Anthrax is extremely rare in the western world but is endemic to areas of south and central Asia. In early 2010 an outbreak was identified in heroin-injecting intravenous drug users in the United Kingdom and Europe. Afghanistan is currently the principal source of heroin which reaches the United Kingdom. When anthrax occurs, cutaneous disease accounts for over 95% of cases. At least 47 cases with 13 deaths have been confirmed so far. We present three cases presenting during this time with marked swelling, one resulting in compartment syndrome but all with an absence of the expected cutaneous appearances.

We suggest that rather than cutaneous anthrax, these patients represent a new subcutaneous presentation of anthrax.

We describe 20 patients, aged between 43 and 88 years, with delayed nerve palsy or deepening of an initial palsy caused by arterial injury from low-energy injuries to the shoulder. The onset of palsy ranged from immediately after the injury to four months later. There was progression in all the patients with an initial partial nerve palsy. Pain was severe in 18 patients, in 16 of whom it presented as neurostenalgia and in two as causalgia. Dislocation of the shoulder or fracture of the proximal humerus occurred in 16 patients. There was soft-tissue crushing in two and prolonged unconsciousness from alcoholic intoxication in another two.

Decompression of the plexus and repair of the arterial injury brought swift relief from pain in all the patients. Nerve recovery was generally good, but less so in neglected cases. The interval from injury to the repair of the vessels ranged from immediately afterwards to 120 days.

Delayed onset of nerve palsy or deepening of a nerve lesion is caused by bleeding and/or impending critical ischaemia and is an overwhelming indication for urgent surgery. There is almost always severe neuropathic pain.

This study assessed the frequency of acute injury to the spinal cord in Irish Rugby over a period of ten years, between 1995 and 2004. There were 12 such injuries; 11 were cervical and one was thoracic. Ten occurred in adults and two in schoolboys. All were males playing Rugby Union and the mean age at injury was 21.6 years (16 to 36). The most common mechanism of injury was hyperflexion of the cervical spine and the players injured most frequently were playing at full back, hooker or on the wing. Most injuries were sustained during the tackle phase of play. Six players felt their injury was preventable. Eight are permanently disabled as a result of their injury.

We developed a questionnaire to assess patient-reported outcome after surgery of the elbow from interviews with patients. Initially, 17 possible items with five response options were included. A prospective study of 104 patients (107 elbow operations) was carried out to analyse the underlying factor structure, dimensionality, internal and test-retest reliability, construct validity and responsiveness of the questionnaire items. This was compared with the Mayo Elbow performance score clinical scale, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, and the Short-Form (SF-36) General Health Survey. In total, five questions were considered inappropriate, which resulted in the final 12-item questionnaire, which has been referred to as the Oxford elbow score. This comprises three unidimensional domains, ‘elbow function’, ‘pain’ and ‘social-psychological’; with each domain comprising four items with good measurement properties.

This new 12-item Oxford elbow score is a valid measure of the outcome of surgery of the elbow.

We reviewed 29 patients who had undergone intercalary resection for malignant tumours. Of these, 14 had received segmental allograft reconstruction and 15 extracorporeally-irradiated autograft.

At a mean follow-up of 71 months (24 to 132), 20 were free from disease, five had died and four were alive with pulmonary metastases. Two patients, one with an allograft and one with an irradiated autograft, had a local recurrence. Reconstruction with extracorporeally-irradiated autograft has a significantly lower rate of nonunion (7% vs 43%, p = 0.031) but an insignificantly higher rate of fracture (20% vs 14%, p = 0.535) than that with segmental allograft. Using the Enneking functional evaluation system, the mean postoperative score for the patients without local recurrence was 87% (80% to 96%) and was similar in both groups.

Extracorporeally-irradiated autograft could be an acceptable alternative for reconstruction after intercalary resection, especially in countries where it is difficult to obtain allografts.

We reviewed 20 patients who had undergone a Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty after resection of a primary or metastatic tumour from the elbow or distal humerus between 1980 and 2002. Eighteen patients underwent reconstruction for palliative treatment with restoration of function after intralesional surgery and two after excision of a primary bone tumour. The mean follow-up was 30 months (1 to 192).

Five patients (25%) were alive at the final follow-up; 14 (70%) had died of their disease and one of unrelated causes. Local control was achieved in 15 patients (75%). The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score improved from 22 (5 to 45) to 75 points (55 to 95). Four reconstructions (20%) failed and required revision. Seven patients (35%) had early complications, the most frequent being nerve injury (25%). There were no infections or wound complications although 18 patients (90%) had radiotherapy, chemotherapy or both.

The Coonrad-Morrey total elbow arthroplasty provides good relief from pain and a good functional outcome after resection of tumours of the elbow. The rates of complications involving local recurrence of tumour (25%) and nerve injury (25%) are of concern.

Between 1990 and 2001, 24 children aged between 15 months and 11 years presented with late orthopaedic sequelae after meningococcal septicaemia. The median time to presentation was 32 months (12 to 119) after the acute phase of the disease. The reasons for referral included angular deformity, limb-length discrepancy, joint contracture and problems with prosthetic fitting. Angular deformity with or without limb-length discrepancy was the most common presentation. Partial growth arrest was the cause of the angular deformity. Multiple growth-plate involvement occurred in 14 children. The lower limbs were affected much more often than the upper. Twenty-three children underwent operations for realignment of the mechanical axis and limb-length equalisation. In 15 patients with angular deformity around the knee the deformity recurred. As a result we recommend performing a realignment procedure with epiphysiodesis of the remaining growth plate when correcting angular deformities.

Disarticulation of the hip in patients with high-grade tumours in the upper thigh results in significant morbidity. In patients with no disease of the proximal soft tissue a femoral stump may be preserved, leaving a fulcrum for movement and weight-bearing. We reviewed nine patients in whom the oncological decision would normally be to disarticulate, but who were treated by implantation of an endoprosthesis in order to create a functioning femoral stump. The surgery was undertaken for chondrosarcoma in four patients, pleomorphic sarcoma in three, osteosarcoma in one and fibrous dysplasia in one. At follow-up at a mean of 80 months (34 to 132), seven patients were alive and free from disease, one had died from lung metastases and another from a myocardial infarction. The mean functional outcome assessment was 50 (musculoskeletal tumor society), 50 and 60 (physical and mental Short-form 36 scores).

Implantation of an endoprosthesis into the stump in carefully selected patients allows fitting of an above-knee prosthesis and improves wellbeing and the functional outcome.

Several techniques have been described to reconstruct a mobile wrist joint after resection of the distal radius for tumour. We reviewed our experience of using an osteo-articular allograft to do this in 17 patients with a mean follow-up of 58.9 months (28 to 119).

The mean range of movement at the wrist was 56° flexion, 58° extension, 84° supination and 80° pronation. The mean ISOLS-MSTS score was 86% (63% to 97%) and the mean patient-rated wrist evaluation score was 16.5 (3 to 34). There was no local recurrence or distant metastases. The procedure failed in one patient with a fracture of the graft and an arthrodesis was finally required. Union was achieved at the host-graft interface in all except two cases. No patient reported more than modest non-disabling pain and six reported no pain at all. Radiographs showed early degenerative changes at the radiocarpal joint in every patient.

A functional pain-free wrist can be restored with an osteo-articular allograft after resection of the distal radius for bone tumour, thereby avoiding the donor site morbidity associated with an autograft. These results may deteriorate with time.

Ulnar nerve function, during and after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the distal humerus with subperiosteal elevation of the nerve, was assessed by intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring. Intermittent recording of the compound muscle action potentials was taken from the hypothenar muscles in 18 neurologically asymptomatic patients.

The mean amplitude of the compound muscle action potential after surgery was 98.1% (sd 17.6; −37% to +25%). The amplitude improved in six patients following surgery. Despite unremarkable recordings one patient had progressive paresis. Motor impairment is unlikely if the compound muscle action potential is continuously preserved and not reduced by more than 40% at the end of surgery. Temporary decreases in amplitude by up to 70% were tolerated without clinical consequences. However, repeated clinical examination is obligatory to recognise and treat early post-operative palsy.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare condition, which is difficult to diagnose. It has not previously been reported following surgery to the cervical spine . We report such a case in a 45-year-old man after cervical disc replacement. A high index of suspicion, with early imaging of the brain and prompt treatment, can produce a favourable outcome, albeit not in this case.

Intraspinal re-implantation after traumatic avulsion of the brachial plexus is a relatively new technique. Three different approaches to the spinal cord have been described to date, namely the posterior scapular, anterolateral interscalenic multilevel oblique corpectomy and the pure lateral. We describe an anatomical study of the pure lateral approach, based on our clinical experience and studies on cadavers.

The integrity of the spinal accessory nerve is fundamental to thoracoscapular function and essential for scapulohumeral rhythm. This nerve is vulnerable along its superficial course. This study assessed the delay in diagnosis and referral for management of damage to this nerve, clarified its anatomical course and function, and documented the results of repair. From examination of our records, 111 patients with lesions of the spinal accessory nerve were treated between 1984 and 2007. In 89 patients (80.2%) the damage was iatropathic. Recognition and referral were seldom made by the surgeon responsible for the injury, leading to a marked delay in instituting treatment. Most referrals were made for painful loss of shoulder function. The clinical diagnosis is straightforward. There is a characteristic downward and lateral displacement of the scapula, with narrowing of the inferior scapulohumeral angle and loss of function, with pain commonly present. In all, 80 nerves were explored and 65 were repaired. The course of the spinal accessory nerve in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle was constant, with branches from the cervical plexus rarely conveying motor fibres. Damage to the nerve was predominantly posterior to this muscle.

Despite the delay, the results of repair were surprising, with early relief of pain, implying a neuropathic source, which preceded generally good recovery of muscle function.

Strains applied to bone can stimulate its development and adaptation. High strains and rates of strain are thought to be osteogenic, but the specific dose response relationship is not known. In vivo human strain measurements have been performed in the tibia to try to identify optimal bone strengthening exercises for this bone, but no measurements have been performed in the distal radial metaphysis, the most frequent site of osteoporotic fractures. Using a strain gauged bone staple, in vivo dorsal metaphyseal radial strains and rates of strain were measured in ten female patients during activities of daily living, standard exercises and falls on extended hands. Push-ups and falling resulted in the largest compression strains (median 1345 to 3146 με, equivalent to a 0.1345% to 0.3146% length change) and falling exercises in the largest strain rates (18 582 to 45 954 με/s). On the basis of their high strain and/or strain rates these or variations of these exercises may be appropriate for distal radial metaphyseal bone strengthening.

We have reviewed 22 patients at a mean of 30 years (28 to 31) after a whiplash injury. A complete recovery had been made in ten (45.5%) while one continued to describe severe symptoms. Persistent disability was associated with psychological distress but both improved in the period between 15 and 30 years after injury. After 30 years, ten patients (45.5%) were more disabled by knee than by neck pain.

We describe the early results of glenoplasty as part of the technique of operative reduction of posterior dislocation of the shoulder in 29 children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The mean age at operation was five years (1 to 18) and they were followed up for a mean of 34 months (12 to 67).

The mean Mallet score increased from 8 (5 to 13) to 12 (8 to 15) at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean passive forward flexion was increased by 18° (p = 0.017) and the mean passive abduction by 24° (p = 0.001). The mean passive lateral rotation also increased by 54° (p < 0.001), but passive medial rotation was reduced by a mean of only 7°. One patient required two further operations. Glenohumeral stability was achieved in all cases.

Between June 2005 and March 2008, 14 patients with a Campanacci grade-3 giant-cell tumour of the distal radius were treated by en bloc resection and reconstruction by ulnar translocation with arthrodesis of the wrist. The mean length of radius resected was 7.9 cm (5.5 to 15). All the patients were followed to bony union and 12 were available at a mean follow-up of 26 months (10 to 49).

The mean time to union was four months (3 to 7) at the ulnocarpal junction and five months (3 to 8) at the ulnoradial junction. All except one patient had an excellent range of pronation and supination. The remaining patient developed a radio-ulnar synostosis. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 26 (87%, range 20 to 28). Three patients had a soft-tissue recurrence, but with no bony involvement. They underwent a further excision and are currently well and free from disease.

Ulnar translocation provides a local vascularised bone graft to reconstruct the defect left after excision of the distal radius for giant cell tumour. It avoids the need for a microvascular procedure while retaining rotation of the forearm and good function of the hand.

The angle of inclination of the acetabular component in total hip replacement is a recognised contributing factor in dislocation and early wear. During non-navigated surgery, insertion of the acetabular component has traditionally been performed at an angle of 45° relative to the sagittal plane as judged by the surgeon’s eye, the operative inclination. Typically, the method used to assess inclination is the measurement made on the postoperative anteroposterior radiograph, the radiological inclination.

The aim of this study was to measure the intra-operative angle of inclination of the acetabular component on 60 consecutive patients in the lateral decubitus position when using a posterior approach during total hip replacement. This was achieved by taking intra-operative photographs of the acetabular inserter, representing the acetabular axis, and a horizontal reference. The results were compared with the post-operative radiological inclination.

The mean post-operative radiological inclination was 13° greater than the photographed operative inclination, which was unexpectedly high. It appears that in the lateral decubitus position with a posterior approach, the uppermost hemipelvis adducts, thus reducing the apparent operative inclination. Surgeons using the posterior approach in lateral decubitus need to aim for a lower operative inclination than when operating with the patient supine in order to achieve an acceptable radiological inclination.