Introduction

Recently, computer-aided orthopaedic surgery has enabled three dimensional (3D) preoperative planning, navigation systems and patient matched instrument, and they provide good clinical results in total knee arthroplasty. However, the preoperative planning methods and the criteria in total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) still have not sufficiently established due to the uncertainty of 3D anatomical geometry of the elbow joints. In order to clarify the 3D anatomical geometry, this study measured 3D bone models of the normal elbow joints. Additionally this study attempted to apply the 3D preoperative planning to ordinary surgery. Then the postoperative position of implant has evaluated as compared with the position in 3D preoperative planning.

Aim

The recent discovery of small non-coding RNAs, so-called micro RNAs (miRNAs), has provided new insights into cancer diagnosis. Several studies have shown that profiles of miRNA expression differ between normal tissue and tumour tissue and vary among tumour types. To exploit this difference, we evaluated the feasibility of using muscle-specific miRNAs (miR-1, 133a, 133b, 206) as biomarkers of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS).

We reviewed 33 patients (35 hips) after open reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip using Ludloff’s medial approach. The mean age at the time of operation was 14 months (5 to 29) and at the time of final follow-up 20.1 years (15 to 24) giving a mean duration of follow-up of 19.4 years (14 to 23). We evaluated the radiological results by the Severin classification and the extent of avascular necrosis using the criteria of Kalamchi.

At the latest review 16 hips (45.7%) were in Severin groups I or II (acceptable results) and 19 (54.3%) in Severin groups III, IV or V (unacceptable results). There was evidence of avascular necrosis in 15 hips (42.9%). The radiological results began to become worse at about the age of ten years when type-II avascular changes presented.

We conclude that Ludloff’s medial approach for open reduction is unsatisfactory for the treatment of congenital dislocation since about half of our patients required additional operations.

We used hydroxyapatite blocks to keep open Salter innominate osteotomies in 19 children (21 hips), avoiding the need for an autograft taken from the anterior superior iliac spine. Our results were satisfactory, with less deformation of the iliac bone, and a reduction of both blood loss and operating time.

The exact measurement of femoral head cover is essential for an assessment of reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip. We have compared standard anteroposterior radiographs with computerised tomograms and thereby classified the shape of the acetabular roof into four types. We found that the CE angle of Wiberg is a more reliable measure of head cover when the lateral point of bony condensation of the roof is chosen as the reference point rather than the edge of the bone, where these two points do not overlap. We conclude that head cover can be more accurately determined in younger children with dysplastic hips by our 'refined' CE angle, than by the original method of Wiberg.

Hip arthrography was performed in 19 patients in the initial stage of Perthes' disease. Sphericity and subluxation were measured and it was found that subluxation was independent of the femoral head deformity. We therefore tried to identify the cause of early subluxation: in seven patients a swollen ligamentum teres was thought to be responsible, and was associated with medial pooling of the contrast medium. A swollen ligamentum teres was seen in another seven cases; the other five arthrograms were normal. These findings were further clarified by enhanced CT scans, which confirmed that ligament swelling may be an important cause of early subluxation.