The aim was to predict the number and incidence of distal radius fractures in Scotland over the next two decades according to age group, categorised into under 65yrs(65) and 65yrs and older (65), and estimate the potential increased operative burden.

The number of distal radius fractures in Scotland was isolated from the Global Burden of Disease database and this was used, in addition to historic population data and published population estimates, to create a multivariable model allowing incorporation of age group, sex and time. A Negative Binomial distribution was used to predict incidence in 2030 and 2040 and calculate projected number of fractures. A 20.4% operative intervention rate was assumed (local data).

In terms of number of fractures, there was a projected 61% rise in the 65 group with an overall increase of 2099 fractures per year from 3417 in 2020 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2960 – 3463) to 5516 in 2040 (95% CI 4155 – 5675). This was associated with 428 additional operative interventions per year for those 65yrs. The projected increase between 2020 and 2040 was similar in both sexes (60% in females, 63% in males), however the absolute increase in fracture number was higher in females. There was a 4% projected fall in the number of fractures in those 65.

Incidence of distal radius fractures is expected to considerably increase over the next two decades due to a projected increase in the number of fractures in the elderly. This has implications for associated morbidity and healthcare resource use.

To develop a reliable and effective radiological score to assess the healing of isolated ulnar shaft fractures (IUSF), the Radiographic Union Score for Ulna fractures (RUSU).

Initially, 20 patients with radiographs six weeks following a non-operatively managed ulnar shaft fracture were selected and scored by three blinded observers. After intraclass correlation (ICC) analysis, a second group of 54 patients with radiographs six weeks after injury (18 who developed a nonunion and 36 who united) were scored by the same observers.

In the initial study, interobserver and intraobserver ICC were 0.89 and 0.93, respectively. In the validation study the interobserver ICC was 0.85. The median score for patients who united was significantly higher than those who developed a nonunion (11 vs 7, p<0.001). A ROC curve demonstrated that a RUSU ≤8 had a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 86.1% in identifying patients at risk of nonunion. Patients with a RUSU ≤8 (n = 21) were more likely to develop a nonunion (n = 16/21) than those with a RUSU ≥9 (n = 2/33; OR 49.6, 95% CI 8.6–284.7). Based on a PPV of 76%, if all patients with a RUSU ≤8 underwent fixation at 6-weeks, the number of procedures needed to avoid one nonunion would be 1.3.

The RUSU shows good interobserver and intraobserver reliability and is effective in identifying patients at risk of nonunion six weeks after fracture. This tool requires external validation but may enhance the management of patients with isolated ulnar shaft fractures.

The aims of this study in relation to distal radius fractures were to determine (1) the floor and ceiling effects for the QuickDASH and PRWE, (2) the floor and ceiling effects when defined to be within the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the minimal or maximal scores, (3) the degree to which patients with a floor or ceiling effect felt that their wrist was ‘normal’, and (4) patent factors associated with a floor or ceiling effect.

A retrospective cohort study of patients sustaining a distal radius fracture during a single year was undertaken. Outcome measures included the QuickDASH, PRWE, EQ-5D-3L and normal wrist score.

There were 526 patients with a mean age of 65yrs and 77% were female. Most patients were managed non-operatively (73%, n=385). The mean follow-up was 4.8yrs. A ceiling effect was observed for both the QuickDASH (22.3%) and PRWE (28.5%). When defined to be within the MCID of the best score, the effect increased to 62.8% for the QuickDASH and 60% for PRWE. Patients that achieved the best functional outcome according to the QuickDASH and PRWE felt their wrist was only 91% and 92% normal, respectively. Sex (p=0.000), age (p=0.000), dominant wrist injury (p=0.006 for QuickDASH and p=0.038 for PRWE), fracture type (p=0.015), and a better health-related quality of life (p=0.000) were independently associated with achieving a ceiling score.

The QuickDASH and PRWE demonstrated ceiling effects following a distal radius fracture. Patients achieving ceiling scores did not consider their wrist to be ‘normal’ for them.

This prospective randomised trial aimed to assess the superiority of internal fixation of well-reduced medial malleolar fractures (displacement □2mm) compared with non-fixation, following fibular stabilisation in patients undergoing surgical management of a closed unstable ankle fracture.

A total of 154 adult patients with a bi- or trimalleolar fracture were recruited from a single centre. Open injuries and vertically unstable medial malleolar fractures were excluded. Following fibular stabilisation, patients were randomised intra-operatively on a 1:1 basis to fixation or non-fixation after satisfactory fluoroscopic fracture reduction was confirmed. The primary outcome was the Olerud Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) at 12 months post-randomisation. Complications were documented over the follow-up period.

The baseline group demographics and injury characteristics were comparable. There were 144 patients reviewed at the primary outcome point (94%). The median OMAS was 80 (IQR, 60-90) in the fixation group vs. 72.5 (IQR, 55-90) in the non-fixation group (p=0.165). Complication rates were comparable, although significantly more patients (n=13, 20%) in the non-fixation group developed a radiographic non-union (p<0.001). The majority (n=8/13) were asymptomatic, with one patient requiring surgical reintervention. In the non-fixation group, a superior outcome was associated with an anatomical medial malleolar fracture reduction.

Internal fixation is not superior to non-fixation of well-reduced medial malleolar fractures when managing unstable ankle fractures. However, one in five patients following non-fixation developed a radiographic non-union and whilst the re-intervention rate to manage this was low, the longer-term consequences of this are unknown. The results of this trial may support selective non-fixation of anatomically reduced fractures.

The primary aim was to determine the rate of complications and re-intervention rate in a consecutive series of operatively managed distal radius fractures.

Data was retrospectively collected on 304 adult distal radius fractures treated at our institution in a year. Acute unstable displaced distal radius fractures surgically managed within 28 days of injury were included. Demographic and injury data, as well as details of complications and their subsequent management were recorded.

There were 304 fractures in 297 patients. The mean age was 57yrs and 74% were female. Most patients were managed with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) (n=278, 91%), with 6% (n=17) managed with manipulation and Kirschner wires and 3% (n=9) with bridging external fixation. Twenty-seven percent (n=81) encountered a post-operative complication. Complex regional pain syndrome was most common (5%, n=14), followed by loss of reduction (4%). Ten patients (3%) had a superficial wound infection managed with oral antibiotics. Deep infection occurred in one patient. Fourteen percent (n=42) required re-operation. The most common indication was removal of metalwork (n=27), followed by carpal tunnel decompression (n=4) and revision ORIF (n=4). Increasing age (p=0.02), male gender (p=0.02) and high energy mechanism of injury (p<0.001) were associated with developing a complication. High energy mechanism was the only factor associated with re-operation (p<0.001).

This study has documented the complication and re-intervention rates following distal radius fracture fixation. Given the increased risk of complications and the positive outcomes reported in the literature, non-operative management of displaced fractures should be considered in older patients.

Fractures of the lateral clavicle with complete displacement have a high non-union rate and are associated with poor functional outcomes following non-operative treatment. Various operative techniques are available but preliminary studies of open reduction and tunnelled suspensory device (ORTSD) fixation report good early functional outcomes with a low rate of complications. This study assesses the functional outcomes in a large series of patients treated using ORTSD.

After surgical reconstruction in 67 patients, outcomes were assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and Oxford score at six weeks, and three, six and twelve months post-operatively. 55 of 64 surviving patients were contacted at a mean of 69 (27–120) months to complete DASH and Oxford scores, evaluate overall satisfaction, and document any complications.

At one year post-operatively, the mean Oxford score was 46.4 and mean DASH score was 2.4 points (59/67 patients assessed). At a mean of 69 months after surgery, the mean Oxford score was 46.5 and mean DASH score was 2.2 (55 surviving and contactable patients). There were no significant differences between the one-year functional scores and those at the latest follow-up. Two patients developed symptomatic non-union requiring re-operation, and two developed an asymptomatic fibrous union not requiring surgery. The five-year survival when considering only obligate revision for implant-related complications was 97.0%.

ORTSD fixation for isolated displaced lateral-end clavicle fractures in medically-fit patients is associated with good functional outcomes, and a low rate of medium-term complications. Routine removal of the implant was not necessary.