Implant removal after clavicle plating is common. Low-profile dual mini-fragment plate constructs are considered safe for fixation of diaphyseal clavicle fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the biomechanical competence of different dual plate designs from stiffness and cycles to failure, and (2) to compare them against 3.5mm single superoanterior plating.

Twelve artificial clavicles were assigned to 2 groups and instrumented with titanium matrix mandible plates as follows: group 1 (G1) (2.5mm anterior+2.0mm superior) and group 2 (G2) (2.0mm anterior+2.0mm superior). An unstable clavicle shaft fracture (AO/OTA15.2C) was simulated. Specimens were cyclically tested to failure under craniocaudal cantilever bending, superimposed with torsion around the shaft axis and compared to previous published data of 6 locked superoanterior plates tested under the same conditions (G3).

Displacement (mm) after 5000 cycles was highest in G3 (10.7±0.8) followed by G2 (8.5±1.0) and G1 (7.5±1.0), respectively. Both outcomes were significantly higher in G3 as compared to both G1 and G2 (p≤0.027). Cycles to failure were highest in G3 (19536±3586) followed by G1 (15834±3492) and G2 (11104±3177), being significantly higher in G3 compared to G2 (p=0.004). Failure was breakage of one or two plates at the level of the osteotomy in all specimens. One G1 specimen demonstrated failure of the anterior plate. Both plates in other G1 specimens. Majority of G2 had fractures in both plates. No screw pullout or additional clavicle fractures were observed among specimens.

Low-profile 2.0/2.0 dual plates demonstrated similar initial stiffness compared to 3.5mm single plates, however, had significantly lower failure endurance. Low-profile 2.5/2.0 dual plates showed significant higher initial stiffness and similar resistance to failure compared to 3.5mm single locked plates and can be considered as a useful alternative for diaphyseal clavicle fracture fixation. These results complement the promising results of several clinical studies.

Helical plates potentially bypass the medial neurovascular structures of the thigh. Recently, two plate designs (90°- and 180°-helix) proved similar biomechanically behaviour compared to straight plates. Aims of this study were: (1) Feasibility of MIPO-technique with 90°- and 180°-helical plates on the femur, (2) Assessment of distances to adjacent anatomical structures at risk, (3) Comparison of these distances to using medial straight plates instead, (4) Correlation of measurements performed in anatomic dissection with CT-angiography.

MIPO was performed in ten cadaveric femoral pairs using either a 90°-helical 14-hole-LCP (Group1) or a 180°-helical 15-hole-LCP-DF (Group2). CT angiography was used to evaluate the distances between the plates and the femoral arteries as well as the distances between the plates and the perforators. Subsequently, the specimens were dissected, and the distances were determined again manually. Finally, all helical plates were removed, and all measurements were repeated after application of straight medial plates (Group3).

Closest overall distances between plates and femoral arteries were 15 mm (11 − 19 mm) in Group1, 22 mm (15 − 24 mm) in Group2 and 6 mm (1 − 8 mm) in Group3 with a significant difference between Group1 and Group3 (p < 0.001). Distances to the nearest perforators were 24 mm (15 − 32 mm) in Group1 and 2 mm (1 − 4 mm) in Group2. Measurement techniques (visual after surgery and CT-angiography) demonstrated a strong correlation of r² = 0.972 (p < 0.01).

MIPO with 90°- and 180°-helical plates is feasible and safe. Attention must be paid to the medial neurovascular structures with 90°-helical implants and to the proximal perforators with 180°-helical implants. Helical implants can avoid medial neurovascular structures compared to straight plates although care must be taken during their distal insertion. Measurements during anatomical dissection correlate with CT-angiography.

Helical plates are preferably used for proximal humeral shaft fracture fixation and potentially avoid radial nerve irritation as compared to straight plates. Aims:(1) to investigate the safety of applying different long plate designs (straight, 45°-, 90°-helical and ALPS) in MIPO-technique to the humerus. (2) to assess and compare their distances to adjacent anatomical structures at risk.

MIPO was performed in 16 human cadaveric humeri using either a straight plate (group1), a 45°-helical (group2), a 90°-helical (group3) or an ALPS (group4). Using CT-angiography, distances between brachial arteries and plates were evaluated. Following, all specimens were dissected, and distances to the axillary, radial and musculocutaneous nerve were evaluated.

None of the specimens demonstrated injuries of the anatomical structures at risk after MIPO with all investigated plate designs. Closest overall distance (mm(range)) between each plate and the radial nerve was 1(1-3) in group1, 7(2-11) in group2, 14(7-25) in group3 and 6(3-8) in group4. It was significantly longer in group3 and significantly shorter in group1 as compared to all other groups, p<0.001. Closest overall distance (mm(range)) between each plate and the musculocutaneous nerve was 16(8-28) in group1, 11(7-18) in group2, 3(2-4) in group3 and 6(3-8) in group4. It was significantly longer in group1 and significantly shorter in group3 as compared to all other groups, p<0.001. Closest overall distance (mm(range)) between each plate and the brachial artery was 21(18-23) in group1, 7(6-7) in group2, 4(3-5) in group3 and 7(6-7) in group4. It was significantly longer in group1 and significantly shorter in group3 as compared to all other groups, p<0.021.

MIPO with 45°- and 90°-helical plates as well as ALPS is safely feasible and showed a significant greater distance to the radial nerve compared to straight plates. However, distances remain low, and attention must be paid to the musculocutaneous nerve and the brachial artery when MIPO is used with ALPS, 45°- and 90°-helical implants. Anterior parts of the deltoid insertion will be detached using 90°-helical and ALPS implants in MIPO-technique.

Proximal humeral shaft fractures are commonly treated with long straight locking plates endangering the radial nerve distally. The aim of this study was to investigate the biomechanical competence in a human cadaveric bone model of 90°-helical PHILOS plates versus conventional straight PHILOS plates in proximal third comminuted humeral shaft fractures.

Eight pairs of humeral cadaveric humeri were instrumented using either a long 90°-helical plate (group1) or a straight long PHILOS plate (group2). An unstable proximal humeral shaft fracture was simulated by means of an osteotomy maintaining a gap of 5cm. All specimens were tested under quasi-static loading in axial compression, internal and external rotation as well as bending in 4 directions. Subsequently, progressively increasing internal rotational loading until failure was applied and interfragmentary movements were monitored by means of optical motion tracking.

Flexion/extension deformation (°) in group1 was (2.00±1.77) and (0.88±1.12) in group2, p=0.003. Varus/valgus deformation (°) was (6.14±1.58) in group1 and (6.16±0.73) in group2, p=0.976. Shear (mm) and displacement (°) under torsional load were (1.40±0.63 and 8.96±0.46) in group1 and (1.12±0.61 and 9.02±0.48) in group2, p≥0.390. However, during cyclic testing shear and torsional displacements and torsion were both significantly higher in group 1, p≤0.038. Cycles to catastrophic failure were (9960±1967) in group1 and (9234±1566) in group2, p=0.24.

Although 90°-helical plating was associated with improved resistance against varus/valgus deformation, it demonstrated lower resistance to flexion/extension and internal rotation as well as higher flexion/extension, torsional and shear movements compared to straight plates. From a biomechanical perspective, 90°-helical plates performed inferior compared to straight plates and alternative helical plate designs with lower twist should be investigated in future paired cadaveric studies.

Introduction

A review of the literature showed a discrepancy between biomechanical and clinical studies on fracture fixation failure in patients with poor bone quality.

The objective of the present study is to assess the influence of local bone status on complications after surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of volume rendering 3D computed tomography reconstructions on the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the OTA/AO and Neer classifications in the assessment of proximal humerus fractures.

Material and Methods: Four observers with different levels of clinical training classified forty proximal humerus fractures according to the OTA/AO and Neer classifications. Three rounds of evaluation were performed and compared. First, fractures were classified on the basis of plain radiographs alone. Then, four weeks later, the combination of plain radiographs and computed tomography scans with conventional 3D SSD reconstructions was evaluated. Finally, four weeks later, the combination of plain radiographs, computed tomography scans, and 3D volume rendering reconstructions was assessed. These readings were repeated in a newly randomized order after an interval of twelve weeks to evaluate intraobserver reliability.

Results: Interobserver reliability for the AO/ASIF classification showed good interobserver reliability with plain radiographs (k=0,65) and two-dimensional CT scans with conventional three-dimensional (SSD) reconstructions (k=0,71). Interobserver reliability improved to excellent when the fractures were classified on the basis of 3D volume rendering reconstructions scans (k=0,84).

Intraobserver reliability of the OTA/AO classification was good with plain radiographs (k=0,70) and improved to excellent after adding three-dimensional SSD reconstructions (k=0,80) and three-dimensional VR reconstructions (k=0,88).

Interobserver reliability of the Neer classification was poor with plain radiographs (k=0,39) and moderate with two-dimensional CT scans and conventional three-dimensional (SSD) reconstructions (k=0,56) and improved to good with the addition of 3D VR scans (k=0,74). Intraobserver reliability for was poor with plain radiographs (k=0,34), good with three-dimensional SSD reconstructions (k=0,61), and excellent with three-dimensional VR reconstructions (k=0,80).

Conclusion: In this study, three-dimensional volume rendering computed tomography improved the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the AO/OTA and the Neer classifications in the assessment of proximal humerus fractures. In the opinion of the authors, 3D volume rendering CT-scans are a helpful tool for preoperative planning and classification of fractures of the proximal humerus.

We evaluated the impact of stereo-visualisation of three-dimensional volume-rendering CT datasets on the inter- and intraobserver reliability assessed by kappa values on the AO/OTA and Neer classifications in the assessment of proximal humeral fractures. Four independent observers classified 40 fractures according to the AO/OTA and Neer classifications using plain radiographs, two-dimensional CT scans and with stereo-visualised three-dimensional volume-rendering reconstructions. Both classification systems showed moderate interobserver reliability with plain radiographs and two-dimensional CT scans. Three-dimensional volume-rendered CT scans improved the interobserver reliability of both systems to good. Intraobserver reliability was moderate for both classifications when assessed by plain radiographs. Stereo visualisation of three-dimensional volume rendering improved intraobserver reliability to good for the AO/OTA method and to excellent for the Neer classification.

These data support our opinion that stereo visualisation of three-dimensional volume-rendering datasets is of value when analysing and classifying complex fractures of the proximal humerus.

OBJECTIVES: In recent years the incidence of proximal humerus fractures increased strongly. The optimal treatment of displaced, unstable fractures is still controversial. One of the major problem seen in previous treatment options was implant failure with secondary dislocation, pseudarthrosis and AVN. New angular stable implants promise a stronger anchorage and allow early functional aftertreatment, especially in osteopenic bone. Aim of this prospective case-series was to assess complication risks and functional outcome after ORIF with an angular stable form plate

DESIGN: Prospective case-series

SETTING: Multicenter study in 8 European Trauma Units

PATIENTS: 157 patients were treated for 158 displaced proximal humerus fractures

INTERVENTION: ORIF with a PHILOS^™ plate.

RESULTS: According to the AO/ASIF classification 25%, 61% and 37% were classified as type A, B and C, respectively. One year follow-up rate was 84%, whereupon 6 patients had died in the mean time and 18 were lost to follow-up. Overall 71 complications were observed in 53 patients and led to 39 unplanned re-operations, whereupon most frequent were primary screw perforations (n=22), secondary screw perforations (n=13)–mostly with secondary impaction (n=11), and AVN (n=8). Increasing age and severity of fractures influenced the occurrence of complications, since the risk to obtain a complication was doubled in patients over 60 years compared to younger (Relative Risk 1.9; Fischer’s Exact, p=0.022) as well as in AO/ASIF B- and C-fractures compared to A-fractures (Relative Risk=1.8; Fischer’s Exact, p=0.05). Risks for complications related to the implant, surgical technique or fracture and bone were 9%, 20% and 13%, respectively. Within one year all fractures healed and 5 secondary dislocations were observed. The mean (SD) Constant score of the injured shoulder improved during follow-up period to 72 points (15.2) at 12 months follow-up, when 87% (16.6%) of the contralateral shoulder was reached. Across all follow-up examinations the Constant score in relation to the contralateral shoulder impaired with increasing severity of the fracture (ANOVA, p=0.006). The mean (SD) DASH score after one year was with 16 points (21.1) worser (T-test, p< 0.001) than before the accident [5.2 (11.4)].

CONCLUSIONS: Fixation with a Philos plate provides high stability to preserve achieved reduction, which benefits the good functional outcome. However surgical technique related complication risks are high, particularly due to screw perforations into the joint. Augmented awareness and improvement of surgical technique should reduce these risks. Complex fracture types and higher age increases the risk to sustain complications, where as only severity of fractures impairs the functional outcome.

High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO) is an established treatment for unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee with malalignment. The classic procedure for correcting varus deformity is the lateral closed wedge osteotomy of the tibia with osteotomy of the fibula. The disadvantages of this technique are well known. Open wedge osteotomy from the medial sideeliminates the risk of compartment syndrome and peroneal nerve injuries. A new fixation device (TomoFix(tm)) with an adapted surgical technique allows stable fixation of the osteotomy without the need to fill the osteotomy gap with bone grafts. In a prospective study, 92 consecutive cases were treated with this procedure. Bony healing with remodelling of the medial and posterior cortical bone was observed. Full weight-bearing was possible ten weeks after surgery. There were no implant failures. Complications included one delayed union, two revarisations and one deep infection. Keywords: High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO), openwedge osteotomy, TomoFix(tm) plate, medial osteoarthritis, varus knee