Objective: The primary aim was to describe the epidemiology of the Holstein-Lewis humeral shaft fracture, its association with radial nerve palsy and the outcome regarding recovery from the radial nerve palsy and fracture healing. The secondary aim was to analyze the long-term functional outcome.

Setting: Six major hospitals in Stockholm County.

Design: Descriptive study. Retrospective assessment of radial nerve recovery and fracture healing. Prospective assessment of functional outcome.

Patients: All 27 patients with a 12A1.3 humeral shaft fracture according to the OTA classification satisfying the criteria of a Holstein-Lewis fracture in a population of 358 consecutive patients with 361 traumatic humeral shaft fractures.

Intervention: Nonoperative or operative treatment according to the decision of the attending orthopedic surgeon.

Main Outcome Measurements: Recovery of the radial nerve, fracture healing and functional outcome according to the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA).

Results: The Holstein-Lewis humeral shaft fracture constituted 7.5% of all humeral shaft fractures and was associated with an increased risk of acute radial nerve palsy compared to other types of humeral shaft fractures, 22% versus 8% (p< 0.05). The fractures of six of the seven operatively treated patients healed after the primary surgical procedure while one fracture healed after revision surgery. The fractures of all patients treated nonoperatively healed without any further intervention. All six radial nerve palsies (two patients treated nonoperatively and four operatively) recovered. The functional outcome according to the SMFA was good with no differences between the nonoperatively and operatively treated patients: SMFA dysfunction index 7.6 and 9.7, respectively, and SMFA bother index 6.1 and 6.8, respectively.

Conclusion: The Holstein-Lewis humeral shaft fracture was associated with a significantly increased risk of acute radial nerve palsy. The overall outcome regarding fracture healing, radial nerve recovery, and function is excellent regardless of the primary treatment modality, i.e. operative or nonoperative treatment. The indication for primary operative intervention in this fracture type appears to be relative.

Introduction: Spinal fractures are associated with pain, disability, neurological dysfunction and mortality. Osteoporosis and risky leisure time activities are increasing in the population. New treatment options have been introduced. However, only a few international studies have reported its descriptive epidemiology. There are no clear consensuses regarding the choice of operative interventions versus non-operative treatment in patients with thoracolumbar fractures. Treatment is often based on local traditions, skills and experiences. The aim of this nationwide study is to analyse the incidence, the characteristics of the patients, the subsequent development, surgical incidence and mortality rate among hospitalized patients with thoracolumbar fractures in Sweden.

Methods: All discharges between 1997 and 2000 with diagnoses of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae fracture according to ICD 10 classification were selected from the National Inpatient Register. Surgery in these patients was categorised by procedure codes indicating spine operations. In order to calculate the risk of patients dying, linkage was performed to the Swedish Death Register using the unique personal identification number.

Results: We identified 13, 496 admissions during the study period. This corresponds to an incidence rate of 30 per 100, 000 person-years and the occurrence was stable during 1997 and 2001 for patients younger than 50 years but decreased for patients above 50 years. The incidence of spine surgery among all patients was 1.9 per 100, 000 person-years, ranging from 1.6 per 100, 000 inhabitants per year to 2.6 per 100, 000 in the different region of Sweden. The most common causes of the fracture were falls (53 %) followed by vehicle accidents (37%). Almost two thirds of the patients operated on were men (63 %) and two thirds had lumbar vertebral fractures (66 %). The median age of the patients operated on was 42 years. The median length of stay was eight days. Among those who was operated the 30 days case fatality rate was 0.7 %. Median age for death was 64 years. Operations were less common in women (OR 0.79). The number of patients operated on during the last study year 2001 was significantly increased (OR 1.29). The probability of being operated on was highest in the more urban and densely populated regions of Stockholm and southern Sweden.

Discussion: This national study based study showed a stable cumulative incidence of thoracolumbar fractures over the year 1997–2000. However, the two last year of this study an increased incidence of operation was observed. A possible explanation of this finding could be the new percutaneus technique for verterbroplasty. We find it of most importance to further investigate the reasons behind the gender differences in surgical incidence in patients with vertebral fractures

Introduction: Humeral shaft fractures account for 1–3% of all fractures. Little is known about additional epidemiological data on this specific fracture type. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of humeral shaft fractures in patients 16 years or older in Stockholm during the years 1998–99.

Patients and Methods: All patients 16 years or older with a humeral shaft fracture admitted to any of six major hospitals in the County of Stockholm during the two years 1998–99 were included in the study. A total of 401 fractures in 397 patients were found. Three hundred and sixty-one of the fractures were traumatic and were classified according to the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) classification system. The remaining 40 fractures were pathological (n=34) or peri-implant fractures (n=6). Open fractures were classified using the Gustilo classification system. Data regarding the injury mechanism, age, gender, side of the injury and occurrence of possible radial nerve injury were collected from the medical charts. The overall incidence and the age-specific incidence were calculated on the basis of data from Statistics Sweden.

Results: The incidence was 14.5 per 100 000 persons per year with a gradually increasing age-specific incidence from the fifth decade in both genders and reaching an incidence of almost 60 per 100 000 persons and year in the ninth decade. The majority of fractures were closed ones sustained after simple falls among elderly patients. The age distribution among females was characterised by a peak in the eighth decade while the age distribution among males was more even. Type A (simple) fractures were by far the most common and the majority of the fractures were located in the middle and proximal parts of the humeral shaft. The incidence of radial palsy was 8%. Fracture localisation in the middle and distal part of the shaft was associated with an increased risk for having radial nerve palsy. Only 2% of the fractures were open and 8% were pathological.

Discussion: These recent epidemiological data on humeral shaft fractures are representative of a society with a limited amount of high-energy trauma, including penetrating trauma, which probably reflects the situation in the majority of European countries. Our results can be used to facilitate the future treatment of patients with this particular fracture.

We studied the epidemiology of 401 fractures of the shaft of the humerus in 397 patients aged 16 years or older. The incidence was 14.5 per 100 000 per year with a gradually increasing age-specific incidence from the fifth decade, reaching almost 60 per 100 000 per year in the ninth decade. Most were closed fractures in elderly patients which had been sustained as the result of a simple fall. The age distribution in women was characterised by a peak in the eighth decade while that in men was more even. Simple fractures were by far the most common and most were located in the middle or proximal shaft. The incidence of palsy of the radial nerve was 8% and fractures in the middle and distal shaft were most likely to be responsible. Only 2% of the fractures were open and 8% were pathological. These figures are representative of a population with a low incidence of high-energy and penetrating trauma, which probably reflects the situation in most European countries.

We carried out a retrospective cohort study of 3309 patients undergoing primary total hip replacement to examine the impact of tobacco use and body mass index on the length of stay in hospital and the risk of short term post-operative complications.

Heavy tobacco use was associated with an increased risk of systemic post-operative complications (p = 0.004). Previous and current smokers had a 43% and 56% increased risk of systemic complications, respectively, when compared with non-smokers. In heavy smokers, the risk increased by 121%. A high body mass index was significantly associated with an increased mean length of stay in hospital of between 4.7% and 7%. The risk of systemic complications was increased by 58% in the obese. Smoking and body mass index were not significantly related to the development of local complications.

Greater efforts should be taken to reduce the impact of preventable life style factors, such as smoking and high body mass index, on the post-operative course of total hip replacement.

Aims: Surgical treatment of forefoot deformities is a common procedure. The vast majority comprising surgery for Hallux Valgus. The indication for surgical intervention varies from pain to cosmetic reasons and footwear problems. Evidence for the effectiveness of different surgical methods is limited. The aims of this study were to perform a cross sectional population based prevalence study of surgery for forefoot deformities in Sweden and to analyze the surgical methods in use. Methods: Data on forefoot surgery were collected from the National Swedish Patient Registry between 1997 and 2000. Both ambulatory surgery (2000) and in-patient surgery (1997–2000) were collected. The data were processed to quantify the frequency of different surgical methods. Results: In 2000, a total of 4409 procedures for forefoot deformities were reported in ambulatory surgery. 82% were female and 18% were male. During 1997–2000, a total of 2547 procedures were performed performed in hospitalised patients. The gender distribution in this group was similar; 84% were female and 16% were male. The frequency distribution between different forefoot deformities will be presented. Discussion: Forefoot surgery is a common procedure, Hallux Valgus being the most frequent deformity to be corrected. The choice of surgical methods will be discussed and a validation of the National Swedish Patient Registry against the Local Reimbursement Registry in the Stockholm area will be presented.