Aim of the study was the evaluation of the efficacy of the use of a new wearable AR video see-throught system based on Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) to guide the position of a working cannula into the vertebral body through a transpedicular approach without the use X-Ray images guidance.

We describe a head mounted stereoscopic video see-through display that allows the augmentation of video frames acquired by two cameras with the rendering of patient specific 3D models obtained on the basis of pre-operative radiological volumetric images. The system does not employ any external tracker to detect movements of the user or of the patient. User's head movements and the consistent alignment of the virtual patient with the real one, are accomplished through machine vision methods applied on pairs of live images.

Our system has been tested on an experimental setup that simulate the reaching of lumbar pedicle as in a vertebral augmentation procedure avoiding the employment of ionizing radiation. Aim of the study is to evaluate the ergonomics and the accurancy of the systems to guide the procedure. We performed 4 test sessions with a total of 32 kirschner wire implanted by a single operator wearing the HMD with the AR guide. The system accurancy was evaluated by a post-operative CT scan.

The most ergonomic AR visualization comprise the use of a pair of virtual viewfinders (one at the level of the skin entry point and one at the level of the trocar's bottom) aligned according to the planned direction of the trocar insertion. With such AR guide the surgeon must align the tip of the needle to the center of the first viewfinder placed on the patient's skin. indeed the viewfinder barycenter provides a 2 degrees of freedom (DoFs) positioning guide corresponding to the point of insertion preoperatively planned over the external surface of the model. The second viewfinder is used by the surgeon to rotate and align the trocar according to the planned direction of insertion (2 rotational DOFs). After the first test series a clamping arm has been introduced to maintain the reached trocar's trajectory.

The post-operative CT scan was registered to the preoperative one and the trajectories obtained with the AR guide were compared to the planned one. The overal results obtained in the 4 test session show a medium error of 1.18+/−0.16 mm.

In the last year there was a growing interest to the use of Augmented Reality systems in which the real scene watched by the surgeon is merged with virtual informations extracted from the patient's medical dataset (medical data, patient anatomy, preoperative plannig). Wearable Augmented Reality (WAR) with the use of HDMs allows the surgeon to have a “natural point of view” of the surgical field and of the patient's anatomy avoiding the problems related to eye-hand coordination.

Results of the in vitro tests are encouraging in terms of precision, system usability and ergonomics proving our system to be worthy of more extensive tests.

Among the very large number of polymeric materials that have been proposed in the field of orthopedics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most attractive thanks to its flexibility, thermal resistance, mechanical strength and durability. Several studies were proposed that interface nano- or micro-structured surfaces with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), demonstrating the potential of this technology for promoting osteogenesis. All these studies were carried out on other biomaterials than PET, which remains almost un-investigated in terms of cell shaping, alignment and differentiation. In a previous study, we developed a hot-embossing method to transfer nano-textures (down to below 100 nm lateral size) onto PET substrate, and demonstrated that PET nanogratings (NGs) can optimally stimulate hMSC mechanotransduction mechanism. Specifically, we showed that cell and nuclear morphology, and cytoskeletal components are similarly affected by NGs, and that NG ridge sizes of 500 nm and 1 μm were both effective in stimulating cell polarization, without compromising cell viability.

We study the effect of PET 350-depth nanogratings (NGs) having ridge and groove lateral size of 500 nm (T1) or 1 µm (T2), on bone-marrow human MSC (hMSC) differentiation towards the osteogenic fate. In particular, we cultured hMSCs on PET NGs having different periodicity and measured the expression of a complete set of genes characterizing osteo-differentiation, at different time-points from day 3 up to day 21. In order to evaluate how the contact interaction with PET NGs affects hMSC differentiation, the expression of a set of genes (RUNX2, COL1A1, ALPL, BMP2 and IBSP) characterizing osteogenesis was measured by RT-qPCR. BMP2 and IBSP were the most sensitive to the presence of the engineered surfaces The production of bone matrix was finally evaluated at the end of the differentiation period in terms of morphology, substrate coverage and alignment to the underlying topography.

Overall, the data show that among the tested genes, BMP2 and IBSP are the most sensitive to the presence of the engineered surfaces. Although for RUNX2, COL1A1 and ALPL we measured only small modifications, upregulation of BMP2 and IBSP was relevant, especially in case of Osteogenic Medium (OM) and for the T2 geometry. This result suggests the T2 substrate as the most promising structure for stimulating hMSCs towards osteogenic maturation

We demonstrate that these substrates, especially the T2, can promote the osteogenic phenotype more efficiently than standard flat surfaces and that this effect is more marked if cells are cultured in osteogenic medium than in basal medium. Finally, we show that the shape and disposition of calcium hydroxyapatite granules on the different substrates was influenced by the substrate symmetry, being more elongated and spatially organized on NGs than on flat surfaces.

This study demonstrates that PET nanogratings can promote osteogenic differentiation of hMSC in vitro. Since PET is an FDA approved material and we did not use any surface chemical treatment for cell adhesion and spreading, PET NGs can be considered promising for clinical translation in the field of orthopedic tissue engineering.

Pedicle screws fixation to stabilize lumbar spinal fusion has become the gold standard for posterior stabilization. However their positioning remain difficult due to variation in anatomical shape, dimensions and orientation, which can determine the inefficacy of treatment or severe damages to close neurologic structures. Image guided navigation allows to drastically decrease errors in screw placement but it is used only by few surgeons due to its cost and troubles related to its using, like the need of a localizer in the surgical scenario and the need of a registration procedure. An alternative image guided approach, less expensive and less complex, is the using of patient specific templates similar to the ones used for dental implants or knee prosthesis.

Like proposed by other authors we decided to design the templates using CT scans. (slice thickness of 2.0 mm). Template developing is done, for each vertebra, using a modified version of ITK-SNAP 1.5 segmentation software, which allow to insert cylinders (full or empty) in the segmented images. At first we segment the spine bone and then the surgeon chose screw axes using the same software. We design each template with two hollow cylinders aligned with the axes, to guide the insertion in the pedicle, adding contact points that fit on the vertebra, to obtain a template right positioning. Finally we realize the templates in ABS using rapid prototyping. After same in-vitro tests, using a synthetic spine (by Sawbones), we studied a solution to guarantee template stability with simple positioning and minimizing intervention invasiveness. Preliminary ex-vivo animal testing on porcine specimens has been conducted to evaluate template performance in presence of soft-tissue in place, simulating dissection and vertebra exposure. For verification, the surgeon examined post-operative CT-scans to evaluate Kirschner wires positioning.

During the ex-vivo animal test sessions, template alignment resulted easy thanks to the spinous process contact point. Their insertion required no additional tissue removal respect to the traditional approach. The positioning of contact points on vertebra's lamina and articular processes required just to shift the soft tissue under the cylinders bases. The surgeon in some cases evaluated false stable template positions since not each of the 4 contact points were actually in contact with the bone surface and tried the right position. CT evaluation demonstrate a positive results in 96.5% of the Kirschner wires implanted.

Our approach allows to obtain patient specific templates that does not require the complete removal of soft tissue around vertebra. Guide positioning is facilitated thanks to the using of the spinous processes contact point, while false stable positions can be avoided using four redundant contact points. The templates can be used to guide the drill, the insertion of Kirschner in case of use of cannulated screws or to guide directly the screw. After these preliminary ex-vivo animal tests we obtained the authorization of the Italian Health Ministry to start the human study.

Summary

Aim of this study is to design, develop and preclinical test PET nanostructured scaffolds for the transplantation and differentiation of MSCs in the treatment of bone defects. The interaction of cells with nanotopographical features has proven to be an important signaling modality in controlling MSC differentiation.

Pedicle screws fixation to stabilise lumbar spinal fusion is the gold standard for posterior stabilisation. Pedicle screws are today positioned in free hand or under fluoroscopic guidance with an error from 20% up to 40–50%, which can determine the inefficacy of treatment or severe damages to close neurologic structures. Surgical navigation drastically increases screws placement accuracy. However its clinical application is limited due to cost reasons and troubles related to the presence of a localiser in the OR and the need to perform a registration procedure before surgery. An alternative image guided approach is the use of patient specific templates similar to the ones used for dental implants or knee prosthesis. Until now, the proposed solutions allow to guide the drill, and in some cases, as templates fit completely around vertebra, they require the complete removal of soft tissues on a large portion of the spine, so increasing intervention invasiveness. To reduce the soft tissue demolition, some authors proposed a fitting based on small “V shape” contact points, but these solutions can determine instability of the template and the reacting of wrong stable positions.

In our solution, after spine CT acquisition, each vertebra is segmented using a modified version of ITK-SNAP software, on which the surgeon plans screws positioning and finally the template is designed around the chosen trajectories, using a tool which allows to insert cylinders (full or empty) in the segmented images. Each template, printed in ABS, contains two hollow cylinders, to guide the screws, and multiple contact points on the bone surface, for template stabilisation.

We made an in-vitro evaluation on synthetic spine models (by Sawbones) to study different template designs. During this first step an ongoing redesign allowed to obtain an optimal template stability and an easy template positioning to minimise the intervention invasiveness. A first contact point, which fits on the sides of the spinous process, is used to simplify template alignment. The other 4 contact points, which consists of cylinders (diameter 5 mm), fit exactly on spine surface in correspondence to the vertebra's lamina and articular processes to stabilise the template in an unique position. Templates can be used to guide not only the drill, but also Kirschner wires, to guide cannulated screws. After the Kirschner wires insertion the template can be dismounted for its removal (the direction of the kirschner wires are not parallel).

After the definitive template design an ex-vivo animal test on 2 porcine specimens has been conducted to evaluate template performance in presence of soft-tissue in place. The specimens have been scanned with CT, we realised a total of 14 templates and we performed the insertion of 28 Kirschner wires. We evaluated that after the soft tissue dissection and the bone exposure, the template can be easily positioned in the right unique position, with no additional tissue removal compared to the traditional approach, requiring just removal of the soft tissue under the small contact points using an electric cutter. The surgeon evaluated (and corrected) some wrong stable template positions when not all the contact points were in contact with the bone surface. The post-op evaluation was made with a CT scan that showed 1 cortical pedicle violation (3.5%) (grade II according to the FU classification).

MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) are bone marrow-derived cells capable of replication and differentiation in-vitro into several tissues including bone, cartilage, stroma, fat, muscle and tendon. MSCs can be isolated by relatively simple procedures and then expanded without losing the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages. As such, these cells have immense clinical potential in regenerative medicine and in orthopaedics for repair or replacement of damaged tissues. In this work we investigated the interaction between magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and MSCs and their ability to guide these cells injected intravenously in living mice by using an external magnetic field. CNTs did not affect cell viability and their ability to differentiate. Both the CNTs and the magnetic field did not alter cell growth rate, phenotype and cytoskeletal conformation. CNTs, when exposed to magnetic fields, are able to shepherd MSCs towards the magnetic source in vitro. Moreover, the application of a magnetic field alters the biodistribution of CNT-labelled MSCs after intravenous injection into rats. We demonstrated that CNTs hold the potential for use as nano-devices to improve therapeutic protocols for transplantation and homing of stem cells in vivo. This could pave the way for the development of new strategies for manipulation/guidance of MSCs in regenerative medicine and cell transplantation for the treatment of many orthopaedic diseases.

The Hipstar cementless system (Stryker) is a straight, wedge-shaped with a rectangular cross-section, titaniumalloy (TMZF) femoral component. This particular titaniumalloy (titanium, molybdeno, zirconium and iron) makes the stem 20% more resistant and less elastic than TiAlV alloy. The advantages are: a thinner neck with an equal resistant, an increase of range of motion, a reduction of impingement.

We examined 100 consecutive primary THRs between January 2002 and March 2004. The mean age was 69,9. Preoperative evaluation included a physical and radiographic examination. The acetabular component was the Trident cup (Stryker). Clinically, all the 100 hips were evaluated according to the scoring system of Harris. A patient’s evaluation test (WOMAC test) was also performed. At the time of the latest follow-up, standardized antero-posterior and axial radiographs of the pelvis and hip were made and evaluated according to Engh radiographic score. The median duration of follow-up was 24 months.

The median post-operative Harris Hip Score for 100 hips was 90.5. The observed mean value of WOMAC test score was 5,11. At the time of the latest follow-up, there was a bony incorporation of all components. We have had 2 cases of dislocation. At the latest follow-up no evidences of infection are present.

Loss of bone stock resulting from wear particle-induced osteolysis may compromise the stability and osteoin-tegration of arthroplasty implants. Usually allogeneic corticocancellous bone is used around an implant to fill the defects, but because of the safety and availability of these grafts, the use of synthetic substitute of bone is becoming everyday frequently. BoneSave™ is an osteo-conductive biomaterial prevalently used in reconstructive surgery but it can be used to fill every bone defects or in traumatology like adjuvant of an osteosynthesis. The particles of BoneSave™ (2–4 mm or 4–6 mm) are made of tricalcium phosphate 80% and hydroxyapatite 20%, they have a superficial porosity of 50% (range 10–400 mm). Usually the osteointegration happens after 2–3 years. Recently studies have described that the mixture of 80% TCP/20% HA with human mesenchymal stem cells induced bone formation in vivo faster than the other formulations of the same elements, In vitro studies also demonstrated the expression of osteocalcin. The mixture of TCP/HA with bone-marrow aspiration could be useful if human stem cells are not available. Orthopaedic and traumatology cases will be shown where the use of Bone-Save™ has lead to good clinical and radiological results after a follow-up of 24 months.