A retrospective series of 45 cases of chronic osteomyelitis collected over a period of 14 years was histologically classified into tuberculous osteomyelitis (25) and chronic non-granulomatous osteomyelitis (20). The tuberculous osteomyelitis group was divided into three subgroups: a) typical granulomas (13 cases); b) ill-defined granulomas (seven cases), and c) suspected granulomas (five cases). An in-house polymerase chain reaction amplifying the 245 bp nucleotide sequence, and capable of detecting 10 fg of DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was used on the DNA extracted from the paraffin blocks. The polymerase chain reaction was positive in 72% of cases (18) of tuberculous osteomyelitis, but when typical cases of tuberculous osteomyelitis with confirmed granulomas were considered (13), this increased to 84.6% (11). The chronic non-granulomatous osteomyelitis group gave positive polymerase chain reaction results in 20% of the cases (4).

Our preliminary study on tuberculous osteomyelitis shows that the polymerase chain reaction can be a very useful diagnostic tool, since a good correlation was seen between typical granulomas and polymerase chain reaction with a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 80%. In addition, our study shows that tuberculous osteomyelitis can be diagnosed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues in the absence of typical granulomas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of tissue hypoxia and apoptosis at different stages of tendinopathy and tears of the rotator cuff.

We studied tissue from 24 patients with eight graded stages of either impingement (mild, moderate and severe) or tears of the rotator cuff (partial, small, medium, large and massive) and three controls. Biopsies were analysed using three immunohistochemical techniques, namely antibodies against HIF-1α (a transcription factor produced in a hypoxic environment), BNip3 (a HIF-1α regulated pro-apoptotic protein) and TUNEL (detecting DNA fragmentation in apoptosis).

The HIF-1α expression was greatest in mild impingement and in partial, small, medium and large tears. BNip3 expression increased significantly in partial, small, medium and large tears but was reduced in massive tears. Apoptosis was increased in small, medium, large and massive tears but not in partial tears.

These findings reveal evidence of hypoxic damage throughout the spectrum of pathology of the rotator cuff which may contribute to loss of cells by apoptosis. This provides a novel insight into the causes of degeneration of the rotator cuff and highlights possible options for treatment.