Total knee replacement (TKR) is an operation that can be performed with or without the use of a tourniquet. Meta-analyses of the available Level-1 studies have demonstrated that the use of a tourniquet leads to a significant reduction in blood loss. The opponents for use of a tourniquet cite development of complications such as skin bruising, neurovascular injury, and metabolic disturbance as drawbacks. Although there may certainly be reason for concern in arteriopathic patients, there is little evidence that routine use of a tourniquet during TKR results in any of the above complications. The use of a tourniquet, on the other hand, provides a bloodless field that allows the surgeon to perform the procedure with expediency and optimal visualisation. Blood conservation has gained great importance in recent years due to increased understanding of the problems associated with blood transfusion, such as increased surgical site infection (due to immunomodulation effect), increased length of hospital stay and increased cost. Based on the authors’ understanding of the available evidence, the routine use of a tourniquet during TKR is justified as good surgical practice.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B, Supple A:133–4.

The poor reporting and use of statistical methods in orthopaedic papers has been widely discussed by both clinicians and statisticians. A detailed review of research published in general orthopaedic journals was undertaken to assess the quality of experimental design, statistical analysis and reporting. A representative sample of 100 papers was assessed for compliance to CONSORT and STROBE guidelines and the quality of the statistical reporting was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Overall compliance with CONSORT and STROBE guidelines in our study was 59% and 58% respectively, with very few papers fulfilling all criteria. In 37% of papers patient numbers were inadequately reported; 20% of papers introduced new statistical methods in the ‘results’ section not previously reported in the ‘methods’ section, and 23% of papers reported no measurement of error with the main outcome measure. Taken together, these issues indicate a general lack of statistical rigour and are consistent with similar reviews undertaken in a number of other scientific and clinical research disciplines. It is imperative that the orthopaedic research community strives to improve the quality of reporting; a failure to do so could seriously limit the development of future research.

The June 2014 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: BMP use increasing wound complication rates in trauma surgery; can we predict re-admission in trauma?; humeral bundle nailing; how best to treat high-angle femoral neck fractures?; hyperglycaemia and infection; simultaneous soft-tissue and bony repair in terrible triad injuries; metaphyseal malunion in the forearm leading to function restrictions; delayed fixation of the distal radius: not a bad option; and fasciotomies better with shoelaces

Cubitus varus is the most frequent complication following the treatment of supracondylar humeral fractures in children. We investigated data from publications reporting on the surgical management of cubitus varus found in electronic searches of Ovid/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. In 894 children from 40 included studies, the mean age at initial injury was 5.7 years (3 to 8.6) and 9.8 years (4 to 15.7) at the time of secondary correction. The four osteotomy techniques were classified as lateral closing wedge, dome, complex (multiplanar) and distraction osteogenesis. A mean angular correction of 27.6º (18.5° to 37.0°) was achieved across all classes of osteotomy. The meta-analytical summary estimate for overall rate of good to excellent results was 87.8% (95% CI 84.4 to 91.2). No technique was shown to significantly affect the surgical outcome, and the risk of complications across all osteotomy classes was 14.5% (95% CI 10.6 to 18.5). Nerve palsies occurred in 2.53% of cases (95% CI 1.4 to 3.6), although 78.4% were transient. No one technique was found to be statistically safer or more effective than any other.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:691–700.

In comparing or assessing methods of treatment it is vital that the appropriate number of patients is selected in order to ensure that the conclusions drawn are statistically viable. This annotation describes the relevance of a statistical power analysis in the context of hypothesis testing to the determination of the optimal sample size of a study. The power of the test indicates how likely it is that the test will correctly produce a statistically significant result.

The December 2013 Wrist & Hand Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Scapholunate instability; three-ligament tenodesis; Pronator quadratus; Proximal row carpectomy; FPL dysfunction after volar plate fixation; Locating the thenar branch of the median nerve; Metallosis CMCJ arthroplasties; and timing of flap reconstruction

This study describes the epidemiology and outcome of 637 proximal humeral fractures in 629 elderly (≥ 65 years old) patients. Most were either minimally displaced (n = 278, 44%) or two-part fractures (n = 250, 39%) that predominantly occurred in women (n = 525, 82%) after a simple fall (n = 604, 95%), who lived independently in their own home (n = 560, 88%), and one in ten sustained a concomitant fracture (n = 76, 11.9%). The rate of mortality at one year was 10%, with the only independent predictor of survival being whether the patient lived in their own home (p = 0.025). Many factors associated with the patient’s social independence significantly influenced the age and gender adjusted Constant score one year after the fracture. More than a quarter of the patients had a poor functional outcome, with those patients not living in their own home (p = 0.04), participating in recreational activities (p = 0.01), able to perform their own shopping (p < 0.001), or able to dress themselves (p = 0.02) being at a significantly increased risk of a poor outcome, which was independent of the severity of the fracture (p = 0.001).

A poor functional outcome after a proximal humeral fracture is not independently influenced by age in the elderly, and factors associated with social independence are more predictive of outcome.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:970–7.

The December 2013 Spine Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Just how common is lumbar spinal stenosis?; How much will they bleed?; C5 palsy associated with stenosis; Atlanto-axial dislocations revisited; 3D predictors of progression in scoliosis; No difference in outcomes by surgical approach for fusion; Cervical balance changes after thoracolumbar surgery; and spinal surgeons first in space.

The December 2013 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Re-operation for intertrochanteric hip fractures; Are twin incisions better than one round the acetabulum?; Salvage osteotomy for calcaneal fractures; Posterior dislocation; Should MRSA be covered in open fractures?; Characterising the saline load test; Has it healed: hip fractures under the spotlight; and stem cells present in atrophic non-union.

The December 2013 Shoulder & Elbow Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Platelet-rich plasma; Arthroscopic treatment of sternoclavicular joint osteoarthritis; Synchronous arthrolysis and cuff repair; Arthroscopic arthrolysis; Regional blockade in the beach chair; Recurrent instability; Avoiding iatrogenic nerve injury in elbow arthroscopy; and Complex reconstruction of total elbow revisions

We evaluated the quality of guidelines on thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery by examining how they adhere to validated methodological standards in their development. A structured review was performed for guidelines that were published between January 2005 and April 2013 in medical journals or on the Internet. A pre-defined computerised search was used in MEDLINE, Scopus and Google to identify the guidelines. The AGREE II assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the guidelines in the study.

Seven international and national guidelines were identified. The overall methodological quality of the individual guidelines was good. ‘Scope and Purpose’ (median score 98% interquartile range (IQR)) 86% to 98%) and ‘Clarity of Presentation’ (median score 90%, IQR 90% to 95%) were the two domains that received the highest scores. ‘Applicability’ (median score 68%, IQR 45% to 75%) and ‘Editorial Independence’ (median score 71%, IQR 68% to 75%) had the lowest scores.

These findings reveal that although the overall methodological quality of guidelines on thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery is good, domains within their development, such as ‘Applicability’ and ‘Editorial Independence’, need to be improved. Application of the AGREE II instrument by the authors of guidelines may improve the quality of future guidelines and provide increased focus on aspects of methodology used in their development that are not robust.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:19–23.

We undertook a randomised prospective follow-up study of changes in peri-prosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) after hip resurfacing and compared them with the results after total hip replacement. A total of 59 patients were allocated to receive a hip resurfacing (n = 29) or an uncemented distally fixed total hip replacement (n = 30). The BMD was prospectively determined in four separate regions of interest of the femoral neck and in the calcar region corresponding to Gruen zone 7 for the hip resurfacing group and compared only to the calcar region in the total hip replacement group. Standardised measurements were performed pre-operatively and after three, six and 12 months. The groups were well matched in terms of gender distribution and mean age.

The mean BMD in the calcar region increased after one year to 105.2% of baseline levels in the resurfaced group compared with a significant decrease to 82.1% in the total hip replacement group (p < 0.001) by 12 months. For the resurfaced group, there was a decrease in bone density in all four regions of the femoral neck at three months which did not reach statistical significance and was followed by recovery to baseline levels after 12 months.

Hip resurfacing did indeed preserve BMD in the inferior femoral neck. In contrast, a decrease in the mean BMD in Gruen zone 7 followed uncemented distally fixed total hip replacement. Long term follow-up studies are necessary to see whether this benefit in preservation of BMD will be clinically relevant at future revision surgery.

The December 2013 Knee Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: Conflict of interest and hyaluronic acid; Will time indeed tell in microfracture?; Contralateral knee pain and joint replacement outcomes; Patient satisfaction and knee replacement?; Hope in the cytokines for painful TKRs?; Pain severity, cytokines and osteoarthritis?; Quadriceps weakness and pain; and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee

We investigated the detailed anatomy of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and their neurovascular supply in 22 hips in 11 embalmed adult Caucasian human cadavers. This led to the development of a surgical technique for an extended posterior approach to the hip and pelvis that exposes the supra-acetabular ilium and preserves the glutei during revision hip surgery. Proximal to distal mobilisation of the gluteus medius from the posterior gluteal line permits exposure and mobilisation of the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle between the sciatic notch and the entrance to the gluteus medius, enabling a wider exposure of the supra-acetabular ilium. This technique was subsequently used in nine patients undergoing revision total hip replacement involving the reconstruction of nine Paprosky 3B acetabular defects, five of which had pelvic discontinuity. Intra-operative electromyography showed that the innervation of the gluteal muscles was not affected by surgery. Clinical follow-up demonstrated good hip abduction function in all patients. These results were compared with those of a matched cohort treated through a Kocher–Langenbeck approach. Our modified approach maximises the exposure of the ilium above the sciatic notch while protecting the gluteal muscles and their neurovascular bundle.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:48–53.

The February 2014 Trauma Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: predicting nonunion; compartment Syndrome; octogenarian RTCs; does HIV status affect decision making in open tibial fractures?; flap timing and related complications; proximal humeral fractures under the spotlight; restoration of hip architecture with bipolar hemiarthroplasty in the elderly; and short versus long cephalomedullary nails for the treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures in patients over 65 years.

Our aim was to compare polylevolactic acid screws with titanium screws when used for fixation of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis at mid-term follow-up. A total of 168 patients, with a mean age of 38.5 years (18 to 72) who were randomly allocated to receive either polylevolactic acid (n = 86) or metallic (n = 82) screws were included. The Baird scoring system was used to assess the overall satisfaction and functional recovery post-operatively. The demographic details and characteristics of the injury were similar in the two groups. The mean follow-up was 55.8 months (48 to 66). The Baird scores were similar in the two groups at the final follow-up. Patients in the polylevolactic acid group had a greater mean dorsiflexion (p = 0.011) and plantar-flexion of the injured ankles (p < 0.001). In the same group, 18 patients had a mild and eight patients had a moderate foreign body reaction. In the metallic groups eight had mild and none had a moderate foreign body reaction (p <  0.001). In total, three patients in the polylevolactic acid group and none in the metallic group had heterotopic ossification (p = 0.246).

We conclude that both screws provide adequate fixation and functional recovery, but polylevolactic acid screws are associated with a higher incidence of foreign body reactions.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:548–54.

We report on gender-specific reference intervals of the alpha angle and its association with other qualitative cam-type findings in femoroacetabular impingement at the hip, according to a population-based cohort of 2038 19-year-olds, 1186 of which were women (58%). The alpha angle was measured on standardised frog-leg lateral and anteroposterior (AP) views using digital measurement software, and qualitative cam-type findings were assessed subjectively on both views by independent observers. In all, 2005 participants (837 men, 1168 women, mean age 18.6 years (17.2 to 20.1) were included in the analysis. For the frog-leg view, the mean alpha angle (right hip) was 47° (26 to 79) in men and 42° (29 to 76) in women, with 97.5 percentiles of 68° and 56°, respectively. For the AP view, the mean values were 62° (40 to 105) and 52° (36 to 103) for men and women, respectively, with 97.5 percentiles of 93° and 94°. Associations between higher alpha angles and all qualitative cam-type findings were seen for both genders on both views. The reference intervals presented for the alpha angle in this cross-sectional study are wide, especially for the AP view, with higher mean values for men than women on both views.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:449–54.