While image guidance and neuro-navigation have enabled a more accurate positioning of pedicle implants, robot-assisted placement of pedicle screws appears to overcome the disadvantages of the two first systems. However, recent data concerning the superiority of robots currently available to assist spinal surgeons in the accurate positioning of implants are conflicting. The aim of our study was to evaluate the percentage of accurate positioning of pedicle screws inserted using a new robotic-guidance system.

Patients were operated on successively by the same surgeon using robotic-assistance (RA; n=40) or by the freehand conventional technique (FH; n=54). Ten and eleven patients from the robot (RG) and freehand (FHG) groups respectively, age-matched and all suffering from degenerative lumbar spine disease were compared. Patient characteristics as well as the duration of the operation and of exposure to X-rays were recorded. The Gertzbein Robbins classification was used to evaluate implant placement. Data wer compared between the groups. Pedicle screw placement in RG patients was achieved using the ROSA™ (Medtech) robot comprising a compact robotic arm on a floor-fixable mobile base. By permanently monitoring the patient's movements, this image-guided tool helps more accurately to pinpoint the pedicle entry point and to control the trajectory.

The mean age of patients in each group (RG and FHG) was 63 years. Mean BMI and operating time among the RG and FHG were respectively 26 and 27 kg/m², and 187 and 119 min. Accurate placement of the implant (score A-B) was achieved in 97.2% of patients in the RG (n=36) and in 92.6% of those in the FHG (n=54). Four implants in the RG were placed manually following failed robotic assistance. The mean duration of X-ray exposure per patient was 1 min 42s in the RG and 41s in the FHG.

We report a higher rate of accuracy with robotic assistance as compared to the FH technique. Exposure time was greater in the RG partly due to the fluoroscopic control of the implants required for this pilot study of feasibility. Limitations of the study include its small sized and non-randomised sample. Nevertheless, these preliminary results are encouraging for the development of new robotic techniques for spinal surgery.

Summary Statement

There were significant differences in the pain experience, behaviors, and perceptions on analgesics, between the Australia and Singapore cohorts, after hospital discharge following TKR. These findings may be influenced by the ethnicity and cultural differences between these two countries.