It has been established that mechanical stimulation benefits tendon-bone (T-B) healing, and macrophage phenotype can be regulated by mechanical cues; moreover, the interaction between macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plays a fundamental role in tissue repair. This study aimed to investigate the role of macrophage-mediated MSC chondrogenesis in load-induced T-B healing in depth. C57BL/6 mice rotator cuff (RC) repair model was established to explore the effects of mechanical stimulation on macrophage polarization, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 generation, and MSC chondrogenesis within T-B enthesis by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Macrophage depletion was performed by clodronate liposomes, and T-B healing quality was evaluated by histology and biomechanics. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stretched with CELLOAD-300 load system and macrophage polarization was identified by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MSC chondrogenic differentiation was measured by histochemical analysis and qRT-PCR. ELISA and qRT-PCR were performed to screen the candidate molecules that mediated the pro-chondrogenic function of mechanical stimulated BMDMs.Aims
Methods
The use of 3D printing has become increasingly popular and has been widely used in orthopaedic surgery. There has been a trend towards an increasing number of publications in this field, but existing literature incorporates limited high-quality studies, and there is a lack of reports on outcomes. The aim of this study was to perform a scoping review with Level I evidence on the application and effectiveness of 3D printing. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The keywords used for the search criteria were ((3d print*) OR (rapid prototyp*) OR (additive manufactur*)) AND (orthopaedic). The inclusion criteria were: 1) use of 3D printing in orthopaedics, 2) randomized controlled trials, and 3) studies with participants/patients. Risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane Collaboration Tool and PEDro Score. Pooled analysis was performed.Aims
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