Abstract

Abstract

Aims

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many patients continue to require urgent surgery for hip fractures. However, the impact of COVID-19 on perioperative outcomes in these high-risk patients remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to establish the effects of COVID-19 on perioperative morbidity and mortality, and determine any risk factors for increased mortality in patients with COVID-19 undergoing hip fracture surgery.

The quality of femoral stem cementation has been shown to be a useful indicator of long-term survival of the total hip arthroplasty. Barrack's cementation grading is widely used but has certain limitations. It is based upon second-generation cementation technique and has high inter- and intra-observer variability. We introduce a new femoral cementation index based upon lengths of radiological lucency and cement-bone interface on AP and lateral views.

Five observers graded femoral cementation of radiographs of 30 primary hip arthroplasties using Barrack's grading and the new index on two occasions and Inter- & Intra-observer reliability was assessed. We also assessed the correlation between proximal femoral anatomy (calcar-canal ratio) & structural bone quality (using cortical index) with cementation using the new index in 50 patients.

Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the new index showed intraclass correlation coefficient 0.79 and 0.82 respectively and Barrack's grading system showed Kappa value- 0.20 (inter-observer) and 0.55 (intra-observer) reliability.

There was poor correlation between the calcar-canal ratio and the quality of cementation [Pearson's coefficient −0.04 (p< 0.05)]. There was some correlation between the cortical index and the quality of cementation [Pearson's coefficient 0.46 (p < 0.05)].

Our new index is a reliable method of assessing femoral cementation. The anatomy of femoral canal didn't have any significant influence on the quality of cementation achieved as assessed by our new index. The femoral cortical structural quality seemed to have some positive influence on the quality of cementation.

Quality of cementation in the early postoperative period has been proven to be an indicator of long-term survival of the total hip arthroplasty. Cementation grading described by Barrack et al is widely used but has certain limitations. It is based upon second-generation cementation technique and has unacceptably high inter- and intra-observer variability due to its subjective evaluation method.

We are introducing a new grading system of quality of femoral cementation. It is based upon the ratio of the length of radiological lucency to the total length of cement-bone interface on both antero-posterior and lateral views. Because of its objective nature, it is likely to show reproducible results.

We recruited five observers of various grades of surgical experience (trainees to consultant). Each observer graded the quality of femoral cementation on immediate postop xrays twice (gap of atleast two weeks) of 30 primary hip arthroplasties, using Barrack's grading and a new cementation index measured by dividing the ength of Radiolucency along CBI by the total Length of CBI.

Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v17.0. Inter-observer and Intra-observer variability was determined by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for a two way mixed model.

New cementation index showed excellent agreement for both inter and intra-observer reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.79 and 0.82 respectively. On contrary, results of inter-observer reliability for Barrack's grading were poor with value of 0.20. intra-observer reliability was found to be fair with 0.55.

As evident from this study, it is a more reliable way of assessing the quality of cementation, with excellent agreement in both inter and intra-observer categories.

Purpose: In the modern political climate our practice is increasingly being compared with that of our peers. Outcome measures will form the basis of this. Good outcome measures have two essential requirements; they should be valid and reliable. Outcome measures are not easy to construct. Traditionally subjective walking distances have formed a portion of the assessment. This has never been validated.

Method: Null hypothesis - patients can accurately estimate their actual walking distance.

After gaining COREC approval we compared the objective to subjective walking distance of patients who had sustained a fractured Os Calcis over the past two years and were allowed to full weight bear. Patients were assessed by a senior physiotherapist and Doctor. Both the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score and Maryland Score were performed. Patients were asked to estimate their maximum walking distance prior to objective treadmill assessment.

Results: 20 patients, 6 female and 14 male were assessed. Average age was 67yrs (range 46–83yrs). One patient was excluded as they were breathless at rest. Good correlation was found between the subjective walking assessments of the two scores. All patients’ uniformly over estimated their walking ability. This was a highly significant difference, p-value 0.002. Therefore the null hypothesis has been disproved; patients’ subjective walking distance is inaccurate.

Significance: Walking distance assessment is used is as a measure in many fields of orthopaedics namely foot and ankle outcome measures and lower limb arthroplasty. This study has shown it to be an inaccurate method. It also highlights the need to validate all outcome measures.

To assess the functional outcome of operative and non-operative treatment of distal humeral fractures in the elderly, patients above 75 years of age were studied. Demographic data including associated injuries and co-morbid conditions were recorded. The minimum follow-up was 16 months (range 16–92 months). Elbow function was analysed according to the OTA rating system. Radiographs were monitored for possible predictors of final functional outcome

Out of 125 patients with distal humeral fractures, 29 were above the age of 75 years. The mean age at the time of admission was 84.6 years (range 75–100). One patient was lost to follow-up. In total there were 28 patients with 29 fractures. 5 of these were open fractures. As per the AO classification, there were 8 type A, 8 type B, and 13 type C fractures. 8 patients were treated non-operatively (3 type A, 2 type B, 3 type C) and 21 (5 type A, 6 type B, 10 type C) operatively. An olecranon osteotomy was performed in 12 cases, 2 underwent triceps tongue reflection, and 7 had triceps splitting. Local complications included 4 cases (1 deep and 3 superficial) of infection and 3 non-unions (including one at the olecranon osteotomy). In the non-operative group the mean loss of extension and mean flexion achieved were 34.0 and 70.0 degrees respectively, whereas in the operative group the corresponding values were 23.0 and 107 degrees.

OTA grading revealed 3 excellent, 9 good, 7 fair and 2 poor results in the operated group whereas in the non-operated group there were 0 excellent, 2 good, 3 fair, and 3 poor results. There was direct correlation between loss of anterior tilt of the distal humerus and adverse outcome.

Conclusion: Our study showed that improved functional outcome can be achieved following surgical treatment in these difficult fracture This study supports the view that we need to re-examine the conventional view of ‘bag of bones’ method as blanket treatment and signifies the need for further studies on similar cohorts of patients.