Hallux rigidus was first described in 1887. Many aetiological factors have been postulated, but none has been supported by scientific evidence. We have examined the static and dynamic imbalances in the first metatarsophalangeal joint which we postulated could be the cause of this condition. We performed a finite-element analysis study on a male subject and calculated a mathematical model of the joint when subjected to both normal and abnormal physiological loads.

The results gave statistically significant evidence for an increase in tension of the plantar fascia as the cause of abnormal stress on the articular cartilage rather than mismatch of the articular surfaces or subclinical muscle contractures. Our study indicated a clinical potential cause of hallux rigidus and challenged the many aetiological theories. It could influence the choice of surgical procedure for the treatment of early grades of hallux rigidus.

To determine whether systemic nitric oxide production in tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischaemia-reper-fusion injury (SMRI) is dependent on release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a modulator of nitric oxide cytoprotection in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

Mice were randomised (n=10 per group) into: time controls (no tourniquet) and test animals (bilateral hindlimb tourniquet ischaemia). Blood samples were collected in test animals prior to ischaemia and after reper-fusion. In controls, blood samples were collected at the same corresponding time points. Serum VEGF, nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite and nitrate) and the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (an indicator of systemic inflammation) were determined. At the end of reperfusion, the lungs and muscle (right gastrocnemius) were harvested and tissue injury determined by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and statistical comparison was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance attributed to P < 0.05.

In comparison to control animals, muscle (4.9±0.3 versus 4±0.03 units/g of wet tissue; P=0.02) and lung (16.7±1.9 versus 10.4±0.5; P=0.005) MPO activity at the end of repercussion was significantly greater in test animals. The table shows the results with respect to serum cytokine levels and nitricxide metabolites.

These data demonstrate that SMRI results in local and systemic proinflammatory responses. In contrast to myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury, nitric oxide production in tourniquet-induced SMRI is VEGF-independent. Alternative mechanisms for nitric oxide production in tourniquet-controlled extremity surgery requires further evaluation.

Introduction: Limb reperfusion in patients following pneumatic tourniquet-controlled surgery is associated with nitric oxide (NO) generation. Meanwhile, NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-cytoprotection in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, VEGF is contributory in attenuating skeletal muscle ischaemia-reperfusion injury (SMRI). Whether this effect of VEGF is NO-mediated in SMRI is unknown. We investigate whether systemic nitric oxide production in tourniquet-induced SMRI is dependent on VEGF release.

Methods: Anaesthetised male C57BL/6 mice were randomised (n=10 per group) into two groups: time controls (no tourniquet) and test animals with bilateral hindlimb tourniquets (SMRI; 2 hours of ischaemia, 2 hours of reperfusion). Blood samples were collected in test animals prior to ischaemia and after 2 hours of reperfusion. In controls, blood samples were collected at the same corresponding time points. Serum VEGF, nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite and nitrate) and the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis fractor (TNF)-α (an indicator of systemic inflammation) were determined. At the end of reperfusion, the lungs and muscle (right gastrocnemius) were harvested and tissue injury determined by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and statistical comparison was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance attributed to P,0.05.

Results: In comparison to control animals, both the muscle (4.9±0.3 versus 4±0.03 units/g of wet tissue; P=0.02) and lung (16.7±1.9 versus 10.4±0.5; P=0.005) MPO activity at the end of reperfusion was significantly greater in test animals.

Conclusions: Our data demonstrates that SMRI results in local and systemic proinflammatory responses. In contrast to myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury, nitric oxide production in tourniquet-induced SMRI is VEGF-independent. Alternative mechanisms for nitric oxide production in tourniquet-controlled limb surgery requires further evaluation.