1. The amount of orthopaedic surgery which is possible in patients with leprosy is immense. It is likely to decline with improved medical care as deformity rarely begins after the start of medical treatment. In spite of prolonged chemotherapy, skin smears often remain positive for more than five years and lifelong treatment may be necessary. 2. In Hong Kong the disease affects mainly those in the best working years of their lives and at an age when they should be best able to understand the benefits that treatment confers. Education of the public must be one of the main points of disease control. This education should extend to enable patients with anaesthetic extremities to learn the limitations that the disease places upon their activities. Thus they will be less liable to injure themselves and better able to prevent minor injuries from becoming serious. Ulceration only occurs in areas lacking protective sensation but, although bilateral anaesthesia is common, bilateral ulceration is not often seen. 3. In patients with diminished sensation or with paralysed muscle groups there is usually enlargement of the nerves but this may be difficult to detect. 4. Clawing of the fingers is best treated by standard surgical procedures but opposition transplant in the combined median and ulnar nerve paralysis of leprosy is less satisfactory. Any transplant must prevent hyperextension at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint and this is best done by providing a double insertion for the transplant. If the soft tissues between the first and second metacarpals are contracted it is better to perform osteotomy of the base of the first metacarpal bone rather than to perform the standard operation of soft-tissue release and skin grafting. 5. The value of tibialis posterior transplantation in drop-foot has been confirmed. 6. The problem of fitting an artificial limb to an anaesthetic stump has not been solved. It was often found that ulcers of the stump occurred even with well-fitting sockets and cooperative patients. If amputation above the foot is necessary it is usually wiser to try a through-knee amputation. 7. Return of power or sensation after the start of medical treatment is unusual but it is also unusual for these symptoms to be noted for the first time when the patient is taking sulphones. It would be worth while investigating the effects of decompression of the median nerve at the level of the wrist by dividing the carpal ligament in those patients developing symptoms and signs of impaired median nerve function. Nerve decompression should also be performed in patients showing tender, swollen nerves in acute lepromatous reactions where steroid therapy fails to bring improved function within six hours. 8. It is essential that surgical methods of limiting disability such as incision, decapsulation or transposition of nerves, which have received favourable comment in the past, should be repeated in a controlled series. Series, so far, have lacked reference to the natural history of the condition under medical treatment alone and have often lacked adequate follow-up. 9. Acute lepromatous reactions in the foot often subside with little bone destruction if the patient is rested in bed with the foot immobilised in plaster. If deformity occurs it may be corrected by triple arthrodesis or pantalar arthrodesis. Shortening of the limb may be necessary to prevent stretching the posterior tibial artery. The use of staples at operation greatly eases the task of maintaining the position. Surgery is not always contra-indicated in the presence of long-standing ulceration

Aims

The Ponseti method is an effective evidence-based treatment for clubfoot. It uses gentle manipulation to adjust the position of the foot in serial treatments towards a more physiological position. Casting is used to hold the newly achieved position. At first, the foot resists the new position imposed by the plaster cast, pressing against the cast, but over time the tissues are expected to adapt to the new position and the force decreases. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by measuring the forces between a clubfoot and the cast during treatment with the Ponseti method.

Aims

Patellofemoral problems are a common complication of total knee arthroplasty. A high compressive force across the patellofemoral joint may affect patient-reported outcome. However, the relationship between patient-reported outcome and the intraoperative patellofemoral contact force has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a high intraoperative patellofemoral compressive force affects patient-reported outcome.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of locking plate fixation, with and without an associated fibular strut allograft, for the treatment of displaced proximal humeral fractures in elderly osteoporotic patients.

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of distraction osteogenesis followed by arthrodesis using internal fixation to manage complex conditions of the ankle, and to present the results of this technique.

We present the clinical and radiological results of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of 58 vertebral compression fractures in 51 patients at a minimum follow-up of two years. Group 1 consisted of 39 patients, in whom there was no associated intravertebral cleft, whilst group 2 comprised 12 patients with an intravertebral cleft. The Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were recorded prospectively. The radiological evidence of kyphotic deformity, vertebral height, leakage of cement and bone resorption around the cement were studied restrospectively, both before and after operation and at the final follow-up. The ODI and VAS scores in both groups decreased after treatment, but the mean score in group 2 was higher than that in group 1 (p = 0.02 (ODI), p = 0.02 (VAS)). There was a greater initial correction of the kyphosis in group 2 than in group 1, although the difference was not statistically significant. However, loss of correction was greater in group 2. Leakage of cement was seen in 24 (41.4%) of 58 vertebrae (group 1, 32.6% (15 of 46); group 2, 75% (9 of 12)), mainly of type B through the basal vertebral vein in group 1 and of type C through the cortical defect in group 2. Resorption of bone around the cement was seen in three vertebrae in group 2 and in one in group 1. There were seven adjacent vertebral fractures in group 1 and one in group 2. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an effective treatment for osteoporotic compression fractures with or without an intravertebral cleft. Nonetheless, higher rates of complications related to the cement must be recognised in patients in the presence of an intravertebral cleft

Aims

The primary aim of this study was to define and quantify three new measurements to indicate the position of the greater trochanter. Secondary aims were to define ‘functional antetorsion’ as it relates to abductor function in populations both with and without torsional abnormality.

Objectives

Bone fracture healing is regulated by a series of complex physicochemical and biochemical processes. One of these processes is bone mineralization, which is vital for normal bone development. Phosphatase, orphan 1 (PHOSPHO1), a skeletal tissue-specific phosphatase, has been shown to be involved in the mineralization of the extracellular matrix and to maintain the structural integrity of bone. In this study, we examined how PHOSPHO1 deficiency might affect the healing and quality of fracture callus in mice.

Objectives

The Precice nail is the latest intramedullary lengthening nail with excellent early outcomes. Implant complications have led to modification of the nail design. The aim of this study was to perform a retrieval study of Precice nails following lower-limb lengthening and to assess macroscopical and microscopical changes to the implants and evaluate differences following design modification, with the aim of identifying potential surgical, implant, and patient risk factors.

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of surgery using growing rods in patients with severe versus moderate early-onset scoliosis (EOS).

Aims

Asphericity of the femoral head-neck junction is common in cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and usually quantified using the alpha angle on radiographs or MRI. The aim of this study was to determine the natural alpha angle in a large cohort of patients by continuous circumferential analysis with CT.

Aims

After intercalary resection of a bone tumour from the femur, reconstruction with a vascularized fibular graft (VFG) and massive allograft is considered a reliable method of treatment. However, little is known about the long-term outcome of this procedure. The aims of this study were to determine whether the morbidity of this procedure was comparable to that of other reconstructive techniques, if it was possible to achieve a satisfactory functional result, and whether biological reconstruction with a VFG and massive allograft could achieve a durable, long-lasting reconstruction.