We examined 204 children (137 boys and 67 girls) aged 12 years and under with septic arthritis. Their mean age was 31.1 months (1 to 144; SD 41.6). The most common joints affected were the knees and shoulders. Joints in the upper limb were affected more often in younger children and in the lower limb in those who were older. The mean age for an infection was 12 months in the shoulder and 73 months in the hip. The most common organisms cultured were species of Salmonella.
Accepted treatment for acute septic arthritis in children involves drainage of the pus and systematic antibiotics. Review of published studies show that there is a tendency for paediatricians and physicians to drain pus by aspiration and for surgeons to drain the pus by arthrotomy and surgical lavage. There is however no published prospective study comparing the two methods of drainage. 201 consecutive children under 13 (134 boys and 67 girls) presenting to our hospital with acute septic arthritis were entered into a prospective study and randomised to either aspiration of the joint with a 14g needle or arthrotomy and lavage. Both groups had systematic antibiotics for six weeks. All patients were followed up with clinical examination and x-rays at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 52 weeks. There were 102 patients in the aspiration group and 99 in the lavage group. Both groups were similar in respect to mean age (2 yrs 5m and 2 yrs 10m respectively) and both groups had had symptoms for a mean of 6. 5 days. The commonest joint involved in both groups was the knee, followed by the shoulder, and the commonest organism involved was salmonella, followed by staphylococcus aureus. Aspiration failed in 9/102 patients who then underwent arthrotomy. Aspirated cases were discharged at a mean of 7. 9 days compared to 9. 8 days in the lavage group. There is no published method of measuring clinical improvement in septic arthritis so we devised the Blantyre septic joint score (BSJS) which measures pain, swelling, range of motion and function. Using the BSJS we found significant difference in scores between the aspirated and the lavage groups at any stage of follow up. We could not demonstrate any difference in clinical outcome between aspiration and arthrotomy with lavage in the treatment of septic arthritis.
This paper looks at the physical findings, microbiology and haematological results of one hundred cases of septic arthritis. The commonest joints to be involved are the knee (43 patients) and the shoulder (39 patients). The commonest organisms cultured were salmonella typhi (19 patients), salmonella enteritidis (13 patients) and staphylococcus aureus (11 patients). Most patients are anaemic (mean Hb 8.7) and underweight (mean 74% of expected weight for age). Ten patients were found to be HIV positive and two sickle cell positive. The pathogenesis of septic arthritis in this group is discussed. It is likely that there is a widespread subclinical salmonella bacteraemia in this population as there is a high incidence of diarrhoeal disease. The reason for the high incidence of shoulder infection is not clear. It has been noticed that most children are carried on their backs by their mothers and lifted up for this by their arms. It is therefore proposed that repetitive minor trauma to the shoulder predisposes to bacterial arrest in this area and thus development of infection. It is also proposed that the low weight and body mass index is likely to be a determinant in these patients having a reduced immunity to infection. No grading system for septic arthritis has been published therefore a new grading system is proposed.
We undertook a prospective study of 61 children in Malawi with septic arthritis of the shoulder. They were randomised into two groups, treated by aspiration (group 1, 31 patients) or arthrotomy (group 2, 30 patients). Both received antibiotics for six weeks. We studied the results of blood tests, microbiology, and the clinical and radiological outcome one year after diagnosis. Only one patient was sickle-cell positive and three were HIV-positive. Non-typhoidal
