Aim

Cutibacterium acnes is a significant cause of late-onset spinal implant infection (SII). In addition, usual preoperative prophylactic measures may be insufficient to prevent C. acnes operating site colonisation and infection, as demonstrated for prosthetic shoulder surgery. However, little information is available regarding risk factors for SII due to this microorganism. The aims of this study were to determine the characteristics of and risk factors for C. acnes SII.