We have studied the effects of bupivacaine on human and bovine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of human articular chondrocytes showed > 95% cellular death after exposure to 0.5% bupivacaine for 30 minutes. Human and bovine chondrocytes exposed to 0.25% bupivacaine had a time-dependent reduction in viability, with longer exposure times resulting in higher cytotoxicity. Cellular death continued even after removal of 0.25% bupivacaine. After exposure to 0.25% bupivacaine for 15 minutes, flow cytometry showed bovine chondrocyte viability to be 41% of saline control after seven days. After exposure to 0.125% bupivacaine for up to 60 minutes, the viability of both bovine and human chondrocytes was similar to that of control groups. These data show that prolonged exposure 0.5% and 0.25% bupivacaine solutions are potentially chondrotoxic

Aims

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is now commonly used in major surgical operations including orthopaedics. The TRAC-24 randomized control trial (RCT) aimed to assess if an additional 24 hours of TXA postoperatively in primary total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) reduced blood loss. Contrary to other orthopaedic studies to date, this trial included high-risk patients. This paper presents the results of a cost analysis undertaken alongside this RCT.

Aims

Abnormal lipid metabolism is involved in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is crucial in inhibiting the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes. However, whether GDF11 participates in the abnormal adipogenesis of chondrocytes in OA cartilage is still unclear.

Aims

Trained immunity confers non-specific protection against various types of infectious diseases, including bone and joint infection. Platelets are active participants in the immune response to pathogens and foreign substances, but their role in trained immunity remains elusive.

Aims

Treatment for delayed wound healing resulting from peripheral vascular diseases and diabetic foot ulcers remains a challenge. A novel surgical technique named ‘tibial cortex transverse transport’ (TTT) has been developed for treating peripheral ischaemia, with encouraging clinical effects. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the potential biological mechanisms of TTT surgery using various techniques in a rat TTT animal model.

The intra-articular injection of local anaesthetic is frequently used for pain relief after arthroscopy. There is, however, no published evidence of the analgesic effect of bupivacaine in the ankle. In a randomised, double-blind study, 35 patients undergoing arthroscopy of the ankle were allocated to receive intra-articular saline or bupivacaine. Pain was assessed using pain scores and additional analgesic requirements. Intra-articular bupivacaine had a significant analgesic effect in the immediate post-operative period, reducing pain scores and the need for additional analgesics. We recommend the use of intra-articular bupivacaine for post-operative analgesia in ankle surgery

Aims

Alcoholism is a well-known detrimental factor in fracture healing. However, the underlying mechanism of alcohol-inhibited fracture healing remains poorly understood.

The reduced stability of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants in osteopenic conditions is considered to be a major problem. We therefore developed a model of a boosted cementless implantation in osteopenic rats. Twelve-week-old rats were either ovariectomised (OVX) or sham-operated (SO), and after 24 weeks plain or HA-coated implants were inserted. They were treated with either a prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonist (ONO-4819) or saline for one month. The EP4 agonist considerably improved the osteoporosis in the OVX group. Ultrastructural analysis and mechanical testing showed an improvement in the implant-bone attachment in the HA-coated implants, which was further enhanced by the EP4 agonist. Although the stability of the HA-coated implants in the saline-treated OVX rats was less than in the SO normal rats, the administration of the EP4 agonist significantly compensated for this shortage. Our results showed that the osteogenic effect of the EP4 agonist augmented the osteoconductivity of HA and significantly improved the stability of the implant-bone attachment in the osteoporotic rat model

Modern principles for the treatment of open fractures include stabilisation of the bone and management of the soft tissues. Wound debridement and irrigation is thought to be the mainstay in reducing the incidence of infection. Although numerous studies on animals and humans have focused on the type of irrigation performed, little is known of the factors which influence irrigation. This paper evaluates the evidence, particularly with regard to additives and the mode of delivery of irrigation fluid. Normal saline should be used and although many antiseptics and antibiotics have been employed, no consensus has been reached as to the ideal additive. Despite the advocates of high-pressure methods highlighting the improved dilutional ability of such techniques, the results are inconclusive and these irrigation systems are not without complications. New systems for debridement are currently being investigated, and an ideal method has yet to be determined

Rat patellae were preincubated with culture medium M199 for one hour and then with either fresh culture medium or Ringer's solution, Ringer lactate, Ringer glucose, normal saline or Betadine for another hour. The rate of proteoglycan synthesis in the articular cartilage was then measured by uptake of 35SO4 for the next 16 hours. Cartilage metabolism was inhibited by all of the solutions even after a recovery time of 16 hours. The inhibition was by 5% for Ringer's solution, 10% for Ringer glucose (p < 0.01), 20% for saline and Ringer lactate (p < 0.001) and 55% for Betadine (p < 0.001). Ringer's solution is therefore the best choice for joint irrigation during arthroscopy or other procedures

Aims

Treatment outcomes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) using systemic vancomycin and antibacterial cement spacers during two-stage revision arthroplasty remain unsatisfactory. This study explored the efficacy and safety of intra-articular vancomycin injections for PJI control after debridement and cement spacer implantation in a rat model.

During revision total hip replacement using morcellised compacted bone allograft, 16 patients were randomised to receive a graft which had been rinsed in either an ibandronate solution or in saline. Patients were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry after operation and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. A region of interest between the tip of the femoral stem and the distal plastic plug was chosen to measure the changes in bone density over time. The study was double-blinded. In all the control patients the bone density decreased during the first three months and then remained constant at this lower level. A large proportion of the mass of the bone graft was lost. In contrast, all patients with grafts treated with bisphosphonate showed a slight increase in bone density. The difference between the groups was highly significant at all points in time. We conclude that rinsing the graft in a bisphosphonate solution prevents its resorption and may therefore reduce the risk of mechanical failure. The treatment is simple, inexpensive, and appears virtually free of risk

In ten male rats we inserted ceramic ‘drawing-pin’ implants in weight-bearing positions within the right proximal tibia. Two animals were killed 6 weeks after surgery and two more 14 weeks after surgery. The remaining six received intra-articular injections of either high-density polyethylene (4 rats) or saline (2 rats) at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after surgery. These animals were killed two weeks after the last injection. Histological examination of the bone-implant interface in the control animals showed appositional bone growth around the implant at both 6 and 14 weeks. Polyethylene, but not saline, caused a chronic inflammatory response with numerous foreign-body giant cells in periprosthetic tissues. Our model of a stable, weight-bearing bone-implant interface provides a simple and reliable system in which to study in vivo the effects of particulate materials used in orthopaedic surgery

It has been shown in experimental animals that the living cells in a bone autograft can make an important contribution to osteogenesis. However, some common clinical techniques, such as the topical use of antibiotic powders on grafts or on the graft bed, are likely to damage or kill the cells. In this experimental study in rats, bone isografts dusted with chloramphenicol or methicillin powder or with Polybactrin spray before subcutaneous implantation produced little or no new bone over a period of two weeks whereas untreated, control grafts showed abundant osteogenesis, as did grafts pretreated with solutions of antibiotics. The effect of short-term storage of the grafts for 3 to 24 hours in air, saline or culture medium before implantation was also examined. Grafts stored in culture medium generally did as well as, or better than, fresh control grafts whereas immersion in saline inhibited osteogenesis. The importance of these results for clinical bone grafting is discussed

Aims

The association of auraptene (AUR), a 7-geranyloxycoumarin, on osteoporosis and its potential pathway was predicted by network pharmacology and confirmed in experimental osteoporotic mice.

Aims

Bone regeneration during treatment of staphylococcal bone infection is challenging due to the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to invade and persist within osteoblasts. Here, we sought to determine whether the metabolic and extracellular organic matrix formation and mineralization ability of S. aureus-infected human osteoblasts can be restored after rifampicin (RMP) therapy.

The postoperative analgesic effects of intra-articular injections of bupivacaine and/or morphine were examined prospectively in 437 patients who had total knee replacement for osteoarthritis. They were divided randomly into four groups. Group I received 10 mg of morphine (1 ml) and 9 ml of saline, group II received 10 ml of bupivacaine (2.5 mg/ml), group III received 10 ml of saline, and group IV received 10 mg of morphine (1 ml) and 9 ml of bupivacaine (2.5 mg/ml). All analgesics administered in the first 24 hours after operation were recorded. The patients rated their pain on the McGill-Melzack scale at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours. No significant differences were found between any of the groups in the use of Demoral and/or Toradol in 24 hours, the length of stay in hospital or the pain rating at 1, 6, 12 or 24 hours. Patients in groups I and IV, whose injections included morphine, used significantly more morphine in the first 24 postoperative hours than did groups II or III