Aims

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) using trabecular metal (TM)-backed glenoid implants has been introduced with the aim to increase implant survival. Only short-term reports on the outcomes of TM-RTSA have been published to date. We aim to present the seven-year survival of TM-backed glenoid implants along with minimum five-year clinical and radiological outcomes.

Aim

We present the medium-term clinical results of a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with a trabecular metal glenoid base plate.

Medium-term results of the Discovery elbow replacement are presented. We reviewed 51 consecutive primary Discovery total elbow replacements (TERs) implanted in 48 patients. The mean age of the patients was 69.2 years (49 to 92), there were 19 males and 32 females (37%:63%) The mean follow-up was 40.6 months (24 to 69). A total of six patients were lost to follow-up. Statistically significant improvements in range movement and Oxford Elbow Score were found (p < 0.001). Radiolucent lines were much more common in, and aseptic loosening was exclusive to, the humeral component. Kaplan–Meier survivorship at five years was 92.2% (95% CI 74.5% to 96.4%) for aseptic loosening. In four TERs, periprosthetic infection occurred resulting in failure. A statistically significant association between infection and increased BMI was found (p = 0.0268). Triceps failure was more frequent after the Mayo surgical approach and TER performed after previous trauma surgery. No failures of the implant were noted.

Our comparison shows that the Discovery has early clinical results that are similar to other semi-constrained TERs. We found continued radiological surveillance with particular focus on humeral lucency is warranted and has not previously been reported. Despite advances in the design of total elbow replacement prostheses, rates of complication remain high.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1359–65

Purpose

Assess and report the functional and post-operative outcomes of complex acute radial head fractures with elbow instability treated by arthroplasty using an uncemented modular anatomic prosthesis.

Recurrent shoulder instability in those with bony defects is a difficult surgical problem to resolve. Burkhart and De Beer described an unacceptably high recurrence rate for arthroscopic Bankart repair in the presence of an inverted-pear glenoid with or without an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, with suggestions that an open modified Latarjet procedure should be recommended in such patients. The Congruent-Arc Latarjet is a modification of the Latarjet open bony stabilisation for shoulder instability developed by Burkhart and De Beer. It involves rotation of the coracoid so the curved under-surface lies congruent with the glenoid. At the Royal Derby Hospital, UK, this procedure has been adopted by our four shoulder surgeons, two of whom undertook fellowship training with De Beer, we studied the outcomes of the patients who had undergone the modified Congruent-Arc Latarjet procedure in our department.

Fifty-two consecutive patients were identified over a five-year period at the Royal Derby Hospital or Derbyshire Royal Infirmary between 2006 and 2010 inclusive. With the approval of the clinical audit department, the data was collected using theatre records and clinical coding information to identify the patient group. A review of the case notes and local PACS system was undertaken to establish pre and post-operative examination findings, radiology findings regarding Hill-Sachs defects and glenoid bone loss, re-dislocation rates and post-operative function with return to normal activity. The endpoints of this study were aimed at finding out whether patients did return to normal function, were able to continue doing activity that would have provoked dislocation prior to surgery, and how many of the cases re-dislocated.

No surgeon consultant had a patient who re-dislocated after this procedure. The follow-up period was from 1 year to 6 years post-operatively. The complications of this procedure were found to be the dislodgement of bone anchors in 2 patients, who required further arthroscopy to remove the suture anchor from the gleno-humeral joint. One patient had prolonged functionally limiting loss of external rotation, which resolved after intensive physiotherapy at 7 months follow up. We will provide graphical representation of the pre and post operative functional scores.

We have demonstrated that the Congruent-Arc Latarjet is a reproducible procedure in the hands of surgeons other than the original authors, particularly when comparing our current 0% re-dislocation rate with the published literature, which suggests that 3.9% of patients undergoing this procedure with greater than 25% bone loss of the glenoid or an engaging Hill-Sachs will re-dislocate post-operatively, and this is better than the 6% re-dislocation rate of the standard Bristow-Latarjet procedure.

The use of regional anaesthesia for upper limb surgery has been increasing in popularity recently. It is safe, effective and has financial benefits. We report the activity in a tertiary hand surgery unit over one year. This department performs elective and trauma surgery between 8am and 7pm. Out of hours surgery is performed in main theatres.

A total of 3335 cases were performed in Hand Surgery theatres between 1st August 2008 and 1st August 2009. Of these, 1791 had a regional block. The ages of these patients ranged from 13 to 92 years (Median = 46 years, Mean = 47 years). 1030 were male and 761 were female. 1011 regional block procedures were performed by a Consultant Anaesthetist, with 266 performed by a trainee and 472 by non-career grade. 646 procedures were for trauma surgery with 1145 for elective surgery. 87 procedures were arthroscopic. A vast range of surgery was safely performed under regional block. There were no significant complications.

All regional nerve blocks were performed with the aid of ultrasound. Training of junior anaesthetists was benefited by performing the nerve blocks. Patients required very little time to recover following nerve block when compared to recovery after general anaesthesia, with resultant reduction in resource requirements.

We conclude that the use of regional nerve block anaesthesia for hand surgery benefits both the patient and the hospital.

The Latarjet procedure utilises the coracoid as a vascularised bone autograft to augment the glenoid in patients with shoulder dislocation, especially where there is a bony lesion affecting the glenoid. A modification of the Latarjet procedure, pioneered in Cape Town, South Africa, rotates the coracoid so that its curved under-surface matches that of the glenoid. The aim of this study was to measure the radii of curvature of the glenoid and the coracoid to see how well the curved under-surface of the coracoid matches the glenoid’s surface curvature.

An initial study of 210 cadaveric scapulae was performed in which the radii of curvature of the surface of the glenoid and the curved under-surface of the coracoid were measured. We found that the curves are very similar. The glenoid’s surface had a median curvature of 30mm (inter-quartile range from 25mm to 30mm) and the coracoid had a median curvature of 22.5mm (inter-quartile range from 20mm to 25mm). The curvature of the glenoid in these dry specimens was slightly larger than the corresponding coracoid curvature. In life this difference would be minimised by articular cartilage, labrum and the attachment of capsule (another Cape Town modification).

A further parallel CT based study was set up at Derbyshire Royal Infirmary in England. The same radii of curvature where measured and compared using 3D CT reconstruction on a further 20 scapulae from living patients. These measurements also support the cadaveric similarities with a mean glenoid curvature of 23.9mm and coracoid of 25.4mm respectively. Using a paired t-test no statiscally significant difference was found between the corresponding data (p=0.2488)

This study confirms the native anatomy of the coracoid is perfectly suited for this modification of the Latar-jet procedure.

The management of bony lesions associated with glenohumeral instability has been open to debate. Invariably a significant period of time elapses between injury and surgery during which the bony fragment may atrophy and reduce both in size and in quality. Histomorphometric bone analyses were prospectively performed on the glenoid bone fragments harvested during the modified Latarjet operation. The main purpose of the study was to assess the viability of the bone. Biopsies were obtained from 21 patients that had given informed consent. Median age was 21 years (range 16–50). All were male patients. The most important sports identified were rugby (64%) and water sports (surfing, water polo, water skiing, surfing (21%)). Mean glenoid bone loss on CT scan was 17% (range 10–50%). Thirty-three percent had bone loss greater than 20%. Gross morphology of glenolabral fragments identified a single large fragment (11/21); dominant large fragment plus smaller fragments (7/21); multiple fragments (4/21). Single large fragments comprised 52% of the study. Mean volume and mass of bony fragments were 2.18 ml (range 1–3 ml) and 1.64 gms (range 0.43–2.8 g), respectively. Histology of the specimens revealed no bone in three of the 21 specimens. Bony necrosis was present in 8/18 (44%) of the specimens. From a histopathological point of view, reattachment of these devitalized bone fragments by screws or anchors may result in predictable operative failure and recurrent instability. We can therefore not support the practice of “repair” of bony Bankart lesions based on the above findings.

Little has been written about the results of isolated acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) resection using the superior approach. We report the results of our large series.

Between June 1994 and October 2003, a single surgeon performed 155 isolated ACJ resections, using the direct superior approach. Exclusion criteria were previous ipsilateral shoulder surgery, simultaneous arthroscopic procedures and OA. We asked 90 of the patients (94 shoulders) to complete the Simple Shoulder Test questionnaire by telephone. The median age of the 72 males and 18 females was 38 years (16 to 62). The dominant shoulder was involved in 54 patients. There was a history of trauma in 44 patients, with 11 rugby injuries. The median follow-up period was 29 months (6 to 118).

One portal infection resolved with debridement and antibiotics. Five revision procedures were done, four open revision Mumfords and one subacromial decompression. The mean postoperative Simple Shoulder score was 11.5 (6 to 12). Patients rated outcome as excellent in 63 shoulders, good in 22, moderate in five and poor in four.

The technique provides consistently good or excellent results (90%) and allows rapid return to normal function. There was complete resolution of pain in 73 of the 94 shoulders. All rugby players returned to the same level of play.

The management of bony lesions associated with glenohumeral instability is the subject of debate. Invariably some time elapses between injury and surgery, during which atrophy may reduce both size and quality of the bone.

The main purpose of our study was to assess the viability of the bone. Histomorphometric bone analyses were prospectively performed on glenoid fragments harvested from 21 male patients during modified Latarjet operations. Their median age was 21 years (16 to 50). Rugby was the main sport of 64% and water sports (surfing, water polo, water skiing) of 21%.

The mean glenoid bone loss on CT scan was 17% (10% to 50%). In 33% of patients, bone loss exceeded 20%. Gross morphology of glenolabral fragments identified a single large fragment in 11 patients, a dominant large fragment with smaller fragments in seven, and multiple fragments in the remaining patients. The mean volume of bony fragments was 2.18 ml (1 to 3) and the mean mass was 1.64 gm (0.43 to 2.8). Histological examination revealed that there was no bone in three of the 21 specimens. Bony necrosis was present in eight of the 18 specimens that contained bone (44%).

Given the histopathological findings, attempts to reattach these devitalised bone fragments by screws or anchors may fail and lead to recurrent instability.

Aims – to describe the modifications in technique and outcome of the Latarjet procedure.

Methods – 46 patients were operated on over a six year period. The modifications included a change in orientation of the coracoid bone block and the addition of capsular closure. The procedures were performed by one surgeon for instability associated with antero-inferior glenoid loss. A Walch-Duplay score for instability was produced for each patient at follow-up. All patients had radiological evaluation.

Results – all patients were male with 33 participating at rugby union at a competitive level. The average number of pre-operative dislocations was 5 (range 2 to 20). The average follow-up was 38 months (minimum 6 months). Only one patient had recurrent instability. 31 returned to sport at the same level. The Walch-Duplay scores were as follows; excellent 70%, good 25%, mild 3.75% and poor 1.25%. There were the following complications; 2 fibrous unions (excellent outcome), 3 broken screws (excellent outcome) and two fixation failures (due to patient non compliance). There was no decrease in the range of internal rotation, 8 patients had mild restriction in forward flexion (average 5°) and 20 patients had mildly reduced external rotation at 90° abduction (average 5°). All but one patient (recurrent dislocation) rated their outcome as excellent and would have the operation again.

Discussion – recurrent instability due to bone loss is a difficult problem that is not amenable to traditional stability soft tissue procedures. We feel that the Latar-jet procedure confers excellent stability and produces excellent subjective and objective outcomes

Although it is generally accepted that revision total elbow replacement may be necessary for loosening, instability, peri-prosthetic fracture and infection there is less agreement as to whether surgery should be performed as a one or two stage procedure. This can be of vital importance since the soft tissues around the elbow are often relatively poor making a single operation desirable. However, a one stage procedure in the presence of undetected low grade infection will result in joint failure with early loosening.

In our unit we have found the use of a preliminary aspiration/drill biopsy prior to revision surgery helpful in evaluating whether a one or two stage procedure should be performed.

Over an 8 year period 18 revision total elbow replacements have been undertaken. 9 patients were revised for aseptic loosening, 4 for proven infection, 3 for instability of an unlinked implant and 2 for peri-prosthetic fracture.

With this experience we have devised the following management plan: Early instability of an unlinked implant is due to either poor implant positioning or soft tissue balancing and is suitable for a one stage revision without the need for aspiration/drill biopsy. Late instability is due to implant wear or low grade infection. In this situation we regard an aspiration/drill biopsy as necessary. A negative result allows a one stage revision whereas a positive aspiration indicates the need for a two stage revision.

In a peri-prosthetic fracture if the bone cement mantle is intact a one stage revision without aspiration/ drill biopsy can be performed. If however, there is bone cement lucency we would advise an aspiration/ drill biopsy.

We have found the aspiration/drill biopsy helpful prior to revision total elbow replacement and we have used it to guide us as to whether a one or two stage procedure should be performed.

After total hip and knee replacement arthoplasty, patients may become anaemic and may be prescribed oral iron. There is, however, no published evidence that this is of benefit when used postoperatively. We treated 72 patients who were anaemic after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty by randomly allocating them to receive six weeks of either oral ferrous sulphate (35 patients) or a placebo (37 patients). Both groups of patients were similar in all aspects except for the treatment given. There was no statistically significant difference in the change of haemoglobin levels between the two groups. We therefore believe that the prescription of iron to all anaemic patients postoperatively should be avoided. The level of serum ferritin should be monitored at preoperative assessment.