Aims. Paediatric triplane fractures and adult trimalleolar ankle fractures both arise from a supination external rotation injury. By relating the experience of adult to paediatric fractures, clarification has been sought on the sequence of injury, ligament involvement, and fracture pattern of triplane fractures. This study explores the similarities between triplane and trimalleolar fractures for each stage of the Lauge-Hansen classification, with the aim of aiding reduction and fixation techniques. Methods.
Triplane ankle fractures are complex injuries typically occurring in children aged between 12 and 15 years. Classic teaching that closure of the physis dictates the overall fracture pattern, based on studies in the 1960s, has not been challenged. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether these injuries correlate with the advancing closure of the physis with age. A fracture mapping study was performed in 83 paediatric patients with a triplane ankle fracture treated in three trauma centres between January 2010 and June 2020. Patients aged younger than 18 years who had CT scans available were included. An independent Paediatric Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeon assessed all CT scans and classified the injuries as n-part triplane fractures. Qualitative analysis of the fracture pattern was performed using the modified Cole fracture mapping technique. The maps were assessed for both patterns and correlation with the closing of the physis until consensus was reached by a panel of six surgeons.Aims
Methods
There is no consensus regarding optimum timing and frequency of ultrasound (US) for monitoring response to Pavlik harness (PH) treatment in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The purpose of our study was to determine if a limited-frequency hip US assessment had an adverse effect on treatment outcomes compared to traditional comprehensive US monitoring. This study was a single-centre noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Infants aged under six months whose hips were reduced and centred in the harness at initiation of treatment (stable dysplastic or subluxable), or initially decentred (subluxated or dislocated) but reduced and centred within four weeks of PH treatment, were randomized to our current standard US monitoring protocol (every clinic visit) or to a limited-frequency US protocol (US only at end of treatment). Groups were compared based on α angle and femoral head coverage at the end of PH treatment, acetabular indices, and International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) grade on one-year follow-up radiographs.Aims
Methods
Aims. Osteonecrosis (ON) can cause considerable morbidity in young people who undergo treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The aims of this study were to determine the operations undertaken for ON in this population in the UK, along with the timing of these operations and any sequential procedures that are used in different joints. We also explored the outcomes of those patients treated by core decompression (CD), and compared this with conservative management, in both the pre- or post-collapse stages of ON. Methods. UK treatment centres were contacted to obtain details regarding surgical interventions and long-term outcomes for patients who were treated for ALL and who developed ON in UKALL 2003 (the national leukaemia study which recruited patients aged 1 to 24 years at diagnosis of ALL between 2003 and 2011).
Though the pathogenesis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) is unknown, repetitive microtrauma resulting in deformity has been postulated. The purpose of this study is to trial a novel upright MRI scanner, to determine whether any deformation occurs in femoral heads affected by LCPD with weightbearing. Children affected by LCPD were recruited for analysis. Children received both standing weightbearing and supine scans in the MROpen upright MRI scanner, for coronal T1 GFE sequences, both hips in field of view. Parameters of femoral head height, width, and lateral extrusion of affected and unaffected hips were assessed by two independent raters, repeated at a one month interval. Inter- and intraclass correlation coefficients were determined. Standing and supine measurements were compared for each femoral head.Aims
Methods
The aim of this study was to assess whether supine flexibility predicts the likelihood of curve progression in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) undergoing brace treatment. This was a retrospective analysis of patients with AIS prescribed with an underarm brace between September 2008 to April 2013 and followed up until 18 years of age or required surgery. Patients with structural proximal curves that preclude underarm bracing, those who were lost to follow-up, and those who had poor compliance to bracing (<16 hours a day) were excluded. The major curve Cobb angle, curve type, and location were measured on the pre-brace standing posteroanterior (PA) radiograph, supine whole spine radiograph, initial in-brace standing PA radiograph, and the post-brace weaning standing PA radiograph. Validation of the previous in-brace Cobb angle regression model was performed. The outcome of curve progression post-bracing was tested using a logistic regression model. The supine flexibility cut-off for curve progression was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curve.Aims
Methods
The significance of the ‘clicky hip’ in neonatal and infant examination
remains controversial with recent conflicting papers reigniting
the debate. We aimed to quantify rates of developmental dysplasia
of the hip (DDH) in babies referred with ‘clicky hips’ to our dedicated
DDH clinic. A three-year prospective cohort study was undertaken between
2014 and 2016 assessing the diagnosis and treatment outcomes of
all children referred specifically with ‘clicky hips’ as the primary
reason for referral to our dedicated DDH clinic. Depending on their
age, they were all imaged with either ultrasound scan or radiographs.Aims
Patients and Methods
This pilot study aimed to evaluate prospectively the use of inlet
radiographs of the hip as an alternative method of the assessment
of reduction after the surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia
of the hip (DDH). The children in this study underwent surgery between January
2013 and January 2015. All had inlet radiographs and CT scans post-operatively.
Data were analysed by determining inter-observer reliability and
intra-observer reproducibility, using the kappa value (K). Differences
were settled by discussion between the two observers until a consensus
was reached. The sensitivity and specificity of the radiographic
and CT results were compared. A total of 26 radiographs were obtained
from 23 children, with a mean age of 2.38 years (one to five).Aims
Patients and Methods
Our aim was to describe the mid-term appearances of the repair
process of the Achilles tendon after tenotomy in children with a
clubfoot treated using the Ponseti method. A total of 15 children (ten boys, five girls) with idiopathic
clubfoot were evaluated at a mean of 6.8 years (5.4 to 8.1) after
complete percutaneous division of the Achilles tendon. The contour
and subjective thickness of the tendon were recorded, and superficial
defects and its strength were assessed clinically. The echogenicity,
texture, thickness, peritendinous irregularities and potential for
deformation of the tendon were evaluated by ultrasonography.Aims
Patients and Methods
We report the use of the distal radius and ulna (DRU) classification
for the prediction of peak growth (PG) and growth cessation (GC)
in 777 patients with idiopathic scoliosis. We compare this classification
with other commonly used parameters of maturity. The following data were extracted from the patients’ records
and radiographs: chronological age, body height (BH), arm span (AS),
date of menarche, Risser sign, DRU grade and status of the phalangeal
and metacarpal physes. The mean rates of growth were recorded according
to each parameter of maturity. PG was defined as the summit of the curve
and GC as the plateau in deceleration of growth. The rates of growth
at PG and GC were used for analysis using receiver operating characteristic
(ROC) curves to determine the strength and cutoff values of the
parameters of growth.Aims
Patients and Methods
A delay in the diagnosis of paediatric acute
and subacute haematogenous osteomyelitis can lead to potentially devastating
morbidity. There are no definitive guidelines for diagnosis, and
recommendations in the literature are generally based on expert
opinions, case series and cohort studies. All articles in the English literature on paediatric osteomyelitis
were searched using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, the
Cochrane Library and reference lists. A total of 1854 papers were
identified, 132 of which were examined in detail. All aspects of
osteomyelitis were investigated in order to formulate recommendations. On admission 40% of children are afebrile. The tibia and femur
are the most commonly affected long bones. Clinical examination,
blood and radiological tests are only reliable for diagnosis in
combination. Most studies were retrospective and there is a need for large,
multicentre, randomised, controlled trials to define protocols for
diagnosis and treatment. Meanwhile, evidence-based algorithms are
suggested for accurate and early diagnosis and effective treatment.
There is much debate about the nature and extent of deformities in the proximal femur in children with cerebral palsy. Most authorities accept that increased femoral anteversion is common, but its incidence, severity and clinical significance are less clear. Coxa valga is more controversial and many authorities state that it is a radiological artefact rather than a true deformity. We measured femoral anteversion clinically and the neck-shaft angle radiologically in 292 children with cerebral palsy. This represented 78% of a large, population-based cohort of children with cerebral palsy which included all motor types, topographical distributions and functional levels as determined by the gross motor function classification system. The mean femoral neck anteversion was 36.5° (11° to 67.5°) and the mean neck-shaft angle 147.5° (130° to 178°). These were both increased compared with values in normally developing children. The mean femoral neck anteversion was 30.4° (11° to 50°) at gross motor function classification system level I, 35.5° (8° to 65°) at level II and then plateaued at approximately 40.0° (25° to 67.5°) at levels III, IV and V. The mean neck-shaft angle increased in a step-wise manner from 135.9° (130° to 145°) at gross motor function classification system level I to 163.0° (151° to 178°) at level V. The migration percentage increased in a similar pattern and was closely related to femoral deformity. Based on these findings we believe that displacement of the hip in patients with cerebral palsy can be explained mainly by the abnormal shape of the proximal femur, as a result of delayed walking, limited walking or inability to walk. This has clinical implications for the management of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy.
Panton-Valentine leukocidin secreted by The Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin not only destroys host neutrophils, immunocompromising the patient, but also increases the risk of intravascular coagulopathy. This combination leads to widespread involvement of bone with glutinous pus which is difficult to drain, and makes the delivery of antibiotics and eradication of infection very difficult without surgical intervention.
