Introduction

To obtain a better range of motion and to reduce the risk of dislocation, neck and cup anteversion are considered very important. Especially for the reduction of the risk of dislocation, the mutual alignment between neck and cup anteversion (combined anteversion) is often discussed. A surgeon would compare the neck direction to the calf direction with the knee in 90 degrees flexion. When an excessive anteversion was observed, the neck anteversion would be reduced using modular neck system or setting the stem a little twisted inside the canal with the tradeoff of the stem stability. Another choice would be the adjustment of cup alignment. Combined anteversion is defined the summation of cup anteversion in axial plane and stem anteversion in axial plane. But in realty the impingement occurs with 3 dimensional relationships between neck and cup with very complicated geometries. In that meaning, the definition of the angles could be said ambiguous too. The bowing of the femur also makes the relationships more complicated. Upon those backgrounds, we have been performing 3D preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty on every case. In the present study, in vivo position of the stem in each case was determined then the anteversion observed on surgical view and anteversion around femoral mechanical axis are compared using 3D CAD software.

We have been using 3-dimensional CAD software for preoperative planning as a desktop tool daily. In ordinary cases, proper size stems and cups can be decided without much labor but in our population, many arthritic hip cases have dysplastic condition and they often come to see us for hip replacement after severe defects were created over the acetabulum. It is often the case that has Crowe's type III, IV hips with leg length difference. For those cases preoperative planning using 3D CAD is a very powerful tool.

Although we only have 2-dimensional display with our computer during preoperative planning, 3 dimensional geometries are not so difficult to be understood, because we can turn the objects with the mouse and can observer from different directions. We can also display their sections and can peep inside of the geometries. It is quite natural desire that a surgeon wishes to see the planed geometries as a 3-dimensional materials. For some complicated cases, we had prepared plastic model and observed at the theater for better understanding. When we ask for a model service, each model costs $2,500. We also have small scale desk top rapid processing tool too, however it takes 2 days to make one side of pelvis. Observation of the geometries using 3-dimensional display can be its substitute without much cost and without taking much time. The problem of using 3D display had been the special goggle to mask either eye alternatively.

In the present paper, we have used a 3D display which has micro arrays of powerful prism to deriver different image for each eye without using any goggle.

One of the ironies in modern technology for arthroplasty is the stress shielding in cementless stems. The aim of the development of cementless stems had been reduction of stress shielding which cement stems are not free from. In healthy femur, trabecula start form the femoral head and reach at both medial and lateral cortex in rather narrow area around lesser trochanter. So the load from the femoral head is transferred at the level on both medial and lateral side. Cement stems should have binding to the cortical bone from collar to the tip of the stem where the cement interlays, and then the load is transferred gradually from the tip to the collar, which means mild stress shielding. When distal bonding is removed, the load could be transferred as normal femur. This should have been one of the biggest requests for cementless stem. But in realty many cementless stems have difficulty to obtain a load transfer at the level like normal femur.

Since 1990, we have been mainly using lateral flare stems to obtain contact on both medial and lateral side at proximal level. In the present study, different types and length of the designs were compared by 3-Dimensional fill, 3-Dimensional fit and Finite Element Analysis.

Background: A classification of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius is described on the basis of observations of consistent patterns of fracture fragmentation and displacement. The Melone intra-articular classification system categorizes articular fractures into 4 types, with the medial complex assuming a pivotal position as the cornerstone of both the radiocarpal and distal radio-ulnar joints. The purpose of this study was to classify AO type-C3 fractures according to the Melone classification system using preoperative CT scan data.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of all patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), according to the AO type-C3 classification. Between September, 2006, and May, 2009, 36 patients and a total of 38 fractures were identified. These intra-articular fractures were also classified according to the Melone classification system using preoperative CT scan data. We also investigated a bone fracture type and surgicalprocedures.

Results: Nine fractures were divided into Melone type-1, 17 into type-2 (anterior displacement), 6 into type-2 (posterior displacement), 2 into type-3, and 4 into type-4. Thirty fractures were treated using plate fixation, and 8 fractures were treated using nail fixation. Melone type-1 fractures were usually treated with nail fixation, whereas type-2, -3, and -4 fractures were usually treated using plate fixation.

Conclusions: Classification according to the Melone classification system using preoperative CT scan data enables the identification and elucidation of displacement in the major fracture components and enables the establishment of rational guidelines for the management of ORIF.