Introduction: Iontophoresis is a method to introduce antibiotic molecules into allograft bone using an electrical potential; the antibiotics may then be released at therapeutic levels for extended periods of time. This is the first report of iontophoresed allograft implantation into patients.

Method: A method of loading tubular sections of cortical bone was used in theatre prior to implantation. Postoperative serum, drain and allograft antibiotic assays were performed. Patients were followed-up clinically and radiologically. All patients who received a bulk segmental allograft from June 1997 were entered into the trial.

Results: Since June 1997, 35 patients have received 37 allografts. Indications for allograft insertion were limb salvage for tumour (18), and poor bone stock associated with infection (11), periprosthetic fracture (6), aseptic loosening (1) and recurrent dislocation of total hip replacement (1). Mean follow-up is 3.3 years, and no patients have been lost to follow-up. One patient received two allografts in different sites and one had an allograft exchange. There has been one superficial wound infection and one deep infection. The latter patient was revised to another iontophoresed allograft and has had no recurrence at 34 months. One allograft has been revised to a vascularised fibular graft and allograft exchange following fracture of metal fixation. There was one case of persistent non-union in a knee arthrodesis which was treated after 21 months by removal of the intramedullary fixation and use of an Illizarov frame. The allograft was not revised. All other allografts are in situ with no complications related to the allograft. Eleven patients had pre-existing proven infections. None of these patients have been re-infected to date. Therapeutic gentamicin and flucloxacillin levels were detected in drain fluid samples post-operatively.

Conclusions: Iontophoresis is a safe and inexpensive technique that delivers high local dose of antibiotic, which may reduce infection in avascular allograft bone.

Introduction and Aims: Iontophoresis is a method to introduce antibiotic molecules into allograft bone using an electrical potential. In-vitro testing has shown that these antibiotics should be released in their bioactive form at therapeutic levels for extended periods of time. This is the first report of iontophoresed allograft implantation into patients.

Method: A method of loading tubular sections of cortical bone was used in theatre prior to implantation. The bone was held vertically in an antibiotic bath with a cylindrical outer electrode and a wire electrode down the centre of the bone. An electrical potential of approximately 90V was applied to drive the antibiotics into the bone. Post-operative serum, drain and allograft antibiotic assays were performed. All patients were followed-up clinically and radiologically. Patients who required a bulk segmental allograft from June 1997 to present were entered into the trial and received iontophoresed bone.

Results: Since June 1997, 35 patients have received 37 iontophoresed allografts. Indications for allograft insertion were limb salvage for tumor (16), poor bone stock associated with infection (12), periprosthetic fracture (seven), aseptic loosening (one) and recurrent dislocation of total hip replacement (one). One patient had acute complications requiring amputation. No patients were lost to follow-up with a mean follow-up of 3.3 years. Two patients required an allograft exchange for fracture and infection. There were two late allograft infections at 10 and 18 months. One patient was revised to another iontophoresed allograft and has had no recurrence at two years. The other infection required above knee amputation. One allograft was revised with allograft exchange and vascularised fibular graft following fracture of metal fixation. There was one case of persistent non-union in a knee fusion, which was treated after 21 months by removal of the intermedullary fixation and allograft and use of an Ilizarov frame. All other allografts are in-situ with no complications related to the allograft. Twelve patients had pre-existing proven infections. None of these patients have been re-infected to date. Therapeutic gentamicin and flucloxacillin levels were detected in drain fluid samples post-operatively, averaging from 39.9 mg/L at two hours to 5.97mg/L at 48 hours for gentamicin and 16.83mg/L at two hours and 2.23 mg/L at 48 hours for flucloxacillin. This was significantly greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus for gentamicin (0.25mg/L) and flucloxacillin (0.30mg/L). At the same time, blood levels remained in a safe range.

Conclusion: Iontophoresis is a safe and inexpensive method that can be executed in the operating theatre. Iontophoresed bone delivers a high local dose of antibiotic, which may prevent early biofilm formation initiated during allograft handling and exposure to theatre air. With no early infections and no re-infections, further assessment of this technique continues with guarded optimism.