Aims. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) involves a variety of tissues in the joint. Gene expression profiles in different tissues are of great importance in order to understand OA. Methods. First, we obtained gene expression profiles of cartilage, synovium, subchondral bone, and meniscus from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Several datasets were standardized by merging and removing batch effects. Then, we used unsupervised clustering to divide OA into three subtypes. The gene ontology and pathway enrichment of three subtypes were analyzed. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in different subtypes. Finally, OA-related genes were obtained from the Molecular Signatures Database for validation, and diagnostic markers were screened according to clinical characteristics. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to verify the effectiveness of markers. Results. C1 subtype is mainly concentrated in the development of skeletal muscle organs, C2 lies in metabolic process and immune response, and C3 in pyroptosis and cell death process. Therefore, we divided OA into three subtypes: bone remodelling subtype (C1), immune metabolism subtype (C2), and cartilage degradation subtype (C3). The number of macrophage M0 and activated mast cells of C2 subtype was significantly higher than those of the other two subtypes. COL2A1 has significant differences in different subtypes. The expression of COL2A1 is related to age, and trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2 is related to the sex of OA patients. Conclusion. This study linked different tissues with gene expression profiles, revealing different molecular subtypes of patients with knee OA. The relationship between clinical characteristics and OA-related genes was also studied, which provides a new concept for the diagnosis and treatment of OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(12):702–711

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate time-dependent gene expression of injured human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and to evaluate the histological changes of the ACL remnant in terms of cellular characterisation. Methods. Injured human ACL tissues were harvested from 105 patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction and divided into four phases based on the period from injury to surgery. Phase I was < three weeks, phase II was three to eight weeks, phase III was eight to 20 weeks, and phase IV was ≥ 21 weeks. Gene expressions of these tissues were analysed in each phase by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using selected markers (collagen types 1 and 3, biglycan, decorin, α-smooth muscle actin, IL-6, TGF-β1, MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1). Immunohistochemical staining was also performed using primary antibodies against CD68, CD55, Stat3 and phosphorylated-Stat3 (P-Stat3). . Results. Expression of IL-6 was mainly seen in phases I, II and III, collagen type 1 in phase II, MMP-1, 2 in phase III, and decorin, TGF-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin in phase IV. Histologically, degradation and scar formation were seen in the ACL remnant after phase III. The numbers of CD55 and P-Stat3 positive cells were elevated from phase II to phase III. . Conclusions. Elevated cell numbers including P-Stat3 positive cells were not related to collagens but to MMPs’ expressions

Objectives. The molecular mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains elusive. We conducted a protein-protein interaction network-based integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene expression profiles of RA. Methods. We first performed a dense search of RA-associated gene modules by integrating a large GWAS meta-analysis dataset (containing 5539 RA patients and 20 169 healthy controls), protein interaction network and gene expression profiles of RA synovium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted by DAVID. The protein association networks of gene modules were generated by STRING. Results. For RA synovium, the top-ranked gene module is HLA-A, containing TAP2, HLA-A, HLA-C, TAPBP and LILRB1 genes. For RA PBMCs, the top-ranked gene module is GRB7, consisting of HLA-DRB5, HLA-DRA, GRB7, CD63 and KIT genes. Functional enrichment analysis identified three significant GO terms for RA synovium, including antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I (false discovery rate (FDR) = 4.86 × 10 – 4), antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen (FDR = 2.33 × 10 – 3) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex (FDR = 2.52 × 10 – 2). Conclusion. This study reported several RA-associated gene modules and their functional association networks. Cite this article: X. Xiao, J. Hao, Y. Wen, W. Wang, X. Guo, F. Zhang. Genome-wide association studies and gene expression profiles of rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:314–319. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.57.2000502

Aims. Impaired fracture repair in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to characterize the local changes in gene expression (GE) associated with diabetic fracture. We used an unbiased approach to compare GE in the fracture callus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats relative to wild-type (WT) littermates at three weeks following femoral osteotomy. Methods. Zucker rats, WT and homozygous for leptin receptor mutation (ZDF), were fed a moderately high-fat diet to induce T2DM only in the ZDF animals. At ten weeks of age, open femoral fractures were simulated using a unilateral osteotomy stabilized with an external fixator. At three weeks post-surgery, the fractured femur from each animal was retrieved for analysis. Callus formation and the extent of healing were assessed by radiograph and histology. Bone tissue was processed for total RNA extraction and messenger RNA (mRNA) sequencing (mRNA-Seq). Results. Radiographs and histology demonstrated impaired fracture healing in ZDF rats with incomplete bony bridge formation and an influx of intramedullary inflammatory tissue. In comparison, near-complete bridging between cortices was observed in Sham WT animals. Of 13,160 genes, mRNA-Seq analysis identified 13 that were differentially expressed in ZDF rat callus, using a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of 10%. Seven genes were upregulated with high confidence (FDR = 0.05) in ZDF fracture callus, most with known roles in inflammation. Conclusion. These findings suggest that elevated or prolonged inflammation contributes to delayed fracture healing in T2DM. The identified genes may be used as biomarkers to monitor and treat delayed fracture healing in diabetic patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(10):657–666

Aims. Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) is protective following cardiac myocyte ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, however the role of GIK in protecting skeletal muscle from IR injury has not been evaluated. Given the similar mechanisms by which cardiac and skeletal muscle sustain an IR injury, we hypothesized that GIK would similarly protect skeletal muscle viability. Methods. A total of 20 C57BL/6 male mice (10 control, 10 GIK) sustained a hindlimb IR injury using a 2.5-hour rubber band tourniquet. Immediately prior to tourniquet placement, a subcutaneous osmotic pump was placed which infused control mice with saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and treated mice with GIK (40% glucose, 50 U/l insulin, 80 mEq/L KCl, pH 4.5) at a rate of 16 µl/hr for 26.5 hours. At 24 hours following tourniquet removal, bilateral (tourniqueted and non-tourniqueted) gastrocnemius muscles were triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained to quantify percentage muscle viability. Bilateral peroneal muscles were used for gene expression analysis, serum creatinine and creatine kinase activity were measured, and a validated murine ethogram was used to quantify pain before euthanasia. Results. GIK treatment resulted in a significant protection of skeletal muscle with increased viability (GIK 22.07% (SD 15.48%)) compared to saline control (control 3.14% (SD 3.29%)) (p = 0.005). Additionally, GIK led to a statistically significant reduction in gene expression markers of cell death (CASP3, p < 0.001) and inflammation (NOS2, p < 0.001; IGF1, p = 0.007; IL-1β, p = 0.002; TNFα, p = 0.012), and a significant reduction in serum creatine kinase (p = 0.004) and creatinine (p < 0.001). GIK led to a significant reduction in IR-related pain (p = 0.030). Conclusion. Systemic GIK infusion during and after limb ischaemia protects murine skeletal muscle from cell death, kidneys from reperfusion metabolites, and reduces pain by reducing post-ischaemic inflammation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(3):212–218

Objectives

Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) on the expression of genes involved in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in culture were analysed. The best sequence of growth factor addition that induces expansion of cells before their differentiation was sought.

Objectives. Adult mice lacking the transcription factor NFAT1 exhibit osteoarthritis (OA). The precise molecular mechanism for NFAT1 deficiency-induced osteoarthritic cartilage degradation remains to be clarified. This study aimed to investigate if NFAT1 protects articular cartilage (AC) against OA by directly regulating the transcription of specific catabolic and anabolic genes in articular chondrocytes. Methods. Through a combined approach of gene expression analysis and web-based searching of NFAT1 binding sequences, 25 candidate target genes that displayed aberrant expression in Nfat1. -/-. AC at the initiation stage of OA, and possessed at least four NFAT1 binding sites in the promoter of each gene, were selected and tested for NFAT1 transcriptional activities by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and promoter luciferase reporter assays using chondrocytes isolated from the AC of three- to four-month-old wild-type mice or Nfat1. -/-. mice with early OA phenotype. Results. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that NFAT1 bound directly to the promoter of 21 of the 25 tested genes encoding cartilage-matrix proteins, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, matrix-degrading proteinases, and specific transcription factors. Promoter luciferase reporter assays of representative anabolic and catabolic genes demonstrated that NFAT1-DNA binding functionally regulated the luciferase activity of specific target genes in wild-type chondrocytes, but not in Nfat1. -/-. chondrocytes or in wild-type chondrocytes transfected with plasmids containing mutated NFAT1 binding sequences. Conclusion. NFAT1 protects AC against degradation by directly regulating the transcription of target genes in articular chondrocytes. NFAT1 deficiency causes defective transcription of specific anabolic and catabolic genes in articular chondrocytes, leading to increased matrix catabolism and osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. Cite this article: M. Zhang, Q. Lu, T. Budden, J. Wang. NFAT1 protects articular cartilage against osteoarthritic degradation by directly regulating transcription of specific anabolic and catabolic genes. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:90–100. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.82.BJR-2018-0114.R1

Objectives. The aim of this study was to identify key pathological genes in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. We searched and downloaded mRNA expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of joint synovial tissues from OA and normal individuals. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were used to assess the function of identified DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and transcriptional factors (TFs) regulatory network were used to further explore the function of identified DEGs. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to validate the result of bioinformatics analysis. Electronic validation was performed to verify the expression of selected DEGs. The diagnosis value of identified DEGs was accessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results. A total of 1085 DEGs were identified. KEGG pathway analysis displayed that Wnt was a significantly enriched signalling pathway. Some hub genes with high interactions such as USP46, CPVL, FKBP5, FOSL2, GADD45B, PTGS1, and ZNF423 were identified in the PPI and TFs network. The results of qRT-PCR showed that GADD45B, ADAMTS1, and TFAM were down-regulated in joint synovial tissues of OA, which was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. The expression levels of USP46, CPVL, FOSL2, and PTGS1 in electronic validation were compatible with the bio-informatics result. CPVL and TFAM had a potential diagnostic value for OA based on the ROC analysis. Conclusion. The deregulated genes including USP46, CPVL, FKBP5, FOSL2, GADD45B, PTGS1, ZNF423, ADAMTS1, and TFAM might be involved in the pathology of OA. Cite this article: X. Zhang, Y. Bu, B. Zhu, Q. Zhao, Z. Lv, B. Li, J. Liu. Global transcriptome analysis to identify critical genes involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:298–307. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2017-0245.R1

Aims. The present study investigated receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) gene expressions in giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) patients in relationship with tumour recurrence. We also aimed to investigate the influence of CpG methylation on the transcriptional levels of RANKL and OPG. Methods. A total of 32 GCTB tissue samples were analyzed, and the expression of RANKL, OPG, and RUNX2 was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The methylation status of RANKL and OPG was also evaluated by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP). Results. We found that RANKL and RUNX2 gene expression was upregulated more in recurrent than in non-recurrent GCTB tissues, while OPG gene expression was downregulated more in recurrent than in non-recurrent GCTB tissues. Additionally, we proved that changes in DNA methylation contribute to upregulating the expression of RANKL and downregulating the expression of OPG, which are critical for bone homeostasis and GCTB development. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the overexpression of RANKL/RUNX2 and the lower expression of OPG are associated with recurrence in GCTB patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(2):84–91

Aims. Degenerative cervical spondylosis (DCS) is a common musculoskeletal disease that encompasses a wide range of progressive degenerative changes and affects all components of the cervical spine. DCS imposes very large social and economic burdens. However, its genetic basis remains elusive. Methods. Predicted whole-blood and skeletal muscle gene expression and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from a DCS database were integrated, and functional summary-based imputation (FUSION) software was used on the integrated data. A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) was conducted using FUSION software to assess the association between predicted gene expression and DCS risk. The TWAS-identified genes were verified via comparison with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in DCS RNA expression profiles in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (Accession Number: GSE153761). The Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA) tool for genome-wide association studies and Meta tools were used for gene functional enrichment and annotation analysis. Results. The TWAS detected 420 DCS genes with p < 0.05 in skeletal muscle, such as ribosomal protein S15A (RPS15A) (PTWAS = 0.001), and 110 genes in whole blood, such as selectin L (SELL) (PTWAS = 0.001). Comparison with the DCS RNA expression profile identified 12 common genes, including Apelin Receptor (APLNR) (PTWAS = 0.001, PDEG = 0.025). In total, 148 DCS-enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms were identified, such as mast cell degranulation (GO:0043303); 15 DCS-enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were identified, such as the sphingolipid signalling pathway (ko04071). Nine terms, such as degradation of the extracellular matrix (R-HSA-1474228), were common to the TWAS enrichment results and the RNA expression profile. Conclusion. Our results identify putative susceptibility genes; these findings provide new ideas for exploration of the genetic mechanism of DCS development and new targets for preclinical intervention and clinical treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(1):80–90

Aims. To test the hypothesis that reseeded anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-derived cells have a better ability to survive and integrate into tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) and accelerate the ligamentization process, compared to adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Methods. Acellularized tibialis allograft tendons were used. Tendons were randomly reseeded with ACL-derived cells or ADMSCs. ACL-derived cells were harvested and isolated from remnants of ruptured ACLs during reconstruction surgery and cultured at passage three. Cell suspensions (200 µl) containing 2 × 10. 6. ACL-derived cells or ADMSCs were prepared for the purpose of reseeding. At days 1, 3, and 7 post-reseeding, graft composites were assessed for repopulation with histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Matrix protein contents and gene expression levels were analyzed. Results. In the graft reseeded with ACL-derived cells, a large number of elongated cells that integrated into the matrix were evident at day 3 and day 7. However, in the graft reseeded with ADMSCs, only a small number of elongated cells were found integrated into the matrix. Immunofluorescence for Ki-67 and type I collagen confirmed the pronounced production of type I collagen by Ki-67-positive ACL-derived cells integrated into the ECM. A messenger RNA (mRNA) expression assay demonstrated significantly higher gene expression levels of types I (p = 0.013) and III (p = 0.050) collagen in the composites reseeded with ACL-derived cells than ADMSCs. Conclusion. ACL-derived cells, when reseeded to acellularized tendon graft, demonstrated earlier better survival and integration in the tendon ECM and resulted in higher gene expression levels of collagen, which may be essential to the normal ligamentization process compared to ADMSCs. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(11):777–786

Aims. This study aimed, through bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiment validation, to identify the key extracellular proteins of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Methods. The gene expression profile of GSE23130 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Extracellular protein-differentially expressed genes (EP-DEGs) were screened by protein annotation databases, and we used Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to analyze the functions and pathways of EP-DEGs. STRING and Cytoscape were used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and identify hub EP-DEGs. NetworkAnalyst was used to analyze transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate hub EP-DEGs. A search of the Drug Signatures Database (DSigDB) for hub EP-DEGs revealed multiple drug molecules and drug-target interactions. Results. A total of 56 EP-DEGs were identified in the differential expression analysis. EP-DEGs were enriched in the extracellular structure organization, ageing, collagen-activated signalling pathway, PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signalling pathway. PPI network analysis showed that the top ten hub EP-DEGs are closely related to IDD. Correlation analysis also demonstrated a significant correlation between the ten hub EP-DEGs (p＜0.05), which were selected to construct TF–gene interaction and TF–miRNA coregulatory networks. In addition, ten candidate drugs were screened for the treatment of IDD. Conclusion. The findings clarify the roles of extracellular proteins in IDD and highlight their potential as promising novel therapeutic targets. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(9):522–535

Aims. This study explored the shared genetic traits and molecular interactions between postmenopausal osteoporosis (POMP) and sarcopenia, both of which substantially degrade elderly health and quality of life. We hypothesized that these motor system diseases overlap in pathophysiology and regulatory mechanisms. Methods. We analyzed microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), machine learning, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis to identify common genetic factors between POMP and sarcopenia. Further validation was done via differential gene expression in a new cohort. Single-cell analysis identified high expression cell subsets, with mononuclear macrophages in osteoporosis and muscle stem cells in sarcopenia, among others. A competitive endogenous RNA network suggested regulatory elements for these genes. Results. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was notably expressed in both conditions. Single-cell analysis pinpointed specific cells with high STAT3 expression, and microRNA (miRNA)-125a-5p emerged as a potential regulator. Experiments confirmed the crucial role of STAT3 in osteoclast differentiation and muscle proliferation. Conclusion. STAT3 has emerged as a key gene in both POMP and sarcopenia. This insight positions STAT3 as a potential common therapeutic target, possibly improving management strategies for these age-related diseases. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(8):411–426

Aims. Transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases in all organ systems. Despite its importance, NF-κB targeted drug therapy to mitigate chronic inflammation has had limited success in preclinical studies. We hypothesized that sex differences affect the response to NF-κB treatment during chronic inflammation in bone. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) during chronic inflammation in male and female mice. Methods. We used a murine model of chronic inflammation induced by continuous intramedullary delivery of lipopolysaccharide-contaminated polyethylene particles (cPE) using an osmotic pump. Specimens were evaluated using micro-CT and histomorphometric analyses. Sex-specific osteogenic and osteoclastic differentiation potentials were also investigated in vitro, including alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, and gene expression using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. Local delivery of NF-κB decoy ODN in vivo increased osteogenesis in males, but not females, in the presence of chronic inflammation induced by cPE. Bone resorption activity was decreased in both sexes. In vitro osteogenic and osteoclastic differentiation assays during inflammatory conditions did not reveal differences among the groups. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Β ligand (Rankl) gene expression by osteoblasts was significantly decreased only in males when treated with ODN. Conclusion. We demonstrated that NF-κB decoy ODN increased osteogenesis in male mice and decreased bone resorption activity in both sexes in preclinical models of chronic inflammation. NF-κB signalling could be a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases involving bone, especially in males. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(1):28–39

Aims. This study aimed to explore the biological and clinical importance of dysregulated key genes in osteoarthritis (OA) patients at the cartilage level to find potential biomarkers and targets for diagnosing and treating OA. Methods. Six sets of gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differential expression analysis, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and multiple machine-learning algorithms were used to screen crucial genes in osteoarthritic cartilage, and genome enrichment and functional annotation analyses were used to decipher the related categories of gene function. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was performed to analyze immune cell infiltration. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship among the hub genes and immune cells, as well as markers related to articular cartilage degradation and bone mineralization. Results. A total of 46 genes were obtained from the intersection of significantly upregulated genes in osteoarthritic cartilage and the key module genes screened by WGCNA. Functional annotation analysis revealed that these genes were closely related to pathological responses associated with OA, such as inflammation and immunity. Four key dysregulated genes (cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1), iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2), angiopoietin-related protein 2 (ANGPTL2), and MAGE family member D1 (MAGED1)) were identified after using machine-learning algorithms. These genes had high diagnostic value in both the training cohort and external validation cohort (receiver operating characteristic > 0.8). The upregulated expression of these hub genes in osteoarthritic cartilage signified higher levels of immune infiltration as well as the expression of metalloproteinases and mineralization markers, suggesting harmful biological alterations and indicating that these hub genes play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. A competing endogenous RNA network was constructed to reveal the underlying post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Conclusion. The current study explores and validates a dysregulated key gene set in osteoarthritic cartilage that is capable of accurately diagnosing OA and characterizing the biological alterations in osteoarthritic cartilage; this may become a promising indicator in clinical decision-making. This study indicates that dysregulated key genes play an important role in the development and progression of OA, and may be potential therapeutic targets. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(2):66–82

Aims. This study aimed, through bioinformatics analysis, to identify the potential diagnostic markers of osteoarthritis, and analyze the role of immune infiltration in synovial tissue. Methods. The gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R software. Functional enrichment analyses were performed and protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) were constructed. Then the hub genes were screened. Biomarkers with high value for the diagnosis of early osteoarthritis (OA) were validated by GEO datasets. Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to evaluate the immune infiltration between early-stage OA and end-stage OA, and the correlation between the diagnostic marker and infiltrating immune cells was analyzed. Results. A total of 88 DEGs were identified. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that DEGs were significantly enriched in leucocyte migration and interleukin (IL)-17 signalling pathways. Disease ontology (DO) indicated that DEGs were mostly enriched in rheumatoid arthritis. Six hub genes including FosB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FOSB); C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2); CXCL8; IL-6; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JUN); and Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) were identified and verified by GEO datasets. ATF3 (area under the curve = 0.975) turned out to be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of early OA. Several infiltrating immune cells varied significantly between early-stage OA and end-stage OA, such as resting NK cells (p = 0.016), resting dendritic cells (p = 0.043), and plasma cells (p = 0.043). Additionally, ATF3 was significantly correlated with resting NK cells (p = 0.034), resting dendritic cells (p = 0.026), and regulatory T cells (Tregs, p = 0.018). Conclusion. ATF3 may be a potential diagnostic marker for early diagnosis and treatment of OA, and immune cell infiltration provides new perspectives for understanding the mechanism during OA progression. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(9):679–689

Objectives. Re-rupture is common after primary flexor tendon repair. Characterization of the biological changes in the ruptured tendon stumps would be helpful, not only to understand the biological responses to the failed tendon repair, but also to investigate if the tendon stumps could be used as a recycling biomaterial for tendon regeneration in the secondary grafting surgery. Methods. A canine flexor tendon repair and failure model was used. Following six weeks of repair failure, the tendon stumps were analyzed and characterized as isolated tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs). Results. Failed-repair stump tissue showed cellular accumulation of crumpled and disoriented collagen fibres. Compared with normal tendon, stump tissue had significantly higher gene expression of collagens I and III, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The stump TDSCs presented both mesenchymal stem and haematopoietic cell markers with significantly increased expression of CD34, CD44, and CD90 markers. Stump TDSCs exhibited similar migration but a lower proliferation rate, as well as similar osteogenic differentiation but a lower chondrogenic/adipogenic differentiation capability, compared with normal TDSCs. Stump TDSCs also showed increasing levels of SRY-box 2 (Sox2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), tenomodulin (TNMD), and scleraxis (Scx) protein and gene expression. Conclusion. We found that a failed repair stump had increased cellularity that preserved both mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cell characteristics, with higher collagen synthesis, MMP, and growth factor gene expression. This study provides evidence that tendon stump tissue has regenerative potential. Cite this article: C-C. Lu, T. Zhang, R. L. Reisdorf, P. C. Amadio, K-N. An, S. L. Moran, A. Gingery, C. Zhao. Biological analysis of flexor tendon repair-failure stump tissue: A potential recycling of tissue for tendon regeneration. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:232–245. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.86.BJR-2018-0239.R1

Aims. Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is the leading cause of shoulder pain, primarily associated with age-related tendon degeneration. This study aimed to elucidate the potential differential gene expressions in tendons across different age groups, and to investigate their roles in tendon degeneration. Methods. Linear regression and differential expression (DE) analyses were performed on two transcriptome profiling datasets of torn supraspinatus tendons to identify age-related genes. Subsequent functional analyses were conducted on these candidate genes to explore their potential roles in tendon ageing. Additionally, a secondary DE analysis was performed on candidate genes by comparing their expressions between lesioned and normal tendons to explore their correlations with RCTs. Results. We identified 49 genes in torn supraspinatus tendons associated with advancing age. Among them, five age-related genes showed DE in lesioned tendons compared to normal tendons. Functional analyses and previous studies have highlighted their specific enrichments in biological functions, such as muscle development (e.g. myosin heavy chain 3 (MYH3)), transcription regulation (e.g. CCAAT enhancer binding brotein delta (CEBPD)), and metal ion homeostasis (e.g. metallothionein 1X (MT1X)). Conclusion. This study uncovered molecular aspects of tendon ageing and their potential links to RCT development, offering insights for targeted interventions. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of tendon degeneration, allowing potential strategies to be made for reducing the incidence of RCT. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):474–484

Aims. This study examined the relationship between obesity (OB) and osteoporosis (OP), aiming to identify shared genetic markers and molecular mechanisms to facilitate the development of therapies that target both conditions simultaneously. Methods. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we analyzed datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify co-expressed gene modules in OB and OP. These modules underwent Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction analysis to discover Hub genes. Machine learning refined the gene selection, with further validation using additional datasets. Single-cell analysis emphasized specific cell subpopulations, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein blotting, and cellular staining were used to investigate key genes. Results. WGCNA revealed critical gene modules for OB and OP, identifying the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway as a common factor. TLR2 was the most significant gene, with a pronounced expression in macrophages. Elevated TLR2 expression correlated with increased adipose accumulation, inflammation, and osteoclast differentiation, linking it to OP development. Conclusion. Our study underscores the pivotal role of TLR2 in connecting OP and OB. It highlights the influence of TLR2 in macrophages, driving both diseases through a pro-inflammatory mechanism. These insights propose TLR2 as a potential dual therapeutic target for treating OP and OB. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(10):573–587

Aims. Proliferation, migration, and differentiation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remnant and surrounding cells are fundamental processes for ACL reconstruction; however, the interaction between ACL remnant and surrounding cells is unclear. We hypothesized that ACL remnant cells preserve the capability to regulate the surrounding cells’ activity, collagen gene expression, and tenogenic differentiation. Moreover, extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) would not only promote activity of ACL remnant cells, but also enhance their paracrine regulation of surrounding cells. Methods. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and expression levels of Collagen-I (COL-I) A1, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were compared between ACL remnant cells untreated and treated with ESW (0.15 mJ/mm. 2. , 1,000 impulses, 4 Hz). To evaluate the subsequent effects on the surrounding cells, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)’ viability, proliferation, migration, and levels of Type I Collagen, Type III Collagen, and tenogenic gene (Scx, TNC) expression were investigated using coculture system. Results. ESW-treated ACL remnant cells presented higher cell viability, proliferation, migration, and increased expression of COL-I A1, TGF-β, and VEGF. BMSC proliferation and migration rate significantly increased after coculture with ACL remnant cells with and without ESW stimulation compared to the BMSCs alone group. Furthermore, ESW significantly enhanced ACL remnant cells’ capability to upregulate the collagen gene expression and tenogenic differentiation of BMSCs, without affecting cell viability, TGF-β, and VEGF expression. Conclusion. ACL remnant cells modulated activity and differentiation of surrounding cells. The results indicated that ESW enhanced ACL remnant cells viability, proliferation, migration, and expression of collagen, TGF-β, VEGF, and paracrine regulation of BMSC proliferation, migration, collagen expression, and tenogenesis. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(8):457–467