB TKR compared to the natural knee, but this did not reach significance.

Tilt: The patella in the natural knee tilted progressively laterally from extension to flexion, plateauing at 50° of flexion (20°: 1.9+/−2.7°, 40°: 5.6+/−5.4°, 60°: 6.2+/−6.4°, 80°:6.5+/−7.3°, 90°: 6.4+/−7.7°). With a FB or MB TKR the patellae also tilted laterally up to 50 degree of flexion, but then started to tilt back medially, reaching the neutral position again at 90°. The patellae of the FB and MB TKRs were significantly more medially tilted at 50° to 90° of flexion compared to the natural knee. But there was no difference between the FB and MB TKRs. (Fixed bearing: 20°: 2.5+/−7.2° p=0.30, 40°: 3.7°+/−6.5° p=0.15, 60°: 3.1+/−5.8° p=0.02, 80°:1.2+/−6.5° p=0.001, 90°: 0.3+/−7.2° p=0.001, Mobile bearing: 20°: 0.3+/−5.5° p=0.27, 40°: 3.6+/−5.2° p=0.08, 60°: 2.1°+/−5.8 p=0.01, 80°: 0.2+/−6.8 p=0.003, 90°: −0.6+/−7.3 p=0.002; vs. natural)

Trochlea position: The centre of the patellar groove of the femur component was more lateral than the trochlea by 2–5mm, it also extended 10mm further proximally.

Conclusion: There are kinematic differences in patellar tracking between the natural and a FB/MB TKR. This may be due to a slightly different position of the patellar groove. The patellar kinematics of the MB TKR is not more natural compared to the FB TKR.

The total knee replacement is one of the most common operations in an Orthopaedics Department. Despite of being a frequent procedure, it’s been calculated that between 18 and 20% of the patients aren’t satisfied with the result. One of the complications that may occur after TKR is patella baja, which has been related to poor outcomings. The main factor that may produce it after TKR is the shortening of the patellar tendon. As it has been published, the medial parapatellar approach and the eversion of the patella may cause patella baja. Many authors defend the use of minimally invasive approaches to prevent this complication. We studied if the use of the variation of the traditional approach that Insall described produces low patella. We have also analysed if this complication produces poorer outcomings. To know if the patellar tendon’s length was reduced, we used the Insall–Salvati Ratio. We measured it before and after the operation. We considered low patella if the IIS value was lower than 0,8. All the analyses were also done considering low patella if the ISR had decreased more than 10% after the operation. We reviewed 200 consecutive TKR performed in the Orthopaedics Department of Marqués de Valdecilla Hospital, from 1997 to 2001. All of the patients were operated by seniors surgeons. 2 patients were excluded because they died before we had finished the study. We analysed the influence of age, gender, BMI, preoperative diagnosis, degree of joint’s erosion and some surgical maneuvers. We also analysed the outcome, using the KSS score, paying special attention to the postoperative pain, the ability of walking and using stairs and the maximal postoperative extension and flexion degrees. SPSS v15.0 program was used for the statistical analysis. For the proportion analysis was used the ji-squared test or the Fisher test. For the main comparation we used the t-student test or the Wilcoxon test. The p values under 0,05 were considered to be significant. 3,3% of the TKR developed postoperative low patella. We founded statistically significant differences considering BMI, age and diagnosis. The shortening of the patellar tendon caused poorer outcomes:statistically significant differences were found in the maximal postoperative flexion and in climbing stairs. Considering low patella if the ISR decrease > 10% after the operation, the results were similar. It’s not been published the influence of the Insall’s variation in developing low patella after TKR. We couldn’t found references about the influence of age, BMI, diagnosis or level of joint’s erosion in the developing of this complication. In our study, obesity seems to protect and being young seems to predispose to suffer it;no surgical maneuver seems to have any influence. The outcome is worse if low patella is present. We concluded that the Insall variation is a comparable option to the MIS approaches in preventing the low patella after TKR.

Restricted motion in flexion is a frequent TKA complication (0.1–5.3%). The aetiology has to be searched because adhesive knee arthritis is a rare pathology. Neglecting an implant malposition, an infection or a RSDS can lead to early recurrence of stiffness. After 8 weeks, it is very dangerous to try a knee manipulation under anaesthesia. Thus, we have the choose between two difficult arthrolysis: the open and the arthroscopic. We have developed the Less Invasive Arthrolysis (LIA) as a less aggressive technique to treat knee flexion stiffness. This subcutaneous procedure (performed by one or two arthroscopic portals) was already described on a short number of patients or as a part of the arthroscopic arthrolysis. In our institution, we have performed 3738 TKA, 144 knee manipulations (3.8%) and 67LIA after TKA (21% from other surgeons) between 1997 and 2009. We have reviewed retrospectively these 67 cases (Group A) and reviewed clinically 41 of these patients in a study consultation (Group B). Subjective results: from 41 patients (B), 66% have more flexion, 32% feel less pain (VAS: 6), 49% feel better than before LIA. 58% would undergo a new LIA if they had to do it again. Objective ROM (A):preoperative ROM: 88°, in the early postoperative period, we noted a 31° flexion improvement. At the last evaluation (6–120m after LIA), the flexion improvement was 17°(−15/+80) and the final ROM was 105°. The flexion falls of 45% in the first 6 months and became stable at the 7th month (until120m). We have isolated two particular subgroups: the first including the carriers of femoral implants positioned in internal rotation (< 5°) (6% of A), in which the flexion was only improved by 6°; the second including those who underwent a stiffness recurrence (9% of A) after knee manipulation, for which we obtained a stabilization of their flexion at 105° 1 year after LIA. Relative patellar mobility(B): 66% kept a free and painless patella. Mean clinical scores (B): the long term OXF-12 score (best=12) is 33 (−18%), the HSS (best=104) is 74 (+12%). Considering the delay between TKA and LIA (67 patients, mean 28m (2–120)), the best results were obtained when we performed 6 to 24m after TKA (flexion +19° in the 7–12m, +17° in the 13–24m, versus 14° in the > 25m group). No infection occurred (0/67). We never did twice the LIA in the same knee. The published series on open arthrolysis performed 17m after TKA show an improvement of flexion by 25°, 8° for extension. An arthroscopic arthrolysis performed 12m after TKA can lead to 20° of improvement in flexion (17–42) and 3° in extension. The gold operative indication is a flexion reduced to less than 90°, 6 months after TKA, with anterior knee pain. This study presents a reliable less invasive technique studied on a bigger group with a longer follow-up and approachable by the majority of surgeons.

Introduction: The emergence of Independent Sector Treatment Centres (ISTCs) in the UK for the provision of elective orthopaedic services began in 2002–3. Within our trust the bulk of elective orthopaedic surgery is performed in an ISTC however there is a small but significant cohort of patients who are deemed not suitable for treatment at the ISTC. Patients with a BMI (body mass index) ≥40 or an ASA (American society of anaesthesiologists) grade of 3 or more are automatically rejected. With increasing levels of obesity and an aging population the size of the reject cohort is going to rise. These patients are then returned to the NHS to be placed on a new (complex elective) waiting list for their surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the early outcomes and complications following primary knee arthroplasty on our high risk patients.

Methods: A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 214 primary knee arthroplasties in patients rejected from the ISTC was performed. Data (demographics, ASA grade, BMI, length of stay, complications, range of knee movement and requirement for HDU/ICU) were collected from preoperative assessments, inpatient notes, anaesthetic charts, discharge summaries and follow up clinic letters. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months.

Results: 155 (72%) patients were female. 140 (65%) had ASA of 3 or more. 88 (41%) had a BMI of 40 or more. Median length of stay was 8 days (6 to 11 IQR) and did not vary with increasing BMI but increased to 10 days in the ASA 3 and 12 days in the ASA 4 group. There were a total 90 complications in 71 patients. The most common complications were 22 superficial wound infections (10.3%), 11 Pneumonias (5.1%), and 9 symptomatic DVTs (4.2%). There were 16 severe complications (2 Deep infections, 4 PEs, 2 CVAs, 4 acute renal failures and 4 dislocations) in 15 patients. Patients with a BMI < 40 had a total complication rate of 38% (7.9% severe) compared with 26% (5.7% severe) in BMI ≥40 group. Patients with an ASA < 3 had a complication rate of 31% (4.1% severe) vs. 34% (8.6% severe) in patients with an ASA ≥ 3. HDU/ICU beds were required postoperatively for 20 patients (9 planned and 11 unplanned). At six months 72% achieved a knee range of movement ≥ 0 to 90 degrees. Surgeons who performed high volumes of surgery in this difficult group had lower complications then lower volume surgeons.

Conclusion: This is one of the largest consecutive groups of high risk patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty. Our results show that elevated BMI does not appear to adversely affect complication rates in knee arthroplasty in our series although ASA grades of 3 and 4 are associated with increased length of stay and complication rates. It is also clear that small groups of surgeons operating on these difficult patients may reduce complications.

Total knee arthroplasty represents one of the greatest advances in modern orthopaedic surgery and remains one of the safest and most effective interventions for the treatment of crippling arthritis of the knee. It does, however, carry significant risk including death. Conventional studies have compared the incidence of death following knee arthroplasty to standardised mortality ratios of age and sex matched populations. This often raises aberrant results suggesting that knee arthroplasty is protective to health in the immediate post operative phase, attributed to the observation that patients undergoing surgery suffer fewer co morbidities than the population in general.

In an attempt to remove this “well patient effect”, we compared the incidence of death in the first 30 and 90 days following primary total knee arthroplasty to the incidence of death in a comparable population added to a waiting list for the same procedure.

All primary total knee arthroplasties undertaken, and all patients added to a waiting list for the same procedure, in a single unit between 2000 and 2007 were recorded. Death rates at 30 and 90 days of those on the waiting list were compared to death rates after surgery.

The 30 and 90 day mortality following primary total knee arthroplasty were 0.295% and 0.565% respectively. This compares to a 30 and 90 day mortality of 0.055% and 0.316% seen in a population of patients awaiting operation. When stratified for age, surgery conferred an excess surgical mortality in all age groups over the age of 60. Factors associated with an increased mortality following operation include male gender and increasing age.

Previous studies, where incidence of death is compared to standardised mortality ratios, have erroneously suggested that arthroplasty is associated with a decreased risk of death. This study demonstrates an increased risk of death associated with surgery in comparison to a similar population deemed fit enough to undergo operation. Primary total knee arthroplasty carries an excess surgical mortality of 0.24% at 30 days and 0.25% at 90 days, a 5.36 and 1.79 times greater risk of death respectively when compared to patients awaiting the same procedure.

This information will greatly assist orthopaedic surgeons when counselling patients as to the risks of surgery.

The need for a better understanding of factors that influence surgical outcome has grown as many complications are thought to be avoidable. One approach proven useful in studying surgical procedures is time-action analysis (TAA), a method which objectively determines the efficiency of individual steps. The aim of this study was to assess the surgical process of total knee arthroplasty using TAA, thus enhancing the insight into the procedure, influence of team members and adverse events, eventually leading to process improvement and reduction of error probability.

Methods: In two high output centres and one teaching hospital 37 TKA surgeries were recorded, using 3 different knee systems (NexGen, LCS and Triathlon). The process was analyzed using a fixed taxonomy and the duration, limitations and repetitions were determined using video analysis software. The efficiency of the surgeon was calculated by dividing the time the surgeon spends operating by the time operating plus the time spent talking, thinking or repeating.

Results: Although the two high output centres used different knee systems there was no difference in operating time (47min. (95%CI, 43.2 to 50.1) versus 47min. (42.1 to 51.9)). With an inexperienced nurse the waiting time increased in both hospitals during the femoral osteotomy phase (p= 0.01 and p=0.05). Comparing to a training hospital, the tibial alignment phase showed lower surgical efficiency for both the consultant and 6th year residents (80% vs. 95%, p=0.01). Also the nurse waiting time increased during all phases (18min. vs. 2min., p=0.00). In the teaching hospital more problems (communication, instrument and skill) occurred (mean 19 vs. 5 and 2, p=0.00) and twice as much communication problems existed with residents regardless of nurse experience. Surprisingly the number of problems handling instruments increased inversely with nurse experience (p=0.02) as did the waiting time (27min. vs. 15min.) again being highest in the femoral osteotomy phase (p=0.00).

Conclusion: The similar results in the high output centres show that TKA is a similar and structured process regardless of the knee system, its efficiency mainly dependent on surgical output. The decrease in resident efficiency is caused by less structured use of instruments and miscommunication with the nurse. For nurses the femoral osteotomy phase is most difficult, requiring high attention due to frequent changing of different pins and cutting blocks. Unfamiliarity with instruments (i.e. low volume) results in higher waiting times. Regardless of the knee system the steps of TKA are similar, therefore a consistent surgeon-nurse (OR tech) verbal interaction is advocated especially with a less experienced team. Training should focus knowledge of instruments using uniform names. Extra attention should be paid by those who do not often place knees to communication with the nurse and clear order of the procedure.

Treatment of patellar instability in adolescents is controversial. Some investigators have advocated early repair of the medial structures, whereas others have treated this injury nonoperatively. The medial patellofemoral ligament, is a primary restrictor and stabilizer of the patella, and has acquired a significant role in the treatment of instability in children and adolescents.

The authors present a prospective study of 39 consecutive patients (45 knees), without physeal closure, who underwent plasty of the medial patellofemoral ligament for the treatment of symptomatic patellofemoral instability with autologous Gracilis tendon, according to Chassaing’s technique. There were 26 female and 13 male patients with an average age of 15, 9 years. Mean follow-up was 44 months (6–65). All patients presented with clinical evident patellar tilt. This population presented a TA-GT within a normal range (12+/− 5 mm), but presented in 80% of cases a trochlear dysplasia

Clinical functional results were evaluated using the Kujala scale. Arthroscopic evaluation was systematically performed searching for intra articular injuries or patellar tilt. Early rehabilitation protocols were used in all cases.

At the last follow up evaluation, 90% of the patients presented good or very good results. Kujala Score was 84, 5 +/−9,7 after surgery compared with 54,9+/−11,8 before surgery (p< 0,0001). There were 3 minor complications: 2 hematomas and 1 superficial infection that resolved without complications.

Four patients kept complaining of residual anterior knee pain as result of patellar chondropathy that was diagnosed intra operatively. Three patients complained of graft donor site pain. One patient presented with a patellar dislocation three years after the surgery, and two patients still present clinical instability two years after the procedure. There was no stiffness in the knee in any patient.

The technique presented in this study has allowed very good clinical results, with few complications, using a small incision to reconstruct in an isometric fashion, this important patellar stabilizer.

Introduction: The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a major concern beyond the standard period of hospitalization of about 4 days after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A pooled analysis of the RECORD3 and RECORD4 studies evaluated the efficacy, safety, and timing of events with rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of VTE after TKA.

Methods: Patients (N=5,679) were randomized to receive oral rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily starting postoperatively or subcutaneous enoxaparin 40 mg once daily starting preoperatively (European Union regimen; RECORD3) or enoxaparin 30 mg every 12 hours starting postoperatively (North American regimen; RECORD4) for 10–14 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the composite of symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality, and this was analyzed over the treatment period. The safety endpoints were treatment-emergent major bleeding, major bleeding including surgical-site bleeding, major bleeding plus clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding, and any bleeding. The incidence and timing of the safety endpoints were assessed after the first dose of study medication and up to 2 days after the last dose.

Results: Rivaroxaban significantly reduced symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality compared with enoxaparin regimens (0.73% vs 1.71%, respectively; p=0.001) with no significant differences in major bleeding (0.62% vs 0.36%, p=0.185) or composite of major plus CRNM bleeding (3.13% vs 2.48%, p=0.145). The majority of venous thromboembolic events occurred after day 4 for both regimens (rivaroxaban: 70%; enoxaparin: 68%). For the composite of major plus CRNM bleeding events, 44% occurred after day 4 with rivaroxaban regimens and 38% occurred after day 4 with enoxaparin regimens.

Conclusion: Rivaroxaban significantly reduced symptomatic VTE and all-cause mortality compared with enoxaparin regimens after TKA, with no significant difference in bleeding events between regimens. Major plus CRNM bleeding was more likely to occur before day 4, whereas the majority of symptomatic venous thromboembolic events occurred after day 4. These results highlight the importance of continuing thromboprophylaxis beyond the normal time of hospital discharge for TKA.

Introduction: Stiffness following total knee arthroplasty is a disabling problem resulting in pain and reduced function. Prevalence is not well defined and although various treatment modalities including manipulation, arthrolysis and revision surgery has been proposed with varying degrees of success for reduced flexion, these Methods: are deemed to be of limited value in fixed flexion deformity (FFD). There is limited literature on the natural history of FFD which is important to the decision process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the natural course of FFD following primary total knee arthroplasty.

Methods: Prospective review of a consecutive series of 1768 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty over a 7 year (2001 to 2008) period. Demographic data included post-operative range of motion; type of prosthesis used, treatment modalities for stiffness and the final range of motion were recorded. FFD was defined as class 1(hyperextension to 0), Class 2 (1–10 degrees), Class 3(11–20 degrees) and Class 4(> 20 degrees).

All patients were reviewed by an independent reviewer (senior physiotherapist). All patients were followed from 6 weeks post surgery until FFD completely resolved or improved to patient satisfaction. Patients with infection, stiffness treated with manipulation or revision surgery were excluded from the study. Patients lost to follow-up were noted.

Results: Of the 1768 patients evaluated, 180 (10.2%) presented with a FFD. A total number of 18 patients were excluded from the study and 16 were lost to follow up. None (0%) were class 1, 134 (91.8%) were class 2, 10 (6.9%) were class 3 and 2 (1.4%) were class 4. The FFD group had a mean age of 60.5. Follow up period ranged from 1.3 to 63.3 months and the FFD improved from a mean of 8.16 degrees to 0.15 degrees (p< 0.001). In 94.5% patients the FFD completely resolved (i.e. < 5 deg) at a mean of 9.76 months. In the remaining 5.5% of patients, FFD improved from a mean of 16.4 to 6.9 degrees at a mean follow up of 15.5 months and was found to cause no functional deficit.

Conclusion: The overall prevalence of fixed flexion deformity is 10.2 % with only 0.7% in Class 3 and Class 4, which is comparable with the literature. The majority of patients will see a resolution of their fixed flexion deformity in less than 10 months with routine post operative physiotherapy. The small number of patients left with a residual FFD did not appear to suffer a functional deficit. Patients found to have a post operative FFD should be reassured and encouraged to participate in a standardised post operative physiotherapy regime.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the results obtained after 2 types of treatment, surgical and conservative, for acute patellar dislocations.

Methods: We divided 33 patients with acute patellar dislocations into 2 groups. One group with 16 patients underwent conservative treatment (immobilization and subsequent physiotherapy), and the other group with 17 patients underwent surgical treatment. A radiographic examination was performed in the evaluation of the patients to verify predisposing factors for patellofemoral instability, and the Kujala questionnaire was applied with the intention of analyzing the improvement of pain and quality of life. The 2 test, t test, and Fisher test were used in the statistical evaluation. A significance level of P.05 was adopted.

Results: The groups were considered parametric in relation to age and sex. The conservative treatment group exhibited a higher number of recurrent dislocations (8 patients) than the surgical treatment group, which did not have any relapses. In addition, the surgical treatment group obtained a better mean score on the Kujala test (92) than the conservative treatment group (69).

Conclusions: We conclude that surgical treatment afforded better results. There were no recurrences in the surgical treatment group, but there were 8 recurrences in the conservative treatment group. The mean Kujala score was 92 in the surgical treatment group and 69 in the conservative treatment group. Level of Evidence: Level II, lesser-quality therapeutic randomized controlled trial. Key Words: Patellofemoral— Dislocation—Recurrences—Medial patellofemoral ligament—Knee.

Background: Femoro-patellar arthritis (FPA) is less frequent than femoro-tibial arthritis, but still a challenging problem for orthopaedic surgeons. Several treatment have been described from lateral retinaculum release to TKR, with special features to patellar prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a large consecutive series of femoro-patellar prosthesis (FPP), to learn about the late outcome, complications and performance.

Material and Methods: Between 1992 and 2004, 60 prosthesis were performed by one of the authors in 55 patients with a mean age of 59 years; 44 were femal and 13 male, 5 had bilateral prosthesis. 62% had essential arthritis with trochlear dysplasia. 78% were graded Iwano III or IV.

Resurfacing cemented Themis^® prosthesis was used in all cases, with a lateral approach associated with a tibial tubercle osteotomy to achieve correct aligment of extensor mechanism. None patient was lost to follow-up.

Results: Mean follow-up was 10 years (46–218 months). During the study, 12 prosthesis were converted to TKR because of femoro-tibial arthritis; but the mean delay between FPP and TKR was 12 years. At revision, 48 FPP were evaluated by an independent examinator. IKS score raised from 106 to 157, knee score from 57 to 89 and function score from 49 to 78. Pain, ability to walk and to climb stairs were improved. Radiography did not demonstrate radio-lucent lines, wear or loosening. 95% had correct aligment of patellar button, without tilting. Survival rates of FPP were 89% at 10 years and 82% at 15 years.

Conclusion: Resurfacing FPP is a reliable procedure offering good clinical performance and outcomes. The authors recommend the use of FPP for isolated FPA, without knee diformity, in association with tibial tubercle osteotomy.

Introduction: Bunnell suture technique is effective for tendon repair. A modification of the classic suture technique could increase ultimate failure point (UFP) on the suture-tendon site. The purpose of this study is to evaluate UFP of regular and modified Bunnell suture techniques on in vitro porcine patellar tendons.

Methods: Porcine patellar tendon samples (N=24) were used for this study, separating them in 2 groups: Group A: classic Bunnell suture on the tendon (N=12). Group B: two perpendicular Bunnell sutures at 90° between them on the tendon (N=12). After suturing the samples, axial traction until failure on the tendon-suture site was applied on samples of both groups documenting UFP with a tension sensor device. UFP was measured and described in Newtons for all samples. Statistics: Non parametric Mann-Whitney test for independent variables was used to analyze outcomes.

Results: The UFP for group A was 224 ± 38,9 N. The UFP for group B was 307 ± 19,9 N. We found statistical differences among groups (p=0,00006).

Discussion: In this study we analyzed the UFP of classic Bunnell suture technique vs. a modification adding a second Bunnell suture perpendicular to the classic technique. The purpose of this modification is to increase the contact area between the suture and the tendon, reaching a stronger disposition at suture-tendon site. This has been documented in the UFP values obtained.

Conclusion: Adding a perpendicular Bunnell suture run in porcine ex vivo patellar tendons increases UFP in tendon repair at tendon – suture site.

Introduction and Objectives: patellar tendinopaty (or jumper’s knee) is a frequent problem that affects active young adults. In some cases the different conservative treatment options are innefective and surgical treatment is considered. The purpouse of this study is to determine if repeated intratendinous inyections of platelet rich plasma (PRP) are effective for the treatment of these refractary cases.

Materials and Methods: Eight consecutive patients (4 males and 4 females, mean age 24+/−5,9) who presented refractary patellar tendinopathies were included. All patients had presented symptoms for at least 6 months and had recieved treatmet for at least 3 months. All patients had been subjected to activity limitation, physical therapy, NSAID’s and laser and ultrasound therapy. In 3 cases corticosteroid inyections had been used. The subjects were assesed before treatment and 3 months and one year later with a Visual Analoge pain Scale (0 to 100mm, VAS), the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Patellar tendinopathy assesment scale(VISA-P) and the Lysholm score. Treatment consisted of 3 infiltrations (one week apart) of 3 cm3 of PRP extracted from their own blood with the GPS^® system (Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana, U.S.A). The PRP was infiltrated at the level of the tender tendon and inmediately behind the tendon at the proximal tendinous insertion and 1 cm distal to it through a single cutaneous puncture.

Results: Of the 8 patients, 7 presented a significant increase (more than 20 points) in the VISA-P score and 1 did not present any noticeable improvement. No complications related to the injections were observed. The VISA-P score increased from a pretreatment mean of 29 +/− 10.7 to 79 +/− 10.7 at one year (significant differences, p< 0.001). A similar decrease was observed in the VAS pain score (pretreatment values of 75+/−28 to one year values of 21+/−19). There were not significat differences in the Lysholm score.

Conclusions: PRP seems to be a possible alternative to surgical treatment in refractary patellar tendinopathy.

Background: Prophylactic taping is commonly used to prevent ankle injuries during sports. However unnatural constraint of the ankle joint may increase the risk of injury to proximal joints such as the knee. Any association between the use of ankle tape and knee joint loading has not previously been investigated. Purpose: To determine changes in ankle and knee kinetics and kinematics associated with use of ankle taping during athletic activities. Thereby, both the prophylactic benefits and the potential of taping to be an isolated mechanism for a ligamentous injury of the knee will be examined.

Methods: A kinematic and inverse dynamics model was used to determine ankle and knee joint motion and loading in 22 healthy male participants undertaking running and sidestepping tasks. Both tasks were randomized to planned and unplanned conditions, and undertaken with and without the use of ankle tape.

Results: Taping reduced the range of motion at the ankle in all three planes (p< 0.05), as well as peak inversion (p=0.017) and average eversion moments (p=0.013). At the knee, internal rotation moments (p=0.049), internal rotation impulse (0.034), varus moment (p=0.015) and varus impulse (p=0.050) were reduced with the use of ankle tape. There was a trend toward increased valgus impulse for sidestepping trials undertaken with ankle tape (p=0.056).

Conclusion: By limiting motion at the ankle, taping increased the mechanical stability of this joint. Ankle taping also provided protective benefits to the knee via reduced internal rotation moments and varus impulses, although the effects were task-specific. Medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament injuries may, however, occur through increased valgus impulse during sidestepping undertaken with ankle tape.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is responsible for more chronic disability than any other medical condition. Quadriceps femoris muscle weakness has long been associated with disuse atrophy in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis but more recently implicated in the aetiology of this condition. The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of two interventions aimed at increasing quadriceps strength in subjects with moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis.

Methods: Twenty-eight patients, aged 55–75 years, diagnosed with moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis were recruited and randomised to either a six-week home resistance-training exercise program or a six-week home neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) program. An additional eleven patients matched for age, gender and osteoarthritis severity formed a control group, receiving standard care. The resistance-training group performed six exercises three times per week, while the NMES group used the garment stimulator at the maximum intensity tolerated for twenty minutes five times per week. Outcome measures included isometric and isokinetic quadriceps strength, functional capacity (25m walk test, chair rise test, stair climb test), Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Short Form 36 (SF-36) health surveys. These measures were assessed at baseline, pre-intervention (after familiarisation), post-intervention and at 6-weeks post-intervention. Additionally, quadriceps cross-sectional area (via MRI) and muscle atrophy/hypertrophy gene expression (via vastus lateralis biopsy) were assessed pre- and post-intervention.

Results: Both intervention groups showed significant improvements in all functional tests (e.g. in the stair test, a 22% improvement in the exercise group versus 17% for the NMES group), in the SF36 health survey (25% & 22% respectively), and in quadriceps cross-sectional area (4.3% & 5.4%) immediately post-intervention. An increase in isokinetic strength was seen in the exercise group only (11%). WOMAC score improved only for the NMES group (19%). With the exception of isokinetic strength, all benefits were maintained six weeks post-intervention.

Conclusions: Both a six-week home resistance-training program and a six-week home NMES program produced significant improvements in functional performance as well as physical and mental health for patients with moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis. Home-based NMES is an acceptable alternative to physical therapy for patients with knee osteoarthritis, and is especially appropriate for patients who have difficulty complying with an exercise program.

Side-to-side comparison of anatomical or functional parameters in the evaluation of unilateral pathologies of the knee joint is common practice. Generally, it is assumed that the contralateral joint provides “normal” anatomy and function and that within-subject side differences are less when compared with between-subject variability. This has advocated the use of side-to-side comparisons in a wide field of orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the morphometric knee joint dimensions between the right and the left knee of a human subject. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that side differences within subjects are smaller than inter-subject variability.

In 30 pairs of human cadaver knees the morphometry of the articulating osseous structures of the femorotibial joint, the cruciate ligaments, and the mensici were measured using established measurement methods. Morphometric data were obtained either using digital callipers, radiographs, contour gauges, or cross-sectiontal scans. Data were analysed for overall side differences using the Student t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the ratio between within-subject side differences and intersubject variability was calculated.

In three out of 71 morphometric dimensions there was a significant side difference, including the posterior tibial slope, the anatomical valgus alignment of the distal femur, and the position of the femoral insertion area of the ACL. In two additional parameters, including the cross-sectional area of the distal third of the ACL and PCL, within-subject side differences were larger than intersubject variability. In general, there was a positive correlation in morphometric dimensions between right and left knees in one subject.

This study confirmed a good correlation in the morphometric dimensions of a human knee joint between the right and the left side. Our data support the concept of obtaining morphometric reference data from the contralateral uninjured side in the evaluation of unilateral pathologies of the knee joint. The uninjured contralateral side rather than knee joint dimensions obtained from an uninjured subject should be used as a valid control in orthopaedic practice.

Background: Rehabilitation interventions following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are key determinants affecting patient return to usual activity levels. Studies show that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can counteract loss of strength in the quadriceps and is a beneficial enhancement to traditional forms of therapy.

Purpose: This study compared the effect of adding traditional NMES or garment integrated NMES to a standard postsurgery rehabilitation program. The effect on the strength of the femoral, the ability of patients to perform the single leg hop test (SLH), the shuttle run and other measures of proprioception were assessed.

Study Design: Prospective, randomised, single-blind study in patients undergoing rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction.

Methods: 69 patients were randomly assigned to one of three post-surgery rehabilitation treatment groups. All patients followed a standard rehabilitation program. Additionally, the PS group, (n=29), trained with a traditional NMES device and the KH group (n=33) trained with a garment integrated NMES device with multipath activation, (n=33). The control group (CO, n=34) performed only volitional maximum quadriceps muscle contraction. Functional tests were assessed at baseline and at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months post operatively.

Results: KH achieved statistically significant results over PS and CO for measurements of the isokinetic strength of the extensors of the injured leg at an angular velocity of 90°/sec in Nm/kg for time effect (p< 0.001), for treatment effect between the groups (p=0.044) and when examination times are considered (p< 0.05). Strength values for KH after 6 months were 30.2% higher than before the surgery, compared with 5.1% (PS) and 6.6% (CO). At an angular velocity of 180°/sec, KH achieves significance (p< 0.05) compared with CO at 12 weeks and 6 months, and compared with PS, achieved significance (p< 0.05) for the entire duration of the study. Strength values for KH were 27.8% higher than before the surgery compared with 5% (PS) and 3.7% (CO). For the SLH with the injured leg, KH achieved significantly better results for the entire period of the investigation compared with PS (p=0.038) and compared with CO (p=0.002). At the times of all three examinations after surgery KH achieved significantly better values (all p< 0.05) than PS CO. Patients in the KH group achieved full weight bearing and return to usual work activities 7 days before either the PS or CO groups.

Conclusions: The results of this study confirm that garment integrated NMES devices, designed for use by patients at home, are a beneficial addition to rehabilitation therapy following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, strengthening the quadriceps and accelerating recovery.

Background: Navigation allows for determination of the mechanical axis of the lower extremity. We evaluated the intra- and inter-observer reliability with an image-free navigation system and determined the accuracy of the navigation system to monitor changes in lower limb alignment as compared to alignment measured with a novel 3D CT method.

Methods: A total of 13 cadaver legs were used to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer registration reliability by three observers. Navigated HTOs were then performed on all legs and pre/postoperative values of the varus-valgus angles were recorded. Data were compared to equivalent measures obtained by 3D CT using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Results: The ICCs for intra-observer varus-valgus reliability ranged from 0.756 to 0.922, inter-observer reliability was 0.644. ICCs for navigation-CT comparison were 0.784 for varus-valgus angle (pre-op), 0.846 (postop) and 0.873 (delta). Maximum differences in navigation-CT measurements in varus-valgus angle (delta) were 4.5° for all trials. There was poor reliability and accuracy in the axial plane (tibial rotation) as well as fair reliability and accuracy in the sagittal plane (tibial slope).

Conclusion: Image-free navigation is reliable for dynamic monitoring of coronal leg alignment but shows relevant limitations in determination of sagittal and axial plane alignment.

Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture leads to biomechanics disturbances of the knee joint which are reflected also in the plantar supports. Our hypothesis is that a redistribution of the sole bilateral charges will be produced to allows the feet to get a new control system to compensate ACL rupture. The aim of this research is to study the plantar support pressures disturbances in patients with ACL rupture before operation.

Material and Methods: We analyzed the plantar pressure distribution in two populations: Group A: 39 males of 37 years average age (21–49 y.o), previous surgery of isolated ACL rupture, excluding patients with meniscal tear or serious cartilage damage, contralateral lesions and knee previous surgery as well. Group B (control group): 37 healthy males of 31 years average age (21–40 y.o) without any musculoskeletal disorders.

We performed physical examination and walking through a pedography plate (Emed, Novel Munich, Germany). We studied global plantar support (pressure, forces and areas) of each foot and also divided each foot into six parts. Data obtained was compared between group A, patients (healthy leg and ACL rupture leg) and group B (control group). Statistical analysis was performed with a non-parametric Wilcoxon test.

Results: Group A (healthy leg and ACL rupture leg) total support area of both feet were statistically superior than Group B total support area (p< 0,019 and p< 0,005 respectively). Evenly midfoot total support area was superior in Group A that in Group B, as well as midfoot force support (p< 0.089).

Group A midfoot pressure was higher in ACL rupture leg than in healthy leg (p< 0.007) and it was also higher to the one obtained for group B (p< 0.046). Evenly the anterior-external region of Group A, healthy leg got the highest pressure (p< 0.076), followed by Group A, ACL rupture leg (p< 0.022) and finally Group B.

Group B anterior-internal pressure was statistically superior to Group A, ACL rupture leg (p< 0.049) followed by Group A, healthy leg (p=0.022). During foot takeoff, first toe pressures were higher in Group B compared to Group A (p< 0.076).

Conclusion: ACL rupture shows differences in plantar support pressures distribution of both legs (ACL rupture leg and healthy leg) compared with a control population. The injured leg seeks balance decreasing heel support and increasing the contact surfaces between floor, midfoot and forefoot.

Non-invasive expandable prostheses for limb salvage tumour surgery were first used in 2002. These implants allow ongoing lengthening of the operated limb to maintain limb-length equality and function while avoiding unnecessary repeat surgeries and the phenomenon of anniversary operations.

A large series of skeletally immature patients have been treated with these implants at the two leading orthopaedic oncology centres in England (Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, and Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham).

An up to date review of these patients has been made, documenting the relevant diagnoses, sites of tumour and types of implant used. 74 patients were assessed, with an age range of 7 – 16 years and follow up range of 4 – 88 months.

We identified five problems with lengthening. One was due to soft tissue restriction which resolved following excision of the hindering tissue. Another was due to autoclaving of the prosthesis prior to insertion and this patient, along with two others, all had successful further surgery to replace the gearbox. Another six patients required mechanism revision when the prosthesis had reached its maximal length. Complications included one fracture of the prosthesis that was revised successfully and six cases of metalwork infection (two of which were present prior to insertion of the implant and three of which were treated successfully with silver-coated implants). There were no cases of aseptic loosening.

Overall satisfaction was high with the patients avoiding operative lengthening and tolerating the non-invasive lengthenings well. Combined with satisfactory survivorship and functional outcome, we commend its use in the immature population of long bone tumour cases.

Background: Endoprosthetic reconstruction has become the gold standard of treatment after the resection of tumors around the proximal femur, however, the rate of complications linked to megaprostheses is clearly higher than with standard implants. Aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and type of complications related to modular proximal femur prostheses.

Patients and Methods: By retrospective database analysis of the Vienna Tumor Registry, we evaluated the incidence of complications in 170 consecutive patients who have received a proximal femur KMFTR/GMRS at our institution between 1982 and 2007. 71 patients with an average age of 41.7 years (range 18.2–79.9 years) received the implant following the resection of a malignant bone tumor, 95 patients with an average age of 61.7 years (range 5.9–84.2 years) due to metastatic disease. The average time of follow-up was 3.5 years (SD ±4.9 years).

Results: Overall patient survival at five years was 32%. For patients with metastatic disease the overall survival was 10% at five years. Patients being treated for a primary bone tumor had an overall survival of 55% at 5 years. The overall survival of the prosthesis was 90% at two years and 72% at five years. Twenty-one patients (12.65%) suffered from dislocation after a mean time of 6.5 month (range 0.3–33 months) after surgery. Out of these, nine had to be treated by open reduction. Nine patients suffered recurrent dislocation after their first event. Patients who underwent extensive pelvic reconstruction had a significantly higher dislocation rate (33.3%) compared to patients with no or standard acetabular components (11.2%). Deep infection occurred in twelve patients (7.3%) after a mean of 39 months (range 1–166 months) after surgery. Treatment of infection was one-stage revision in eight and hip disarticulation in one patient. Two patients were successfully treated by local wound revision. One patient died of septic shock four days after surgery. Re-infection occurred in three patients. Aseptic loosing occurred in 13 patients (12.8%) after a mean time of 75.6 months (range 1–223 months) after surgery. Revision surgery was necessary in 27 patients (15.8%) with a mean time to first revision of 32 months (range 0.3–116 months). Prosthetic fracture was found in two patients. Local recurrence occurred in 14 patients (8.4%). In seven patients (4.2%) amputation was necessary.

Conclusion: Modular endoprosthesis allow excellent reconstruction of the proximal femur following tumor resection. However, the main complications, dislocation and infection, still remain considerable drawbacks.

Introduction: Location on iliac bone account for 20% to 30% of sarcomas. Gold standard of local treatment is wide resection but till now few papers tried to evaluate the long term results of reconstructive procedures when chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are used.

Patients: 44 patients (25 males and 19 females aged 9 to 66 years) with bone sarcoma of innominate bone in Zone 1, 2 or 4 (without involvement of acetabulum) were treated and/or followed up by the same team in 23 years. Histology was: chondrosarcoma (28), Ewing (13), osteosarcoma (2), MH (1)

Preoperative screening of patients included standard X rays, CT and bone technetium scan in all cases and MRI in 15 cases. Diagnosis was made by open biopsy except for 4 cases of chondrosarcoma for these preoperative screening was sufficient (and diagnosis confirmed by postoperative histological examination).

Following limb salvage using reconstruction of pelvis was performed with methyl metacrylate without prosthesis Titanium screws were inserted in remaining bone before moulding of acrylic cement (2 to 3 packs of antibiotic loaded cement).

Results: With a median follow-up of 15 years (minimal 2- maximal 22). 11 patients died from disease after local recurrence (6) and/or metastases (7). One disease free survivor has been lost for follow after 3 years,1 patient is alive with disease. The 31 others are disease free survivors.

Prognostic value: in our patients the prognosis was directly correlated with the histological grading (low grade chondrosarcoma have a 85% DFS) and for high grade tumours with the efficacy of the chemotherapy protocol. For primary metastatic patients, when chemotherapy is suboptimal or margins contaminated, the prognosis is dismal. With our most effective protocols and free margins, metastatic lesions did not affect the disease free survival of our patients.

Orthopaedic results: weight bearing was immediate in all cases. We observed 3 deep infections (2 compelled to make resection of the cement) and 2 late mobilisations of cement. In all other patients, the reconstructive procedure gave a good and stable functional result even in very long follow up.

Conclusion: Acrylic reconstruction is an easy and reliable reconstructive procedure after en bloc resection of iliac bone for malignant tumours in zone 1, 2 or 4. It is more reliable than bone graft when chemotherapy or radiotherapy are necessary.

Introduction: Surgical treatment options of malignant tumors of the pelvis were traditionally very limited, and often resulted in an amputation. With development of neo/-adjuvant therapies, limb-salvage surgery has become the treatment of choice. Still, the treatment remains challenging, and options for pelvic reconstruction after resection such as allografts, radiated autografts, saddle-prosthesis, custom made prosthesis and modular reconstruction systems are all associated with high complication rates. Aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the results after reconstruction of the pelvis with a custom-made pelvic megaprosthesis.

Materials and Methods: From 1977 to 2008, a total of 92 patients with malignant tumors or metastases of the pelvis were treated by resection and reconstruction with custom-made pelvic megaprostheses at our institution. Mean age was 56.2 years [17–77] with 43 male patients and 59 female. We treated 45 primary tumors and 47 metastases. Primary tumors included chondrosarcoma (45,4%), Ewing’s sarcoma (18,2%), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (9,1%), osteosarcoma (4,5%) and others. In the group with metastases we found renal cell carcinoma (52,4%), mamma-carcinoma (14,3%), thyroid carcinoma (9,5%), oropharyngeal carcinomas (9,5%), and others. Wide resection was performed in 11 patients, marginal-resection in 47, and intralesional-resection in 34 patients. Depending on the bone defect after tumor resection, pelvic megaprostheses were implanted either in the superior part of the iliac wing, the sacrum and/or the lower lumbar spine.

Results: Patients were reassessed repeatedly at two different time points resulting in a mean follow-up of 3,6 years [range 0,5 to 8,4years]. A total of 55 patients were available for follow-up, 29 had died and 6 Patients were not available for evalutation (living abroad). In the group with malignant tumors 50% of the patients were alive after 5 years; 50% of patients with metastasis survived at least 2 years. The local recurrence rate was 15%. In 2 of these patients local re-resection was possible, and 5 patients were treated with secondary external hemi-pelvectomy. Aseptic failure of the megaprosthesis was observed in 3%. The MSTS-Score showed good results in 34%, fair results in 42% and poor results in 23%. We found infections in 14%. Nerve palsy occurred in 11%, thombosis in 5%, and dislocation of the prosthesis in 15% of patients.

Discussion: Our study demonstrates that reconstruction of pelvic bone defects after tumor resection with custom-made megaprosthesis allows limb-salvage surgery with satisfying functional results. In spite of the relatively high complication rates-which are comparable or even favorable to other reconstruction techniques-we consider the custom-made megaprosthesis our treatment of choice to reconstruct pelvic bone defects.

Different techniques were proposed for reconstruction after distal radial resection for bone tumors. When not dealing with heavy workers or complex revision cases, a motility preserving procedure can be used. From 1999 to 2007 we performed a reconstruction with an ostearticular allograft in 18 patients.

Age of the patients ranged from 13 to 56 years. Histotypes were: giant cell tumor in 16 patients, Ewing sarcoma in 1, osteosarcoma in 1. Neadjuvant chemotherapy was used in Ewing and osteosarcoma patients. Length of resection ranged from 5 to 13 cm. An accurate host-graft capsulorraphy was performed to reestablish joint stability; no adjunctive distal radioulnar stabilization procedures were used. In one case the procedure was performed after a failed previous graft-arthrodesis; in this case also a proximal row carpectomy was performed.

Non-union of the allograft occurred in 2 cases. In one case autologous cancellous bone grafting from the iliac crest was performed. In the second case the patient due to mild symptoms has till now refused further surgery.

No septic complications occurred.

One patient presented a fracture of the allograft; a revision procedure was performed with a new allograft but also the second graft failed and an arthrodesis was performed. This was the only complete failure of our series.

Follow-up ranged from 20 to 103 months. No recurrences (local or distant) were observed. The patients were evaluated with radiographic and clinical examination. Functional evaluation was performed using ISOLS-MSTS score and a wrist-specific functional score (PRWE).

The oncological and functional results in our series highlight that a functional wrist can be restored with an osteoarticular allograft after distal radial resection for bone tumors. Deterioration of the results could occur in the long-term and thus further monitoring with a longer follow-up is needed.

Purpose was to evaluate the incidence of complication in lower limb reconstructions with modular prostheses comparing cemented versus uncemented stems in two different orthopedic tumor Centers.

Methods: retrospective analysis of implant survival, complications and functional results assessed according to MSTS system of the Rizzoli and Moffitt series of modular megaprosthesis in lower limb.

From 2002 and 2007, 238 modular prostheses of same design with a rotating hinge knee, were implanted in the lower limb as primary reconstruction in these two Centers. In 130 cases the prosthesis was implanted with cemented stems and in 108 cases with uncemented stems. Sites included: 120 distal femur, 61 proximal femur, 46 proximal tibia, 10 total femur and in 1 case both distal femur and proximal tibia. Histologic diagnoses included: 89 osteosarcoma, 13 Ewing sarcoma, 21 chondrosarcoma, 19 sarcoma, 55 metastasis, 17 TGC, 7 MFH, 11 other diagnoses and 6 non oncologic cases.

Major prostheses-related complications were analysed and functional results according to Muscolo Skeletal Tumor Society system, at a mean follow up of 2.03 yrs. Also a statistical evaluation with Kaplan Meier curves, a comparative statistical analysis with Wilcoxon test and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed.

Results: Outcome in 223 evaluated oncologic pts, showed: 121 pts continuously disease free, 26 NED after treatment of relapse, 54 AWD, 16 DWD. Margins were wide in 94.3% (214/227 pts) of evaluated pts. Complications causing implants failure were: infections in 20/238 (8.41%), aseptic loosening in 7/238 (2.95%). No breakages of prosthetic components were observed.

Infections occurred at mean time of 1.3 yrs, sites included: 9 distal femurs, 4 proximal femurs, 5 proximal tibias, 2 total femurs. Aseptic loosening occurred at mean time of 2.3 yrs, sites included: 3 proximal tibias, 2 distal femurs, 2 proximal femurs. Rate of aseptic loosening was higher for cemented stems 5/130 (3.85%) vs uncemented 2/108 (1.85%). This difference is not statistically significant. Infection rate was 10% (13/130) for cemented stems and 6.5% (7/108) for uncemented stems. This difference is statistically significant at comparison of survival curves logrank test. Average MSTS function score was 83.5%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the significant factor favourable reluted with lower incidence of complications was the use of uncemented stems.

Conclusions: lower limb modular prostheses with both cemented and uncemented stems gave good results and a low complication rate. Better results were observed with uncemented stems and statistically confirmed, but this needs to be further investigate in a future study at long term.

Purpose: Aim of this study was to analyse the incidence of infection in orthopaedic oncology after major surgical procedures for bone tumors.

Materials and Methods: We included patients with primary sacral tumors treated by major surgical procedure and patients with bone tumors of the upper and lower limb treated by resection and prosthetic reconstruction. Demographic data, surgery, adjuvant treatments, type of reconstruction were analyzed. Special attention was given to the infection: incidence, classification, microbic agents, treatment and outcome. Infections in the first 4 weeks were considered “postoperative”, those in the first 6 months were judged “early”, while “late” those diagnosed after 6 months. Overall 1462 patients treated in one institution from 1076 to 2007. Were considered 1036 patients with tumors of the lower limb, 344 patients with tumors of the upper limb and 82 sacral tumors. Univariate analysis with Kaplan-Meier actuarial curves was used in evaluating risk factors and implant survival to infections.

Results: In the lower limb, infection occurred in 80 cases (7.7%). Most frequent bacteria were gram positive. Infection was postoperative in 9 cases, early in 12, late in 59 cases and generally monomicrobial. Surgical treatment was “two stage” in 73 patients, “one stage” in 4 and primary amputation in 3 cases. Revisions for infection were successful in 63 pts (79%), while 17 pts were amputated (21%).

In the upper limb, in 20 patients (5.8%) a revision for deep infection was required. Two infections were postoperative, 7 early and 11 late. S. Epidermidis and S. Aureo were the most frequent bacteria causing infection (45%). “Two stage” treatment of infection was performed, but a new prostheses was implanted in 3 cases. In 17 the spacer was never removed.

In the sacrum, no deep infections were observed after intralesional excision for giant cell tumors. In 23/52 resections (44%) for chordoma (3 pts. died postoperatively and were excluded), infection occurred: in 16 patients postoperatively, in 7 within 6 months. Bacteria causing infection were mostly gram negative: in 74% of cases infection was multiagent. Surgical treatment consisted in one or more surgical debridements with antibiotics therapy according to coltures: infection healed in all cases.

Conclusion: Infection is a severe complication in prosthetic reconstructions for tumors of the upper and lower limb. Its incidence in the extremities (7.7% and 5.8%) is lower than after sacral surgery (44%). Infections are mostly late, monomicrobial and caused by gram positive in extremities, while early, multimicrobial and caused by gram negative in the sacrum.

Chondrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms that form an exclusively chondroid matrix. These generally slow-growing cartilage-based tumors most commonly occur in patients between 30 and 60 years old.

In this article, we describe our retrospective clinical study, performed on 21 patients (11 males and 10 females) who were affected by conventional chondrosarcoma (Grade 1) and underwent surgery between 1997 and 2008. The patients’ average age was 45,5 (29 to 71 years old) with an average follow-up of 68,4 months.

All low grade chondrosarcomas were treated with curettage, phenolization and reconstruction with acrylic bone cement.

Assessment of the limb functional recovery in treated patients has been performed through the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society scoring system (MSTS).

Patients’ average score six months after surgery was 76, 4% (between 61% and 87%) - low scores were reported in four patients following to complications (three fractures and one local recurrence).

Another evalutation has been carried out through the MSTS scoring system at the end of our study, showing a value improvement, with an average score of 79.9% (between 63.3% and 88%).

In conclusion, we see large intralesional curettage with chemical adjuvants (phenol and polimetilmetacrilate) as an effective treatment for low-grade chondrosarcoma of bones, allowing for a better patients’ compliance and a faster functional recovery. It is important, however, to prepare a surgical strategy according to the results of an accurate biopsy and a correct interpretation of the radiological imaging.

Limb salvage is the gold standard to treat sarcoma patients, but bone stock should be retained for the future, as many of these patients are young and active.

For this observational clinical study, 107 patients that presented with 108 malignant or locally aggressive benign bone tumours were treated by wide en-bloc resection of the affected bone, extracorporeal irradiation with 300 Gy to eradicate the tumour, and reimplantation of the bone as an orthotopic autograft. The irradiated bone was rigidly fixed to the remaining bone with classical intramedullary or extramedullary osteosynthesis material. We made a subdivision between intercalary, composite and osteoarticular grafts. The pelvis was considered a third separate entity, as it was considered both an intercalary and an osteoarticular graft when the acetabulum was involved.

The incidence of local recurrence with the use of an orthotopic autograft comprised the primary endpoint of this study. Secondary endpoints: preservation of bone stock with graft healing and evaluation of factors that determine preservation.

No local recurrences could be detected in the irradiated grafts. One local recurrence was detected in the surrounding soft tissue. At 5 years follow-up, graft healing occurred in 64% of cases, providing stable and lasting reconstruction. Eleven percent of the grafts had to be removed due to several incidents, but none could be proven significant. All patient subgroups displayed comparable results. Early infection appeared to be a significant determinant for the development of pseudarthrosis. Pelvic reconstructions showed a worse outcome. According to the results, guidelines for indications and surgical guidelines, such as rigid fixation and bridging of the graft, are proposed for using this technique. In general sarcoma resection, extracorporeal irradiation, and reimplantation provides a stable and lasting reconstruction with preservation of bone stock.

In the treatment of acute elbow dislocation promising clinical results have been reported on articulated external fixation and surgical reconstruction of major joint stabilizers. However, it remains unclear whether or not surgical reconstruction of the major joint stabilizers sufficiently stabilizes the elbow joint or if augmentation by a hinged elbow fixator is beneficial to provide early stability and motion capacity. The aim of the present study was to compare the stabilizing potential of surgical reconstruction versus augmentation by a hinged external elbow in a model of sequentially induced intability of the elbow.

Materials and Methods: 8 unpreserved human upper extremities were mounted to a testing apparatus which was integrated within a material testing machine. In a first series, varus and valgus moments were induced to the intact elbow joint at full extension, as well as at 30°, 60°, 90° and 120° of flexion and the mean angular displacement at 2.5, 5, an 7.5 Nm was calculated. Instability was then induced by sequentially dissecting the lateral and the medial collateral ligament, the radial head, and the posterior capsule. The elbow joint was then sequentially restabilized by osteosynthesis of the radial head and refixation of the lateral and medial collateral ligament using bone anchors. In each sequence, elbow stability was tested with and without augmentation by a hinged external fixator according to the first testing series described above. Biomechanical data of surgical reconstruction alone and surgical reconstruction augmented by external fixation were compared using an analysis of variance.

Results: In the intact elbow, varus-valgus displacement with 7.5 Nm ranged from 8,3 ± 2,4° (0°) to 11,4 ± 4,2° (90°). With the fixator applied, varus-valgus displacement was significantly lower and ranged from 4,2 ± 1,3° (0°) to 5,3 ± 2,2° (90°). After complete destabilization of the elbow joint, maximum varus-valgus displacement ranged from 17,4 ± 5,3° (0°) to 23,6 ± 6,4° (90°). Subsequent reconstruction of the collateral ligaments, the posterior capsule, and the radial head proved to stabilize the elbow joint compared with the unstable situation, however, mean varus-valgus displacement remained significantly higher when compared to the intact elbow joint. During each sequence of instability, the hinged external fixator provided constant stability not significantly different to the intact elbow joint while guiding the elbow through the entire range of motion.

Conclusion: The stabilizing potential of surgical reconstruction alone is inferior to augmentation of a hinged external elbow fixator. In order to proved primary stability and early motion capacity, augmentation of a hinged external elbow fixator in the treatment of acute dislocation of the elbow is recommended.

The aim of the current study was to assess the amount of the distal humerus articular surface exposed through the Newcastle approach, a posterior triceps preserving exposure of the elbow joint.

24 cadaveric elbows (12 pairs) were randomized to receive one of the four posterior surgical approaches: triceps reflecting, triceps splitting, olecranon osteotomy and Newcastle approach. The ratio of the articular surface exposed for each elbow was calculated and compared.

The highest ratio observed was for Newcastle approach (0.75 ± 0.12) followed by olecranon osteotomy (0.51 ± 0.1), triceps reflecting (0.37 ± 0.08) and triceps splitting (0.35 ± 0.07). The differences between Newcastle approach and other approaches were statistically significant (p=0.003 vs osteotomy and < 0.0001 vs triceps reflecting and splitting).

The Newcastle approach sufficiently exposes the distal humerus for arthroplasty or fracture fixation purposes. Its use is supported by the current study.

Aim of the study: Mason type I radial head fractures are non-displaced fractures and are treated conservatively with early mobilization and excellent results. The aspiration of the accompanying haematoma is advocated by several authors in order to achieve an analgesic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of haematoma aspiration on intraarticular pressure and on pain relief after Mason I radial head fractures.

Materials and Methods: 10 patients (6 men and 4 women, age 23–47 y), who presented in the emergency department after an elbow trauma. Following plain radiographs that showed a Mason I radial head fracture, the patients were subjected to haematoma paracentesis. Initially, the intraarticular pressure was measured by using the Stryker Intra-Compartmental Pressure Monitor System. Afterwards, aspiration of the haematoma was performed, followed by a new pressure measurement without moving the needle. Finally, a brachial-elbow-wrist back slab was placed and a questionnaire was completed, including among others pain evaluation before and after haematoma aspiration by using an analogue ten point pain scale.

Results: The intraarticular elbow pressure prior to haematoma aspiration varied from 49 mmHg to 120 mmHg (mean 76.9 mmHg), while following aspiration it ranged from 9 mmHg to 25 mmHg (mean 16.7 mmHg). The mean quantity of the aspired blood was 3.45 ml (0.5 ml to 8.5 ml). Finally, the patients reported a pain decrease from 5.5 (4 to 8) before aspiration to 2.8 (1 to 4) after haematoma aspiration. Decrease for both pressure and pain was statistically significant (p< 0.001).

Conclusion: The built of an intraarticular haematoma in the elbow joint following an undisplaced Mason I radial head fracture leads to a pronounced increase of the intraarticular pressure accompanied by intense pain for the patient. The aspiration of the haematoma results in an acute pressure decrease and an immediate patient relief.